COMPETENCE OF SHIPBOARD CARGO OPERATORS PRODUCT TANKERS

Transcription

1 STANDARD FOR CERTIFICATION NO COMPETENCE OF SHIPBOARD CARGO OPERATORS PRODUCT TANKERS APRIL 2009

2 FOREWORD (DNV) is an autonomous and independent foundation with the objectives of safeguarding life, property and the environment, at sea and onshore. DNV undertakes classification, certification, and other verification and consultancy services relating to quality of ships, offshore units and installations, and onshore industries worldwide, and carries out research in relation to these functions. Standards for Certification Standards for Certification (previously Certification Notes) are publications that contain principles, acceptance criteria and practical information related to the Society's consideration of objects, personnel, organisations, services and operations. Standards for Certification also apply as the basis for the issue of certificates and/or declarations that may not necessarily be related to classification. A list of Standards for Certification is found in the latest edition of Pt.0 Ch.1 of the Rules for Classification of Ships and the Rules for Classification of High Speed, Light Craft and Naval Surface Craft. The list of Standards for Certification is also included in the current Classification Services Publications issued by the Society, which is available on request. All publications may be ordered from the Society s Web site The Society reserves the exclusive right to interpret, decide equivalence or make exemptions to this Standard for Certification. Amendments and Corrections This document is valid until superseded by a new revision. Minor amendments and corrections will be published in a separate document normally updated twice per year (April and October). For a complete listing of the changes, see the Amendments and Corrections document located at: under category Standards for Certification. The electronic web-versions of the DNV Standards for Certification will be regularly updated to include these amendments and corrections. Comments may be sent by to rules@dnv.com Comprehensive information about DNV and the Society's services is found at the Web site Det Norske Veritas Computer Typesetting (Adobe FrameMaker) by Det Norske Veritas If any person suffers loss or damage which is proved to have been caused by any negligent act or omission of Det Norske Veritas, then Det Norske Veritas shall pay compensation to such person for his proved direct loss or damage. However, the compensation shall not exceed an amount equal to ten times the fee charged for the service in question, provided that the maximum compensation shall never exceed USD 2 million. In this provision "Det Norske Veritas" shall mean the Foundation Det Norske Veritas as well as all its subsidiaries, directors, officers, employees, agents and any other acting on behalf of Det Norske Veritas.

3 Page 3 Background DNV SeaSkill has been set up to use the principles of classification to help improve and codify competence at all levels within the maritime industry. This standards specifies the competence requirements for ship's officers who can be made responsible for liquid bulk cargo handling operations on board a product tanker. The standard focuses on the performance-areas of the ship's officer on board a product tanker who is responsible for cargoloading, storage, transport and discharge. The standard addresses all operational areas related to handling liquid bulk on board a product tanker and focuses primarily on competencies related to process control. The responsible officer needs to be able to make correct decisions in the planning and executing phase, detect and rectify issues caused by malfunctioning equipment and also spot and correct errors made by members of the crew on operational issues. This standard can be applied in the following ways: as a guide to the competence requirements that employers should place on the Cargo Operator, responsible for liquid bulk-cargo operations on board a crude oil tanker as a guide to training providers, for developing courses according to the requirements of the standard for the assessment of cargo-operators on board.

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5 Page 5 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION Scope Target groups Professional profile Required performance standard TAXONOMY General Levels of cognition Professional behaviour verbs COMPETENCE REQUIREMENTS General...8

