GOOD SAFETY PRACTICE. Revised 8/15/2016 Page 1 of 12

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1 GOOD SAFETY PRACTICE 1. GENERAL If you have a question during lab, you may read the lab and ask other students; however, you should consult the instructor if you have any doubts or concerns. This document is intended to be a review for the laboratory safety exam. This document is not intended as a substitute for information from laws, college policies, lab procedures, safety data sheets (SDS), material safety data sheet (MSDS), or medical care in the case of exposure or an accident. MSDS and SDS are used interchangeably. During your first lab, your instructor will discuss the safety rules, an SDS/MSDS sheet, and the contents of this document. You must achieve a grade of 80% or higher on the safety exam before you will be able to do lab. Bring a #2 pencil. 2. BEHAVIORAL In the lab, students are expected to comply with all safety policies, to give the instructor full attention during communications, and to pay full attention to the experiments being conducted. Disruptive behavior is any behavior that may affect the ability of students or the instructor to perform these responsibilities. The instructor, faculty, staff, and administrators may warn a student of disruptive behavior. However, no warning is required, and these are example penalties that may be imposed: student receives a zero for the assignment, student is asked to leave the laboratory, and student loses laboratory privileges for the semester. As a student in lab, your role is to not engage in disruptive behavior, and to tell the instructor (perhaps privately) that you find other students behavior disruptive. The example below provides some insights about when behavior becomes disruptive. Example 1: A student, Student A, gets a box of latex gloves from the shelf in the laboratory. Amused, Student A inflates a glove and ties a knot in the end. Continuing, Student A draws a face on the glove with a pen. Student A then squeezes the glove, which causes the face on the glove to expand and contract. Roars of laughter erupt from the class, and when the instructor looks up, the glove is being batted through the air like a beach ball. At what point has Student Aʼs behavior become disruptive? Answer: Even the first sentence of Student Aʼs behavior may be considered disruptive if gloves (or equipment) were being used before the instructor formally started the experimental portion of the lab. If gloves were in use in the laboratory, then Student Aʼs gesture to inflate the glove would constitute intent to use laboratory equipment in a manner inconsistent with its intended purpose, and therefore, disruptive behavior. In the event of multiple students engaging in disruptive behavior, every student in the class may receive zeroes and lose lab privileges for one or more sessions. You are encouraged to tell other students if you find their behavior disruptive. You must also inform the instructor (perhaps privately) of behavior that you find disruptive. 3. ARRIVING LATE You may not be permitted to do lab if you arrive after the pre-lab session has started. This decision is up to the instructor. You are late if you have not signed the attendance Revised 8/15/2016 Page 1 of 12

2 sheet at the time pre lab begins. If you arrive late, you may receive a zero for the assignment. 4. BASIC LAB POLICIES (also see your signed safety agreement) You will not eat, drink, smoke, apply cosmetics, put any object in your mouth (including gum or medications), or take any object out of your mouth in the laboratory. You must wash your hands and do these activities outside the laboratory. You will not bring any food or drink (including water bottles) into the laboratory. You may leave food and drink in the hallway outside the door. If you bring food or beverage into the laboratory, the instructor, faculty, staff, or administration may throw these items into the trash without further comment. You may also receive warnings and other penalties. Students are not permitted in the preparatory room in L120. The doors to L120 must be kept locked per policy, but they may be used to exit or evacuate the laboratory in an emergency if the primary exit is blocked. You must have the laboratory procedure to participate in lab experiments. Working alone in the chemistry lab is not permitted. Your lab work may be performed only during your scheduled lab time. You are required to wear full splash goggles as soon as equipment or chemicals are in use. Lab coats with snaps (not buttons) are required. You must provide your own lab coat. Lab coats with snaps are easier to remove than lab coats with buttons. You must provide your own disposable gloves (latex, nitrile) when the MSDS for chemicals or procedure require them. It is recommended that you purchase a box of gloves. Closed-toe shoes are required. Clothing must not be baggy or frayed such that it could present an accident hazard or tripping hazard to you or to others. Wash your hands when changing gloves and when your hands come into contact with chemicals. Per policy, student or instructor chemicals or experiments that are left in the lab past the class must be labeled with the name of the owner, the names of the chemicals in the experiment, the concentrations of the chemicals (if known), and the CAS numbers of the chemicals in the experiment. Wash your bench top and push in your chair before leaving the laboratory. Remove goggles and other safety equipment before leaving the lab, and then wash your hands before leaving. Only nonhazardous, room temperature materials, like paper towels and wrappers, may go in the trashcans. Ask if you have any doubts. You must report all injuries to the instructor. It is good practice to wash your hands with water every 15 minutes when working in the laboratory. Wash your hands before leaving the laboratory. Revised 8/15/2016 Page 2 of 12

