CONFINED SPACE ENTRY TRAINING Safety. Titan America LLC

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1 CONFINED SPACE ENTRY TRAINING Safety Titan America LLC

2 Training Outline What is a confined space? General overview of Titan America s CSE program Evaluation/Control of Atmospheric Hazards Elimination/Control of Other Hazards Entry Procedures (General, Hazardous & Hot Work entry permits) Evacuation & Rescue Discussion of CS Scenarios & related equip. Working w/ Contractors 2

3 Confined Space Entry Program Prevent Unauthorized Entry Identify Permit Space Hazards Develop & Follow Safe Entry Procedures (use entry permit as guide) Conclude Entry (close out permit) Coordinate Entry Operations between Titan departments as well as with non-titan agencies Program Evaluation & Review/Revise

4 Confined Space Entry Program A space that meets ALL THREE of the following criteria: 1. Has limited means of entry or exit. 2. Is large enough for a person to enter and perform work. 3. Is not designed for continuous human occupancy. Employer must evaluate a space based on the Definition. NOT on whether or not you may enter the space (per MIOSHA)

5 Types of Confined Spaces Non-permit required Permit required General permit c(5) or c(7) entry Hazardous permit Hot Work

6 Non-Permit Required Meets confined space definition, and Has adequate ventilation, and Does not contain any hazards that can cause death or harm, and There is absolutely no potential for a hazardous atmosphere.

7 Permit Required Meets confined space definition and limited means of entry or exit. large enough for a person to enter and work. Is not designed for continuous occupancy. Has inadequate ventilation, or Has a hazardous health or safety condition, or (i.e. engulfment; internal configuration that could trap/asphyxiate; converging wall, sloped/taper floor; entrapment; exposed electrical/mechanical parts, etc.) Has a known or potential hazardous atmosphere.

8 Confined Space Evaluation Is it a confined space? Is it a permit required confined space? What hazards are present? Source? Can hazards be eliminated? Controlled? What type of permit is required? What procedures/equipment will be used to protect the entrants? Use Titan Non Routine STA and Confined Space form

9 Types of Permits Non-Routine STA Confined Space Entry Permit Hot Work Entry Permit

10 Confined Space?

11 Confined Space?

12 Confined Space?

13 What Type of Permit?

14 Confined Space?

15 Section 2: Atmospheric Hazards How Chemicals Enter Body Acute and Chronic Effects Exposure Limits Identifying Atmospheric Hazards UEL/LEL Vapor Density

16 Routes of Entry Skin Absorption Inhalation Ingestion Injection

17 Health Effects Acute immediate or short term effect Chronic delayed or long term effect

18 Warning Signs Dizziness/Disorientation Weakness in knees/abnormal breathing Blurred vision/profuse sweating Chest pains/headaches Loss of coordination/ringing in ears Skin irritation/irregular heartbeat Lethargy or excitedness

19 What is an Atmospheric Hazard? Oxygen >23.5% or <19.5% Flammables at >10% LEL Above OSHA/MIOSHA PEL IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Health and Life) Combustible Dusts Unknown chemical spill

20 Sources of Hazardous Atmospheres Spaces with known hazardous chemicals/substances Spaces that lack ventilation Spaces that have the potential to transfer a hazardous atmosphere Spaces with a work induced hazardous atmosphere

21 Permissible Exposure Limits OSHA 8 Hour TWA (Time-Weighted Average) STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit) Ceiling Limit Contact Safety Department for monitoring of contaminants not monitored for by standard meters

22 Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere <19.5% Sources: work induced, rusting, gases that displace oxygen Simple Asphyxiants: Displace oxygen (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon) Chemical Asphyxiant: Prevent body from using oxygen (carbon monoxide)

23 Oxygen Enriched Atmosphere 23.0% or Greater Sources: Welding, or oxygen gas lines Increase fire and explosion hazard Never use oxygen to ventilate space

24 Vapors and Gases Vapor: Gaseous state of material normally found as liquid or solid at normal temperature and pressure Gas: Material that is found as a formless fluid at normal temperature and pressure

25 LEL/LFL and UEL/UFL LEL: Lowest concentration can ignite UEL: Highest Concentration can ignite Example: Gasoline LEL 1%, UEL 8% In between is explosive Consideration: Atmosphere above the UEL, when ventilated may create an explosive atmosphere

26 LEL Safety Factor OSHA: 10% of LEL or Greater Example: LEL for Methane is 5% Meter alarm at 10% of 5% (i.e., 0.5%) If exceeded (meter alarms), leave the space and Contact supervisor and Safety Department.

27 Combustible Dusts Metal Powders - Aluminum, Magnesium, Zinc Wood Products - Dust, Paper Rubber/Plastic/Spices/Food Products Rule of Thumb - Obscure Vision 5 Feet or Less high potential for combustion given the right conditions.