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7 Page 7 1. Introduction 1.1 Scope The standard focuses on the performance-areas of the ship's officer on board a tanker who is responsible for cargo-loading, storage, transport and discharge. The standard addresses all operational areas related to bulk cargo-handling on board tankers and focuses on process-related competencies. The Cargo Operator needs to be able to make correct decisions in the planning and executing phase, detect and rectify issues caused by malfunctioning equipment and also spot and correct errors made by members of the crew on operational issues. 1.2 Target groups This DNV Standard for Certification is aimed at officers that at times are responsible for liquid bulk cargo operations on board a product tanker. 1.3 Professional profile The Cargo Operator should be capable of: preparing the vessel for loading and discharging liquid bulk cargo safely loading liquid bulk in suitable tanks ensuring the cargo is treated in a proper manner during transit analysing risks and determining segregation requirements communicating with shore-based terminal regarding loading and discharge operations efficiently discharging and stripping cargo avoiding environmental pollution logging required data safely discharging slops and vapours flushing lines 1.4 Required performance standard The performance standard describes how well the officers should perform their duties and tasks. Whilst undertaking the duties described under 1.3 the officer will comply with all international, national and local regulations and requirements and the vessel shall be operated safely without damage to life, environment or property. 2. Taxonomy 2.1 General Taxonomy of the required professional behaviour specifies the level on which the person should be able to operate. It is a hierarchical arrangement, in four (4) levels, of what a person has to master from simple to complex requirements, based on instructional design principles. For every next level, it is a prerequisite that the preceding level is mastered. The required professional behaviour is expressed by means of a verb. 2.2 Levels of cognition Each competence requirement can be classed by the level of cognition required to meet the competence requirement. Level 1: Knowledge (K) To remember or to reproduce on basis of appropriate, previously learned information. Level 2: Understanding (U) Level 3: Application (A) To give meaning to new situations and or new material by recollection and using necessary present information. To give evidence of insight in certain activities. To use previously acquired information in new and concrete situations to solve problems that have single or best answers. Level 4: Integration (I) To separate information into their component parts, to examine such information to develop divergent conclusions by identifying motives or causes, making inferences, and or finding evidence to support generalizations. To creatively apply prior knowledge and skills to produce a new or original whole. To judge the value of material based on personal values or opinions, resulting in an end product, with a given purpose, without real right or wrong answers. 2.3 Professional behaviour verbs The lists of verbs in the table below are not exhaustive and should be used as guidance only. Level of cognition Knowledge (K) Understanding (U) Application (A) Integration (I) Relevant action verbs Choose, Cite, Describe, Distinguish, Find, Give example, Group, Identify, Indicate, Know, Label, List, Listen, Locate, Match, Memorise, Name, Outline, Quote, Read, Recall, Recognise, Record, Recite, Relate, Repeat, Reproduce, Retrieve, Review, Select, Show, Sort, State, Underline, Write Account for, Annotate, Associate, Classify, Compare, Define, Describe, Discuss, Estimate, Exemplify, Explain, Give examples of, Give main idea, Identify, Infer, Interpret, Observe, Outline, Paraphrase, Recognise, Reorganise, Report, Restate, Retell, Research, Review, Summarise, Translate Adapt, Apply, Arrange, Calculate, Carry out, Change, Collect, Compute, Conclude, Construct, Demonstrate, Dramatise, Draw, Exhibit, Execute, Extract, Illustrate, Implement, Include, Instruct, Interpret, Interview, Make, Manipulate, Obtain, Operate, Paint, Practice, Prepare, Sequence, Show, Sketch, Solve, Translate, Use Analyse, Appraise, Argue, Arrange, Assess, Attribute, Calculate, Categorise, Check, Choose, Combine, Compare, Contrast, Criticise, Critique, Debate, Decide, Deconstruct, Deduce, Defend, Design, Detect, Determine, Develop, Diagram, Differentiate, Discriminate, Dissect, Distinguish, Evaluate, Examine, Experiment, Find, Formulate, Group, Hypothesise, Infer, Investigate, Integrate, Interpret, Inspect, Inquire, Judge, Justify, Measure, Monitor, Order, Organise, Outline, Plan, Predict, Prioritise, Probe, Question, Rank, Rate, Recommend, Reject, Relate, Research, Revise, Score, Separate, Select, Sequence, Sift, Structure, Survey, Tell why, Test, Validate, Value, Verify

8 Page 8 3. Competence Requirements 3.1 General Each competence requirement is derived from a task that needs to be performed. The competence requirement is stated in objective format to clearly define what has to be done to satisfy the requirements of the competence. At the same time it facilitates the derivation of assessment criteria and the assessments to measure individual competencies. The 705 competence requirements are grouped into 12 distinct functional domains, which are further sub-divided into 78 subject-based groups. Each competence requirement is allocated a level of cognition that can be used to determine the type of assessment required to measure competence. Table 3-1 Competence Requirements 1 CARGO PLANNING 1.1 Ship s construction / limitations Describe the ship's limitations in relation to cargo-handling U Interpret the IOPP-certificate for ship specific requirements and limitations U State the maximum carriage temperature of the vessel K State the maximum loadable temperature of the vessel K State the paint-system used in cargo-tanks and consequences for loading K Determine if tank-coating is suitable for a given cargo (coating compatibility) I State the limitations of valve-seals K State the limitations of flow-rates of the shipboard cargo pipe-lines K Describe the load-density allowed in tanks U State the capacity and filling-limits of tanks K 1.2 Stability & Stress Explain stress-forces affecting the vessel U Perform stress, stability, draft, trim and list calculations for each stage of the cargo-operation considering multiple parcels to A be discharged at different ports and the discharge-sequence Perform cargo stowage and stability calculations, including planning of ballasting, using the load-computer and stability program A onboard Perform manual calculations with reference to stability and stress I Verify the quality of stability & stress results I Demonstrate how to solve stability problems, caused by the free surface effect in double-bottom tanks and cargo-tanks A Determine if heel and trim of the vessel are appropriate for stripping I Adjust heel and trim if needed, using ballast and/or discharge/loading rate A Describe restrictions in case of free surface in (U-shape) tanks U 1.3 Ship/Shore liaison Check historical data regarding loading terminal requirements (ship/company/terminal) I Verify terminal and port requirements, including moorings and release mechanisms I Interpret terminal / port procedures and ship-shore checklists I Verify draught restrictions, manifold size, loading rate, temperatures, number of connections and berthing-side I List the information to be exchanged between the terminal and the tanker for loading or discharging K Agree on responsibilities ship/shore, with reference to loading and discharging cargo U Determine which cargo calculation tables will be used during the operation I Agree load planning with terminal (cargo information, loading sequence, pumping rates, start up rates, rate of flow, vapour U lines setup, manifold connections, topping off procedures) Agree discharge planning with terminal (cargo information, discharge sequence, pumping rates, start up rates, rate of flow, U slops and vapours) Maintain a communication link with the terminal keeping track of loading or discharge progress I Determine if amendments to cargo-plan are required I Communicate changes in cargo-plan with all involved A 1.4 Cargo segregation Explain the term 'segregation' U Determine compatibility of various cargoes and need for cargo segregation I Maintain cargo-segregation A 1.5 Planning loading and discharge Explain the items to be covered by the loading and discharging plan U Prioritise between different operations A

