5 th MARPART Conference, October 2016

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3 About the Presenter Dr. Jens-Uwe Schröder-Hinrichs Seafaring background & safety science Professor & Head, Maritime Safety and Environmental Administration (MSEA) & Maritime Risk and System Safety (MaRiSa) Research Group IMO Member State Lead Auditor Editor, WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs Areas of work/research Implementation and enforcement of international maritime safety standards Maritime accident investigations Maritime risk assessment and management Maritime human factors Links MaRiSa Group ( WMU Journal ( 3

4 Managerial challenges in large scale maritime emergencies 4

5 Managerial challenges in large scale maritime emergencies 5

6 1. Recognition Recognition includes The nature of the emergency (fire, flood, etc.) The extent of an emergency The timing of the emergency how much time before the emergency will cause human or property damage 6

7 1. Recognition Two main categories of emergency scenarios Ship afloat no immediate danger of sinking Grounding, fire Evacuation often with external help after careful planning Ship is sinking Collision, capsizing Evacuation under time pressure with strong dependence on life saving appliances on board

8 1. Recognition Impact of the accidents on vital functions of the ship Is the ship able to stay afloat? Is this a rapidly developing scenario or is there sufficient time to react? Is sufficient electrical power available? Is all emergency response equipment needed available and functional? 8

9 2. Reporting Lines of communication and decision making Timely and accurate communication of the situation from the scene to the command to permit accurate response Timely and accurate communication from the command to the emergency teams Timely communication as appropriate to external resources and contacts (e.g. SAR, company, other vessels) 9

10 2. Reporting Lines of communication and decision making Is the master still on board? Is the master capable of coordinating the emergency response activities? 10

11 2. Reporting Dynamics of an emergency scenario Psychological pressure on the master Cooperation among crew members Costa Concordia (2012) 11 Eastern Star (2015) Sewol (2014)

12 3. Response Response to an emergency means In a timely manner With adequate and appropriate resources Taking action to mitigate or reduce the threat that the emergency will spread to other areas (on the ship) Taking action to protect passengers and other not involved in the response (on the ship) Search and rescue Emergency response Coordination of all parties involved 12

13 4. Examples of the challenges involved Evacuation IMO Regulations How often is ship-based own life saving capacity be used? How much time is typically needed for an evacuation and how much time is available? What to do with the life boats in the water? Keeping them together Disembarking of passengers How will the passengers be counted Leaving the ship Once they are rescued How will passengers furthermore be transferred home once they are rescued? Challenge remote areas 13

14 4. Examples of the challenges involved Evacuation Examples of accidents in polar waters Explorer (2007) Clipper Adventurer (2010) 14 Explorer (2007) Clipper Adventurer (2010)

15 4. Examples of the challenges involved Evacuation How much time is needed and what equipment is used? Analysis of 35 cruise ship accidents involving evacuations between 1991 and cases because the ship had to be abandoned 22 case precautionary evacuation For the 13 cases as a result of an emergency situation beyond control Time between 2 and 12.5 hours Average 5 hours 20 minutes Persons between 154 and 4234 Average

16 4. Examples of the challenges involved Fire Examples with and without containment of fire Lisco Gloria (2010) Carnival Splendor (2010) Carnival Triumph (2013) Grandeur of the Seas (2013) Lisco Gloria (2010) 16 Grandeur of the Seas (2013) Carnival Splendor (2013)

17 4. Examples of the challenges involved Different parties involved Examples Company fleet operation centre Emergency response services Salvage Fire fighting SAR Oil spill response This requires coordination 17

18 4. Examples of the challenges involved Central coordination Access to all available resources Central evaluation and coordination Examples SOSREP (UK) CCME (Germany) 18 Daily routine vs. Emergency response the German CCME

19 4. Examples of the challenges involved Central coordination Example Lisco Gloria (2010) Coordination German MRCC -> CCME -> Danish Navy Involved parties on the German side Federal Police German SAR CCME (with own ships tugs and fire fighting) Scandlines Private tugs (operating on behalf of the German government) Shipping company had a salvage contract with SMIT Salvage 19

20 5. Contingency planning and regular exercises Examples of the considerations Risk profile of the area What ships are operating here? Traffic density Available information about the ships Exercises with the high risk ships in the area 20

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