3 5. CHEMICAL HYGIENE The goal of chemical hygiene is to work with chemicals and equipment in a manner to minimize risks and hazards to yourself and others. Exposure to chemicals or chemical hazards can result in in death, for example from a food allergy, a bee sting, fire, and explosion. In the event of a potentially serious incident, follow the plan on the emergency operation card that is posted on the wall of your room to request assistance.the sections below are to help you understand the terminology of chemical hazards that may exist in the laboratory. In some cases, specific steps are given to help reduce risk. The sections below cover only the hazard categories that may be present on site. Additional hazard categories exist. 5.1 Hazards from Safety Data Sheets (SDS) Your instructor will explain the hazards from the SDS as well as any specific steps to work safely in the laboratory. Many SDS identify detailed hazards in section 2, first aid in section 4, accidental release and clean up measures in section 6, exposure controls/ personal protection in section 8, stability in section 10, toxicological in section 11, and ecological information in section 12. SDS provide routes of possible exposure to chemicals that include inhalation, skin contact, injection, ingestion, and eyes. Follow directions to minimize chemical exposure to yourself and others. Inhalation means to breathe or aspirate chemical vapors or dust. Skin and eye contact means to be exposed through the skin or the eyes. Ingestion means exposure by swallowing. Injection means exposure through a puncture or cut through the skin. Specific safety equipment is recommended on each data sheet. At a minimum, wear goggles, gloves, closed-toe shoes, and clothing that covers the skin. The state of matter (solid, dust, liquid, gas, etc.), energy available (heat, spark, etc.), concentration, and other substances present affect hazards and risks. Flammable and combustible indicate a possibility for fire. Oxidizers can cause a reaction with substances to give off heat and start a fire. Self-reactive substances give off heat and may start a fire even without air. Self-heating substances give off heat in air and may start a fire. Irritation, corrosion, and damage to a target organ cause adverse effects to that living tissue. Corrosive to metal means a chemical incompatibility with metals. Carcinogen means to cause or increase incidence of cancer. Mutagen means causes genetic mutation Reproductive toxicity means adverse effects on offspring, fertility, or sexual function. Sensitizer can cause an allergic response on skin or hypersensitivity of airways. Permeator means to pass into or through. Toxicity describes adverse effects of a chemical on a living system. Target organ systemic toxicity (TOST) describes toxicity to specific organs from either single (acute) or repeat (chronic) exposure. Revised 8/15/2016 Page 3 of 12

4 The hazard communication standard uses pictograms to communicate classes of hazards as shown below. Read the SDS for the chemical before opening the chemical bottle to understand the specific hazards, protective gear/ environmental controls, and response to potential exposure/spills. Pictogram Hazards Classes * acute toxicity * skin irritation * eye irritation * skin sensitizer Revised 8/15/2016 * flammable * self reactive * pyrophoric * self heating * emits flammable gas * oxidizer * organic peroxide * eye corrosion * skin corrosion * corrosive to metal * carcinogen * respiratory sensitizer * reproductive toxicity * target organ toxicity * germ cell mutagen * acute toxicity * aquatic toxicity Page 4 of 12