9 Page Analyse cargo specific information (e.g. API, handling instructions, MSDS, vapour-emissions, toxicity, need for inerting, N 2 I padding, static accumulators, H 2 S, pour point and required heating) Make a detailed loading-plan, indicating tank-distribution, loading-sequence, segregation, lining up, expected stresses, ballast-instructions, A initial loading-rate, ullages (corrected on each side of the centre line's bulkhead), pipe fluid velocities including all safety-aspects Calculate the time required to raise the temperature of a cargo from loading temperature to a required discharge temperature, I considering the maximum increase a vessel is able to achieve in 24 hours Determine bunker-requirements considering voyage and heating requirements I Assess if changes in loading (or discharge) sequence are safe and acceptable I Demonstrate ability to handle changes in operational sequence on short notice A Explain the filling restriction due to Sloshing U Explain why a light grade should preferably be loaded before a heavy grade U State who is responsible for incorporating changes in the loading-plan K Make a manifold plan taking into consideration number of hoses and bends on board and their compatibility A Determine maximum bulk or load-rate I Explain the reasons for setting an initial low loading-rate when commencing loading a tank U Complete ship-shore checklist (ISGOTT) A Make a detailed discharging-plan based on the actual cargo-quantity loaded on board, including discharge sequence and optimising pump-usage A 2 CARGO OPERATIONS 2.1 Precautions during operations Discuss the importance of an emergency shutdown-procedure agreed between ship and terminal U Explain the special measures necessary when pressure might exist in the shore line U Illustrate the proper sequence of opening tanks by lining up the cargo-system A Check for leaks during loading and discharge-operations (pump, line, manifold) I Indicate which areas to monitor for leaks and spills U Discuss safety checks to be carried out before discharging ballast from cargo-tanks U Discuss safety checks to be carried out prior to loading U Discuss safety checks to be carried out when loading cargo U Discuss safety checks to be carried out when the inert gas system has been shutdown U Describe precautions to be taken when connecting/disconnecting cargo-hoses U Explain the need for emptying drip-trays U Discuss the precautions when draining hoses U Describe the Personal Protective Equipment to be used on deck if crew is exposed during inerting U Explain appropriate precautions in cargo-ballast handling, purging, gas-freeing or tank cleaning operations in adjacent berths U Explain expansion of cargo, associated risks and measures to be taken U Explain why tanks or lines containing hazardous liquid cargo should not be drained in pump room bilges U State when covers of tank-washing openings should be removed K State when cargo-tanks should be closed K State when lids of segregated ballast-tanks should be kept closed K Explain the importance of drip tray segregation U Recognise special precaution when loading/discharging an inhibitor / inhibited cargo U 2.2 Line-settings Verify availability of hoses and bends I Complete tasks on manual valve checklist (ship-specific) A Line up cargo-lines, vapour-lines, P/V-lines and stripping-lines in accordance with cargo-plan A Verify line up / line-settings are in accordance with cargo-plan (incl. unused manifolds) I Monitor line-settings I Interpret ballast-plan, ballast-water manual & procedures with reference to line-up for ballasting / de-ballasting A Line up the valves for concurrent discharging and COW-operations A 2.3 Line & Valve shock / Pressure surge Confirm valve-timings of hydraulics and pneumatics with reference to manufacturer s manual I Interpret company / vessel's instructions to avoid line & valve shock / pressure-surge A Explain how a line & valve shock / pressure-surge occurs U Explain why long pipelines are more liable to pressure-surges U