28 Toxic or Poisonous Atmospheres Most Common: Carbon Monoxide (CO) Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S) Methane (CH 4 ) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 )

29 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Colorless, odorless & tasteless Product incomplete combustion Causes chemical asphyxiation Slightly lighter than air MIOSHA PEL 35 PPM, OSHA PEL 50 PPM

30 Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S) Rotten egg odor Petroleum/Organic matter decay Found in sewers or petroleum holding tanks <10 PPM

31 Methane (CH 4 ) Colorless, odorless & flammable Petroleum/Organic matter decay Lighter than air Meter alarms 10% of LEL

32 Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Colorless, odorless & tasteless Byproduct of respiration and complete combustion Heavier than air

33 Other Atmospheric Hazards Materials in the space Work induced hazards (e.g., welding, painting, solvents) Review history of space Contact Safety Department if other contaminants are suspected

34 Vapor Density Heavier than Air: Sinks Lighter than Air: Rises Air Vapor density = 1 <1 Lighter, >1 Heavier Most contaminants are heavier than air The few that are lighter, are usually flammable and very toxic

35 Section 3: Evaluation & Control of Atmospheric Hazards Air Monitoring Equipment and Procedures Ventilating, Flushing or Purging PPE only after engineer controls

36 Air Monitoring Contaminants may not be detected by sight or smell Two Types of Direct Reading: Electronic Bacharach 4-gas monitor Detector Tubes Drager pump Always monitor for oxygen, LEL and expected toxics (CO, H2S)

37 Air Monitor Titan - F s Four Gas Monitor % Oxygen, % LEL, Carbon Monoxide (PPM), H2S (PPM) Alarms: O 2 - <19.5% or > 23.0%, LEL - > 10%, CO - >35 ppm H2S - >10 ppm

38 Air Monitoring Precautions Alarm Goes Off leave the space, contact Safety Department and supervisor Other contaminants known or suspected, contact Safety Department for monitoring assistance

39 Air Monitoring Procedure Ensure monitor has been calibrated Turn monitor on and let warm up Verify monitor is functioning properly Zero sensors in clean ambient air-outside the CS Keep sensor heads exposed Test space before opening the hatch Monitor for oxygen first

40 Air Monitoring - Testing Order

41 Air Monitoring (continued) Monitor every four feet Monitor vertically & horizontally Record results on permit Before work, periodically during work, and after breaks Continuously monitor confidence tone or beep

42 Air Monitoring Limitations Sensors must be calibrated and replaced periodically Contact Safety Department LEL sensor needs oxygen to work LEL sensor is calibrated for one gas -Methane Sensors can take up to 2 minutes to accurately display concentrations Some gases and RF emissions interfere with sensor accuracy

43 Flushing/Purging of Space Lock Out/Tag Out Feeds Can use air, steam, water, etc. Removes chemical or decomposition hazards Drain or pump out Ventilate with fresh air when complete

44 Ventilation Natural Mechanical (General or Local) portable/intrinsically safe Air monitoring determines adequate ventilation

45 General Ventilating Technique Perform air monitoring Extend duct into space Open all access points Keep duct as short/straight as possible Ensure intake is at clean air source Ventilate 15 minutes prior to entry Continue air monitoring

46 Local Exhaust Ventilation Work induced contaminants Space has acceptable atmosphere prior to work Place duct opening at point of generation (air is pulled out of space)

47 Ventilating Safety Measures Ventilate with fresh air Never use pure oxygen Use explosion proof equipment if needed Make sure exhaust air is not re-entrained Make sure supply air is reaching all areas of the space Use air monitoring to determine adequate ventilation Don't block exit with equipment

48 Section 4: Recognition & Control of Other Hazards Engulfment, Entrapment, Configuration Other Hazards and their Control

49 Engulfment Liquid or Solid Suffocation or Drowning CONTROL Elimination or Isolation of hazard On-site remote retrieval rescue equipment such as the Miller tripod w/ harness and or wristlet/anklets)

50 Engulfment Hazard!

51 Entrapment/Configuration Inwardly converging walls Floor which slopes downward and tapers to a small cross section Obstacles, blockages or small internal openings CONTROL On-site remote retrieval rescue equipment such as the Miller tripod w/ harness and or wristlet/anklets)

52 Entrapment/Configuration Hazard

53 Electrical & Mechanical Hazards Use Lock-out/Tag-out Procedures prior to entry Isolate moving parts Assure equipment grounding / GFCI s

54 Chemical Hazards Toxics, Flammables, Irritants, Sensitizers, etc. CONTROL: Read MSDSs Understand Physical/Health hazards Remove/ Isolate the source, ventilation Wear appropriate PPE

55 PPE Gloves Glasses/goggles/face shields Coveralls or Tyvek suits Safety Shoes Hard hats Respirators

56 Gloves Select based on hazard Latex - general protection Nitrile/neoprene - chemical resistant Kevlar - cut/puncture resistant

57 Respirators Air Purifying Half or full mask. Filters and cartridges are for specific atmospheric hazards. Not for IDLH or oxygen deficient atmospheres. SCBA for IDLH conditions and not permitted for Titan employees Escape packs not used for re-entry Respiratory Protection Program & Medical Monitoring is required.