5 5.2 HAZARDS OF REAGENT CLASSES AND SPECIFIC REAGENTS Halogenated solvents may cause cancer. Sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid cause severe burns to skin. Concentrated sulfuric acid is a dehydrating acid. Add strong acids to water, never the reverse. Add strong bases to water, never the reverse. Many organic compounds are flammable. When organic chemicals are being used, have no flames, cover, and work with small quantities (microscale, if possible). Most flammable organic compounds stay close to the ground. Natural gas from the gas jets stays close to the ceiling. These compounds are particularly subject to form organic peroxides: ethers, aldehydes, alkenes with allylic hydrogen atoms, compounds with benzylic hydrogens on a tertiary carbon atom, and vinyl compounds Organic peroxides may be explosive, so do not heat or distill to dryness. 5.3 VAPORS AND FUMES In general, it is a good idea to cover any chemicals when you are working away from the hood. You can cover chemicals with a watch glass or with a piece of aluminum foil. 5.4 REAGENT BOTTLES Use a chemical scoop to dispense solid reagents. Never return chemicals to the reagent bottles. This may cause contamination and risk of subsequent reaction or injury. Offer the excess chemicals to another student, or if none is needed, place in the correct collection container. As soon as you are done, cap the reagent bottle tightly, then return reagent bottles and supplies to where you found them. 5.5 CONTAINERS FOR EXCESS AND USED CHEMICALS Place an excess or used chemical only into the container (or location) indicated in the procedure (or by the instructor). Mistakes increase risks to anyone encountering the chemicals, as well as disposal costs. Do not dispose of chemicals down the sink or in the trash. Ask if you are not sure. 5.6 SOME LIMITATIONS OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT Wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) may help to reduce exposure to chemicals with hazards. PPE may become contaminated, which may cause secondary exposure to the body and to other surfaces. Because gloves may be contaminated with chemicals, avoid touching skin or reaching behind goggles with gloved hands. If you need to remove goggles or touch a body surface, remove PPE as described in the next section. To avoid exposure from from PPE, launder lab coats separately from all other clothing, and clean goggles with water away from all other items. Wash, remove, and change gloves whenever they become contaminated. Note that the PPE described here does not protect Revised 8/15/2016 Page 5 of 12

6 against exposure by inhalation. Covering all chemicals, cleaning all spills, and working in the hood with the sash down help to reduce exposure by inhalation. 5.7 REMOVING PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT It is good practice to presume that personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, goggles, and lab coats, have become contaminated once they have been used the laboratory. Wash gloves in the sink before removing. Remove the first glove with the opposite gloved hand by pinching the first glove near the wrist and pulling toward the fingers. Slide your bare index finger between the second glove and your wrist. Lift the second glove, and pinch the inside between your thumb and index finger. Pull towards the fingers to remove the second glove. Toss used the gloves in the trash. Wash hands after completing this step. Remove goggles and lab coat. Store the goggles and lab coat in a disposable bag away from other items. Wash hands after completing this step. Goggles and lab coats may be cleaned or washed (usually with water) as long as the cleaning is done separately from other items (foods, dishes, clothing,...) that could be contaminated. 6. SAFETY EQUIPMENT LOCATION The eyewash is located at the back sink. The fire extinguisher, broken glassware container, and fire blanket are by the entry door. The safety shower is in the recess located to the right out the door and then to the right. 6.1 EYE WASH There is one eyewash at the back of the lab and one just inside the preparatory room. To use the eyewash, push the lever toward the back wall. Lower your eyes into the streams of water. Rinse for at least 15 minutes. Note that contact lenses must be removed before the timer starts for rinsing. Medical professionals may be needed to remove contacts. The MSDS may call for other treatment procedures. 6.2 FIRE EXTINGUISHER The lab is equipped with a type ABC fire extinguisher. If the fire extinguisher is appropriate to extinguish a fire, lift it from the support, pull the ring to break the seal, raise the horn, aim it at the base of the fire, squeeze the handle, do not hold the horn because it will become extremely cold. Discharging the fire extinguisher provides additional risk from exposure to chemicals from combustion fumes and contact with the dry powder. 6.3 BROKEN GLASSWARE BIN The lab has a tall, rectangular cardboard box. The only items that go into that box are broken laboratory glassware. This is not a recycling bin. Any ordinary items go in the trashcan or into one of the recycling bins. Revised 8/15/2016 Page 6 of 12