10 Page Describe risks of line & valve shock / pressure surge, both downstream and upstream U Take precautions to reduce or prevent line & valve shock / pressure-surge A Line up valves, avoiding line/valve shock A Describe effects of closing a valve downstream, upstream and at the pump U Determine the pressure to which the pump is subjected A Describe the cause and effect of pressure-surges in shore and interface piping/hoses U 2.4 Deck operations Recognise lateral movement of chicksan / loading-arm and its effect U Recognise movement envelope limitations of chicksan / loading-arm U Verify system is de-pressurised before blanks are removed A Check condition of flange and gaskets I Verify chicksan, hoses and vapour recovery are properly connected, with sufficient bolts of correct length and size I Describe which precautions to take when disconnecting lines U Anticipate possible back-pressure in hoses and lines I Describe an insulating-flange U 2.5 Loading Describe pre-loading tank inspection and the limitations when surveyors cannot enter a tank U Explain the cargo-loading system on board U Prepare cargo-system for loading A Describe draining-systems on board and how and when to use them U Describe the possible consequences of not monitoring the loading-process U Perform cargo-loading according to agreed plan A Discuss why the actual loading-operation must coincide with the prepared plan U Explain the need of having primary and secondary means for loading and discharging U Perform a safe start-up operation initially loading at a minimum rate and into one cargo-tank A Explain why loading should initially be done by gravity and how this is accomplished U Verify vessel is correctly trimmed before commencing topping off I Top off tanks according to plan and in accordance with agreed rates A Monitor topped up tanks while topping off others I Inform shore when to shut down pumps A Describe the Load On Top (LOT) procedure K 2.6 Discharging Prepare the vessel for discharging cargo to terminal A Discuss the need for staggering the cargo-tanks U Determine the most efficient way to discharge, considering stability and safety A Demonstrate how tanks, lines, gas-extractors are emptied and stripped after discharging A Discharge cargo safely, in accordance with the agreed plan A Discharge slops and vapours in a safe and controlled manner A Explain why the rate of discharge of a tank should commence slow, until the level has dropped below 95% U 2.7 Calculations Calculate volumes in tanks using the standard set of API-tables A Calculate volumes in tanks using the wedge-formula A Explain the importance of cargo-temperature with regards to calculations and tank-capacity U Calculate cargo received A Calculate slop-interface A Compare calculated quantity of transferred cargo with load-port figures I Perform cargo calculations, complying with Load line regulations and anticipating regional and seasonal influences I Calculate the volume of cargo which can be lifted, given the relative density or API at 15 C and the cargo temperature A Define API scale U Define specific gravity U Explain importance of conversion of oil volume to weight U Explain relative density U List units commonly used in the oil-industry K

11 Page Recognise the different cargo calculation-tables used in various countries U 2.8 Monitoring Perform a pre-load survey A Perform a cargo-survey A Describe the need to monitor grade-changes U Describe the Vessel Experience Factor procedure U Monitor mast-riser, PV-valve or Vapour Recovery I Monitor that cargo is distributed correctly I Monitor the status of all tanks (operated and not operated) I Perform gas-monitoring of ballast-tank and pump-room A Adjust load/discharge rates as agreed/required A Verify compliance with Load line and Draft-restrictions when loading I Verify if correct compartments are being loaded I Verify if running changes are allowed according to company regulations I Verify operational status of fixed monitoring-installations I Monitor cooling / heating I Monitor handling of cargo I Monitor padding I Monitor temperatures and pressure I Monitor all instrumentation related to loading and discharging I Decide if system-valves require opening for temperature / pressure reasons I Verify if the vessel is correctly loaded or discharged, once finished I Monitor circulation I 2.9 Vapour Generation Describe the process of vapour-generation and resulting pressure-increase U Describe actions to control vapour-generation U 2.10 Sampling Describe precautions to be taken prior to sampling U Agree sampling-method with shore U Explain when to use the open or closed sampling-method U Demonstrate the correct use of open sampling equipment through hatches, pump-stack and vapour-lock A Demonstrate the correct use of closed sampling equipment through the pump stack and vapour lock A Demonstrate the correct use of the Ullage Temperature Interface or similar equipment A Carry out water-dips of cargo-tanks A Collect closed and open pump-stack drip-samples A Collect manifold drip-samples A Collect ship-line drip-samples A Take representative cargo-samples A Describe which documentation must be available in the sample-locker I Explain why samples must be stored in dedicated sample-lockers U Verify if samples are properly stowed and segregated I Describe special precautions for handling acid samples U Determine the need to segregate samples, using the MSDS and compatibility cards I 2.11 Lightering Plan how to conduct the lightering operation with the mooring master I Agree mooring-position, pumping-rate and maximum back-pressure with barge during lightering-operations U Demonstrate specific procedures for lightering operations with shuttle-tankers A Manage increased pollution-risk during lightering-operations A Describe the method of Conventional Buoy Mooring (CBM) U Describe the method of Single Buoy Mooring (SBM) U Describe the method of stern-to-stern mooring U Describe the method of tandem-mooring U Determine the type of mooring to use in a given circumstance I