58 Heat Stress & Cold Stress HEAT Dehydration Heat Rash Heat Fatigue Heat Cramps Heat Exhaustion Heat Stroke COLD Frost Bite Hypothermia CONTROLS: Mechanical Ventilation Fans, Heaters, Air Conditioners

59 Noise AL: 85 dba PEL: 90 dba Communication is difficult CONTROLS: Remove or isolate the source Wear Hearing Protection Other means of communication

60 Slips, Trips & Falls Good housekeeping practices Fall Protection Tie off ladders Hard hats & slip resistant soles Lower/raise equipment by rope. Don't carry on ladders Barriers around openings

61 Power Tools and Lighting Tools are grounded & insulated Insulating blankets when arc welding on metal Equipment grounding/gfci s Provide adequate lighting. Grounding & spark hazards of portable lighting Tools & lighting should be explosion proof when necessary

62 Section 5: Entry Procedures Employee roles Proper procedures for general, hot work & hazardous entry permits

63 Employee Roles Attendant (spotter) Authorized Employee (entrant) Entry Supervisor Rescue Personnel DPS & Fire, or Contract CSE Rescue team IDLH conditions require On site rescue team Safety Department On-site for Hazardous entry

64 Entry Procedures 1. Evaluate the space/ Identify hazards 2. Pre-entry briefing 3. Inform DPS 4. Isolate/control hazards 5. Perform air monitoring 6. Complete, sign and post permit 7. Monitor entrants 8. Exit space and close out permit 9. Debriefing 10. Return completed/closed permit to Safety Department

65 Pre-Entry Briefing 1. Use the Evaluation Form and Permit to walk through the evaluation process 2. Discuss with supervisor to consider previous entries and history of the space 3. Review of conditions, controls, procedures & contingencies 4. Determine whether or not on-site rescue team is required contact Safety Department.

66 Pre-Entry Checklist (just before entry) 1. Inform DPS & Safety Department 2. Atmospheric monitoring 3. Inspect and test equipment prior to use 4. Communication procedures 5. Rescue/emergency procedures 6. Review space use history 7. Verify training 8. Supervisor verify safe entry conditions, etc. 9. Sign & post permit

67 Non-Permit Required Confined Space Meets definition of confined space, but no health or safety hazard Two employees (buddy system) Means of communication Can be re-classified to a permit required space for work induced hazards i.e. use of chemicals/solvents, welding, etc. Examples: ceiling spaces,

68 General Permit Required Confined Space Meets definition of a confined space and has a potential or known health or safety hazard Atmospheric hazard eliminated by ventilation Two Authorized Employees (One Designated as Entry Supervisor)

69 General Entry Permits Pre-entry Briefing Communication Continuous Air Monitoring/Ventilation Trained (Authorized) Employees Elimination of hazards PPE Off-site Rescue

70 Hot Work Entry Permit Welding, burning, cutting or torch work Provisions same as in general permit If contaminants cannot be controlled by ventilation & air monitoring: Retrieval System and On-site Rescue must be used

71 Hazardous Entry Permit Cannot eliminate atmospheric hazard Provisions of General Permit Plus: EHS Representative On Site, On-site Rescue and Retrieval System Mandatory

72 Section 6: Evacuation & Rescue When to Evacuate the Space Rescue Procedures

73 When should the Confined Space be evacuated? Hazardous atmosphere Alarm on monitor Overexposure symptoms of entrants Unanticipated health or safety hazard Damage to PPE or failure of controls Attendant cannot perform duties Permit expires

74 Rescue If Entrant Becomes Incapacitated Three Types: Remote (retrieval system) Off-site (Contact DPS 911 & FD) On-site (Contract on-site rescue team & DPS) Under No Circumstances is Attendant/Spotter to enter the space

75 Spotter, Retrieval System, & On-site Rescue Team (?) First call DPS on the radio. If injured due to causes not related to environment/atmosphere-wait for Fire Dept. If injured due to environment or atmosphere, then use remote/on-site rescue, if possible.

76 Spotter, Retrieval System & Off-Site Rescue Personnel Contact DPS on radio If injury due to causes not related to the environment/atmosphere-wait for Fire Dept. If injured due to environment or atmosphere - use retrieval equipment If retrieval fails - Wait for Fire Dept. If unsure - Wait for Fire Dept.

77 Spotter & Off-Site Rescue Contact DPS on by radio Wait for Fire Dept.

78 Section 7: Miscellaneous Contractors Titan Confined Space related documents Future drills and exercises

79 Outside Contractors Inform the contractor of confined spaces Identify spaces they may be entering, and respective hazards Must have own Confined Space Entry Program and employee training current. Coordinate with other workers. Each group entering space issues a separate permit. Work activities cannot conflict. Safety Department is available to review contractor s program.

80 Review Titan CSE Documents Non-Routine STA form Confined Space Entry Permit Titan Confined Space program Titan Hot Work Permit Permit-Required Confined Space Reclassification Form

Safety Tips from the WorkSafe People. Building a Safety Program for Your Organization

Safety Tips from the WorkSafe People. Building a Safety Program for Your Organization Building a Safety Program for Your Organization 1 Content Criteria and Examples of Confined Spaces Permit-Required Confined Space Non-Permit-Required Confined Space Employer Requirements Employee Requirements