12 Page Monitor the position of the vessel and the mooring-equipment during lightering I Describe the OCIMF/ICS's Ship To Ship Transfer Guide (STS Guide) and how it can assist in planning ship-to-ship operations U Perform tasks and checks as indicated on the STS (ship-to-ship) transfer guide / checklist A 2.12 Clearing lines Describe methods used to clear lines, both on board and ashore U Clear cargo-lines A Explain reasons for line-draining U Perform line-draining (MARPOL-line) A Check if lines / manifold are drained I Explain the danger of line-blowing and the precautions to be taken U Blow lines A Perform shore-line flush in accordance with company / terminal procedures A Log for which cargoes the hoses were used A Clean, ventilate and dry hoses and bends A 3 CARGO TREATMENT 3.1 General Explain 'Layering', 'Sedimentation' and 'Solidification' U Explain the expansion of cargo under certain conditions U Verify if cargo is at expected temperature and specific gravity I Explain 'melting point of cargo' in cold conditions U Describe special precautions during cargo-operations in cold environmental conditions U Explain the use of an inhibitor and associated risks U 3.2 Heating cargo Anticipate the influence of the voyage-plan / trading-route on heating required I Determine the need to heat the cargo using the Shipping Document I Interpret material data-sheets with reference to heated cargoes A Comply with the charterer's and company's instructions with reference to heated cargo A Describe pour-point restrictions for heated cargoes U Describe the safety-precautions when handling heated cargoes U Describe the principle and risks of heat-transfer to adjacent compartments U Explain consequences of under- & overheating U 3.3 Cargo Heating Systems Describe steam heating systems and their working-principle U Describe thermal oil systems and their working-principle U Interpret instructions / documentation of the cargo heating system A Activate and shut down the heating system when required A Verify the proper operation of the cargo heating system I Explain requirement of steam in tanks U Discuss the need for greater supply of steam on wing-tanks U Describe heat exchangers and their working-principle U Describe specific operational considerations of continuous heating to maintain temperature-level U Describe specific operational considerations of letting the cargo cool U Describe specific operational considerations of re-heating the cargo U Describe specific operational considerations of tank-by-tank heating U Describe specific operational considerations when having to raise temperature prior to discharge U Determine the need for re-circulation I 4 BALLASTING 4.1 Ballast plan Describe the required input and considerations when creating a ballast-plan U Describe which requirements need to be complied with, with reference to ballasting U Explain how weather-conditions influence a ballast-plan U

13 Page Describe how the route affects the ballast-plan U Determine the need for ballast transfer during the voyage, due to bunker-consumption I Describe how bunkers are to be entered into the ballast-plan U Create a ballast-plan A Verify the correctness of a ballast-plan I 4.2 Ballasting operation Line up the ballast system A Perform safe ballasting and de-ballasting, both by gravity and by using the ballast pump A Ballast the vessel according to the ballast plan A Give reasons why a heated tank must preferably be emptied prior to ballasting adjacent tanks U Plan and execute a ballast procedure to maintain required draft and trim requirements during discharge I Define clean ballast U Describe Clean Ballast Tank operations during a normal tanker voyage in general terms U Explain how heavy weather ballast affects the ballast plan U Perform heavy weather ballasting in accordance with company / international regulations A State which manual contains Clean Ballast Tanks-operations K Explain why the level in ballast tanks should be below the tank top in sub-zero temperatures U 4.3 De-ballasting operation Plan a de-ballasting operation I Perform visual inspection for pollution when commencing de-ballasting A De-ballast the vessel according to the de-ballast plan A 4.4 Ballast Water Management Manage ballast water in accordance with the ballast water management plan A Consider Ballast exchange during the voyage U Explain sequential change-method of ballast U Explain flow-through change-method of ballast U Describe dirty ballast, the requirements of its discharge and when these do not apply U State the ballast water management history of the vessel K List additional considerations influencing ballast quantity K Perform change of ballast at sea in compliance with the discharge requirements A State in what stages of the voyage ballasting and de-ballasting often take place K State when ballast must be taken into dirty cargo tanks K State why ballast must normally be discharged above the waterline and its exceptions K Take ballast-water samples A 5 TANK OPERATIONS 5.1 Soundings Judge the performance of terminal-staff carrying out pre-load soundings U Challenge questionable pre-load soundings by terminal-staff I Verify soundings by interpreting changes in values of instrumentation I Explain why no sounding, ullaging or sampling equipment may be lowered into tanks during inerting U 5.2 Ullage-monitoring Monitor ullages for cargo levels and expansion I Amend final ullages depending on loading temperature and gravity A Perform ullaging-calculations I Monitor completed tank to ensure ullage remains the same I Perform manual ullage-checks A 5.3 Level Gauging Systems Describe principle and method of operation of Bubbler-gauges U Describe principle and method of operation of electrically powered servo-operated gauges U Describe principle and method of operation of mechanically operated float gauges U Describe principle and method of operation of differential pressure-type gauges U

14 Page Describe principle and method of operation of pneumatic or hydraulic level gauges using a closed cell U Describe principle and method of operation of surface-sensing type gauges U Describe principle and method of operation of ultrasonic and sonic gauges U Describe principle and method of operation of electrical capacitance gauges U Describe principle and method of operation of sighting board type level gauging-systems U Describe principle and method of operation of radar type level gauging systems U Activate radar / tank gauge-system A Explain likely problems with float, capacitance, radar and sighting board type gauging-systems U Interpret readings and changed values of instrumentation and gauges during loading / discharge A Adjust radar / tank gauge-system to compensate for trim, list and density A Recognise possible incorrect readings of instrumentation, gauges and Ullage Temperature Interface U Verify correctness of Ullage Temperature Interface-readings by cross-checking with fixed gauging-system I Demonstrate actions when confronted with incorrect readings of level gauging-systems A 5.4 Atmosphere Interpret industry-guidelines regarding tank-atmosphere A Describe methods to change tank-atmosphere U Describe principles involved in changing tank-atmospheres U Determine when a tank atmosphere is considered Inerted or Non-Inerted (ISGOTT) I State the special precautions to be taken according to industry-guidelines in case of an Inerted tank-atmosphere K State the special precautions to be taken according to industry-guidelines in case of a Non-Inerted tank-atmosphere K 5.5 Tank-pressure Monitor pressure-gauges I Determine tank vapour-pressure I Calculate pressure-drop when using vapour return system A Describe pressure-drop and its possible consequences U Demonstrate actions when confronted with changes in pressure A 5.6 Cargo tank relief-valves Define purpose and principles of operation of cargo-tank relief-valves U Describe problems that can occur with cargo-tank relief-valves U 5.7 Venting Explain why a tank-atmosphere may become dangerous once ventilation is discontinued U Discuss the importance of preventing flammable gas from entering the ventilation-system U Describe measures to prevent flammable and toxic gas entering the ventilation-system U Describe the importance of keeping the pump room-blower on throughout cargo-operations U Describe the various ventilation-methods used during tank-cleaning at a terminal U Explain gas-dispersion, its dangers and variables affecting it U Explain gas-evolution and venting during loading U Give examples of cargoes and situations which lead to gas-evolution K List the hazards during venting and measures to prevent their occurrence K Identify the primary and secondary venting system U Explain the function of purge pipes U Plan procedure for venting to atmosphere via vent and via shore I Execute procedure for venting to atmosphere via vent and via shore A Check proper operation of vents I Determine if venting is required I Determine wind-direction / vessel heading prior to venting U Determine the need to clear deck when venting, considering type of cargo U Determine the need to shut down re-circulation and close accommodation-doors, considering type of cargo I 5.8 Change-over Describe how to perform a tank change-over U Explain staggering of tanks during tank change-over U Perform tank change-over A

15 Page Slop tank operations Explain why oil tankers require slop-tanks U Explain slop-tank operations U Explain slop-tank operations with one or two slop-tanks during tank-washings and decanting U State reason for slop-tanks to be heated K Describe precautions to be taken when handling slops U Explain decanting operations U Explain relationship between decanting-operations and discharge-requirements K 6 TANK CLEANING 6.1 Precautions State the hazards associated with tank washings and precautions to be taken K List precautions to be taken when tanks must be washed in a non-inerted atmosphere K List requirements / precautions for using steaming K Determine if ventilating is sufficient when preparing a tank for another product I Determine present cargo and next cargo in tank in order to decide on desired tank-cleaning method I Perform purity test A List requirements / precautions for using methanol spray K 6.2 Planning Explain when sea or fresh water is to be used for tank-cleaning U Explain when and how to use hot wash, cold wash and fresh water rinse U Carry out tank-cleaning calculations in accordance with the P/A manual A Produce timetable and washing-cycles A Establish procedures for tank-cleaning I Demonstrate how to use the P/A-manual when dealing with chemicals/solvents A Determine if / which chemicals need to be used in tank-cleaning I Discuss tank-cleaning, stripping-procedures & COW-plan with terminal U Perform tank-cleaning in accordance with agreed procedure A 6.3 Pre-washing (MARPOL Annex II) Perform pre-washing calculations A Describe pre-washing with reference to a high viscosity substance U Describe pre-washing with reference to a solidifying substance U Describe the procedure of pre-washing, using chemicals/solvents U 6.4 Washing List the reasons for tank-washing K Compare open-cycle tank-washing to closed-cycle tank-washing I Explain why cargo-tanks must be washed in inert gas condition and under positive pressure U Describe tank-cleaning with cold water, hot water and with chemicals U Describe tank-washing with portable and fixed machines U Perform tank-cleaning at a terminal / dedicated tank-cleaning berth A Perform tank-cleaning at sea A Judge the cleanliness of a cleaned tank I Perform line-washing A 6.5 Processing water Decide on processing tank-cleaning water (onboard / discharge to shore facility) I Line up the cargo-system to take in sea-water to be used for tank-cleaning A State importance of transferring tank-washing water to slop-tank K Determine if tank-cleaning water can be re-circulated I 6.6 Stripping Make a stripping-plan for continuous stripping to other tanks A Make a stripping-plan for continuous stripping to shore A

16 Page Discuss the importance of effective stripping, positive trim and remote read-out facilities U State the removal-rate of the stripping-system K Discuss methods of determining the efficiency of the stripping-system U Describe possible consequences if stripping fails U List the means provided for checking that tank-bottoms are dry K Test the stripping-system A Perform stripping in accordance with the stripping-plan and P/A manual A 6.7 Crude Oil Washing (COW) State advantage of tanks that have been crude oil washed first K Explain 'crude oil washing' and when it is mandatory with reference to IOPP U List the parts of a COW-system K Describe possible consequences of non-performance with reference to COW U Explain the difference between water-washing and COW U List advantages and disadvantages of COW over water-washing K List factors influencing effectiveness of COW K Explain how effectiveness of COW can be checked U Generate a printout of expected stages of operation (e.g. 25%, 50%, 75% COW condition) A 6.8 Washing Machines Describe types of COW-machines U State where COW-machines may be mounted and how movement may be verified K Describe types of nozzles of COW-washing machines U Describe the operation and washing pattern of multi-nozzle tank-washing machines U Describe the operation and washing pattern of single-nozzle tank-washing machines U Explain methods of driving washing machines U Explain reaction forces of single-nozzle machines U Explain the function of a stop-valve of a washing machine U Program tank-washing machines A Monitor tank-washing machines I 6.9 COW-operations Interpret contents of an approved COW Operations and Equipment Manual A Complete the tasks on the COW-checklist for pre-arrival, pre-operations, during as well as post-operations A Describe open and closed method for COW and associated risks U Determine if crude is suitable for COW I Explain where information on unsuitable crudes may be found U Explain why ullage decreases in return-tank during bottom-washing U Monitor return of washings I Pressure-test a COW system A Start up and shut down a COW-system A Strip COW-lines A Describe measures to prevent pollution during COW U Describe use of dry crude U Explain 're-circulation method' U Explain the need for completing COW before ship leaves its final port of discharge U Explain the importance of tanks availability for inspection at the next port U Explain why the slop-tank must be emptied and recharged with clean oil prior to COW U Explain why it is essential that the tank which is to be used as the source for tank-washing is de-bottomed prior to COW U Explain why COW may have to be carried out at sea U Explain why COW must take place in an inerted atmosphere U Discuss provisions to prevent overpressure in COW-piping U State composition of COW piping K Describe how to ensure sufficient pressure in the COW piping U List pumps that may be used for COW K Explain why IG-pressure rises during COW U

17 Page 17 7 PUMPS 7.1 Pump theory Describe principles of operation of a centrifugal pump U Describe principles of operation of a deepwell pump U Describe principles of operation of a reciprocating pump (simplex, duplex) U Explain cavitation of pumps and its consequences U Explain disadvantage of letting more than one pump discharge into the shore-system U Explain 'discharge-pressure' U Describe how suction can be improved U Describe the dangers of running two or more pumps in parallel U Explain the effects of NPSH of the pump, Line resistance, True vapour pressure and Vertical distance between pump and suction U Explain 'actual discharge-rate' and factors affecting it U Explain why booster-pumps are used A 7.2 Pump operations Identify location and number of cargo-pumps on board U Describe the operational requirements of cargo-pumps with respect to limitations on number of starts and required liquid-level U Interpret the P/A-manual with regards to pump-capacity in relation to product-density and -viscosity A Describe frequently occurring damages to pumps and ways to avoid this U Interpret a shore installation-curve I Interpret a Q-H curve for two pumps running in parallel I Derive the discharge-rate of the pump from a Q-H curve and shore installation curve I Operate a centrifugal pump A Operate a deepwell pump A Operate a reciprocating pump (simplex, duplex) A Demonstrate correct set-up and start-up of cargo pumps A Determine correct starting-sequence of pumps I Perform tests (e.g. emergency stop) on cargo pumps A Demonstrate the use of automatic control sequencers A Set alarms of cargo-pumps and respond to alarms A Communicate start-up of pumps with ECR A Demonstrate pump-control A Perform the checks to be carried out after pumps have been started A Prevent pumps from running dry A Demonstrate correct procedure to shut down line- and system valves A Monitor/adjust the pump motor settings in accordance with cargo-level in tank I Close in valves on ballast-pumps A Operate ballast-pumps and eductors A Operate portable diaphragm pumps A Test emergency cargo-pumps and hoses in accordance with manual I Demonstrate the use of an emergency pump A 8 INERTING, PURGING & GAS-FREEING 8.1 Inert Gas (IG)/ Nitrogen (N 2 ) systems Describe the IG/N 2 gas-system and its function U Describe which vessels must be equipped with an IG/N 2 gas-system U Explain the importance of an operational IG/N 2 gas-system U List the main dangers of a malfunctioning IG/N 2 gas-system K Describe limitations of different IG/N 2 systems U Explain why the atmosphere of an inerted tank-should never be allowed to come within the flammable range during gas-freeing U State characteristics of refined products that affect an inerted tank K Discuss the importance of keeping tanks, other than those to be gas-freed, inerted during ballast voyage U 8.2 IG/ N 2 system components P/V-valve

18 Page Describe the working principle of a liquid-filled P/V-breaker and the importance of the liquid-level U Check the status of the P/V-breaker I Describe methods to prevent freezing of the liquid-filled P/V-breaker U Top off and add anti-freeze to P/V-breaker A Describe the two functions of the gas-pressure regulating-valve and how it is controlled U State the need for monitoring the gas-pressure regulating-valve and alarm K Describe when automatic shutdown of the gas-pressure regulating-valve is required U Scrubber Explain the working-principle of a scrubber U Explain the corrosive properties of scrubber effluent U Prepare a scrubber for operation A Blowers Explain the main function of the IG/N 2 -blower U Explain the need of continuously monitoring IG/N 2 -temperature and pressure at the discharge-side of the blower U Discuss possible causes of loss of IG/N 2 -gas pressure U List instances when the IG/N 2 gas-blower would shut down automatically K State the minimum IG/N 2 gas-pressure of cargo-tanks K State the required number of blowers and blower-capacity K Line up the IG/N 2 gas-blower for fresh air intake A Non-return devices Describe the construction and design of non-return devices U Describe the functioning of a wet-type, semi-dry type and dry-type deck-water seal U Explain the advantage of having a separate deck isolating valve U Explain the reasons for fitting non-return devices U Explain the two functions of the deck mechanical non-return valves U State location of deck mechanical non-return valves K 8.3 Inert Gas Explain the working-principle of an inert gas, using a flammability composition-diagram U Describe the composition and toxic constituents of the inert gas U State the main hazards of inert gas K List main sources of inert gas in an oil tanker K Assess temperature and dew-point requirements for supplied inert gas I 8.4 IG-operations Preparation Verify compliance with OCIMF & ISGOTT guidelines during inerting I Plan correct line up of the IG/N 2 gas-plant, supply and exhaust-valves, pipelines and deck-water seal I Execute correct line up of the IG/N 2 -plant, supply and exhaust-valves, pipelines and deck-water seal A Prepare the tanks for inerting / purging A Inspections Check spades and valves in the IG/N 2 -system I Perform a test of the IG/N 2 -system: O 2 level, deck-seal, P/V-breaker, block and bleed valves A Perform physical/visual checks on gas tightness, PV-valves, risers, deck-seals, tank hatch-covers A Check correct operation of inlet and exhaust-valves I Operating Perform start-up and shutdown of the IG/N 2 -system A Perform the inerting procedure in accordance with Operations Manual A Explain why positive IG/N 2 -pressure must be maintained at all times U Describe inerting procedures when product-contamination may occur U Discuss the importance of monitoring quality and pressure of inert gas during simultaneous cargo and ballast handling U Explain why the IG/N 2 -pressure may have to be decreased initially before discharging U Explain why certain oils with high flashpoints need not be carried in inerted tanks U State function of an IG/N 2 uptake-valve K Determine maximum allowable O 2 percentage I Maintain O 2 content-level below maximum allowable percentage A Monitor and log gas-condition of ballast tanks/cofferdams I

19 Page Monitor the IG/N 2 system and pressure I Perform troubleshooting on IG/N 2 systems A Close and lock IG/N 2 valves A Perform inerting / padding during discharge A Operate the Flue Gas-system A Explain considerations for selecting the location of a flue gas uptake-point U 8.5 IG-distribution and venting Describe a typical inert gas and vent piping arrangement used for inerting U State function of valves or blanks in the branch-lines and inert gas piping K Describe possible venting-arrangements U Vent off excess gas pressure in cargo tanks using the appropriate venting-system A Determine if topping up of the tanks with IG/N 2 is required I 8.6 IG meters, indicators & alarms List alarms, meters and indicators for the IG/N 2 -gas system with their functions K List the additional alarms required if gas is provided by an IG gas-generator K Set up IG/N 2 -system and alarms A Test and calibrate IG/N 2 -alarms I Assess alarm set points for inerting I Follow up IG/N 2 -alarms A 8.7 Controlling the IG-system Select most appropriate method of inerting in a given circumstance I Describe dangers associated with incorrect inerting U Describe the possible consequences of not monitoring the IG/N 2 -system U Illustrate the gas-flow from the boiler uptake to the cargo tanks A Explain precautions taken to prevent backflow of gas or ingress of air U 8.8 Purging and Gas-Freeing Describe dilution and displacement methods for changing the atmosphere in tanks U Explain the method of dilution with the aid of a flammability composition-diagram U Explain the method of displacement with the aid of a flammability composition-diagram U Describe the advantages / disadvantages of both the dilution and displacement-methods U Define 'purging with inert gas' U Define 'gas-freeing' of lines, tanks and equipment U Define 'gas-free tank' U Discuss reasons for gas-freeing U List the general safety precautions applicable when gas-freeing K State the need for blanking off the inert gas supply or closing the valve in the branch-piping to a gas-free tank K Perform a gas-freeing operation of a tank A Identify checks to be made by the deck-watch during gas-freeing U Explain why accommodation openings should be closed when purging or gas-freeing U Demonstrate the proper use of Fixed Gas Freeing Equipment A Demonstrate the proper use of portable fans A Explain why hydrocarbon gas remains inside a tank after cargo-discharge U 8.9 IG/N 2 segregation Plan IG/N 2 -segregation I Communicate IG/N 2 -segregation with others A Monitor IG/N 2 -segregation I Recognise the need for topping up / venting during IG/N 2 -segregation U 8.10 High pressure N 2 plants Describe the specific points of attention and risks when operating a high pressure N 2 plant U Maintain pressure in the buffer tank of a high pressure plant within limits as indicated in Operations Manual A Determine the need to adjust the supply-pressure A