7 6.4 FIRE BLANKET The fire blanket is best used to ward off shock and provide warmth after flames have been extinguished. It may be used by others to avoid burns while they help to pat out flames. 6.5 SAFETY SHOWER To use the safety shower, stand or have someone help you stand under the shower head, then pull the handle or have someone help you pull the handle. To get to the safety shower, exit the lab, turn right, then turn right into the recess. The safety shower is located located to the right in the recess. 6.6 SAFETY GOGGLES Full splash goggles are to be worn by everyone before any equipment or chemical is taken out. Every student will be wearing splash goggles before experiments begin. If your goggles fog or the strap comes loose, stop experiments, wash your hands with water, and step into the hall to defog the goggles. You may return to lab once goggles are worn. When in lab, never stick your fingers behind your safety goggles. 6.7 HOODS To use the hood, turn the hood switch on (if it is not already). (In L119, the fan switch is on the left, and the light switch is on the right.) Work as far back as possible in the hood, and remove any items you do not need. Close the hood sash all the way (or as far as possible) for the best protection from fumes, vapors and other hazards. Flammable, odiferous, fuming, corrosive, or volatile substances will be found in the hood. 6.8 GLOVES Polyethylene and latex gloves are very permeable to organic liquids. Polyethylene and latex gloves are appropriate for many aqueous and biological substances. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gloves protect against acids, bases, and dyes. Nitrile gloves protect against corrosive substances. Consult the SDS to see if a specific type of glove is recommended. Inform the instructor if you have had or have a possible reaction/allergy to protective gloves. 7. SPECIALIZED GLASSWARE The laboratory has a variety of specialized glassware that requires special handling. If you are not sure what this glassware looks like, see your textbook or ask your lab instructor. Specialized glassware includes thermometers, burets, pipets, spectroscopy cells, and glassware with ground-glass joints. 7.1 THERMOMETERS Always check glass thermometers for cracks and other damage before use. Ask the instructor if you have any doubt. Avoid the use of mercury thermometers (or other devices). You need a special clean up kit for mercury. Thermometers do not Revised 8/15/2016 Page 7 of 12

8 go in the dirty glassware bin. Thermometers get wiped clean and returned to the storage location. 7.2 BURETS Fill a buret at chest level, not above your head (chemicals could spill on you). This procedure describes the method to fill a buret at chest level. Clamp the buret in a buret clamp that is attached to a ring stand. Ensure the stopcock on the buret is closed and sufficiently tightened. Move the ring stand to position the buret off the end of the table (if you do this incorrectly, you will smash the buret into the table in the next step). Lower the buret so that the top of the buret is at chest level or below. Place a funnel in the buret. Place a beaker below the tip of the buret in case it leaks. Add chemicals to the buret (be sure the stopcock is closed). Raise the buret so that the bottom is 8 inches above table. Move the ring stand to position the buret over the table. Place the beaker below the tip of the buret. Dirty burets get rinsed with distilled water, stopcock open, air dried upside down until the end of class, and returned to the storage shelf at the end of class. (This equipment does not get placed in the dirty glassware bin.) 7.3 PIPETS Use a suction bulb or plunger to fill a pipet. Never use your mouth to fill or empty a pipet. If pipets are disposable, they must be rinsed with water before disposing. (This equipment does not get placed in the dirty glassware bin.) Volumetric pipets get rinsed with distilled water, drained in a test tube holder until the end of class, and returned to the storage shelf at the end of class. (This equipment does not get placed in the dirty glassware bin.) 7.4 SPECTROSCOPY CELLS Spectroscopy cells get rinsed with deionized water and placed upside down on a paper towel to dry until the end of the lab period. (This equipment does not get placed in the dirty glassware bin.) 7.5. EQUIPMENT WITH GROUND-GLASS JOINTS Equipment with ground glass joints, such as distillation heads, Claisen adaptors, condenser columns, fractionating columns, distillation elbows, vacuum adapters, and size adapters gets wiped clean and returned to the storage location. (This equipment does not get placed in the dirty glassware bin.) The exception is that the flask used for distillation or reflux does get washed and goes in the dirty glassware bin. 8. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS Certain procedures, such as heating test tubes, boiling, use of the gas jets, lighting burners, and inspecting glassware, always have special precautions. Revised 8/15/2016 Page 8 of 12

9 8.1 TEST TUBES When a test tube is to be heated, verify that the test tube is borosilicate glass (or a glass that is suitable for heating in a flame) and has a lip. Ask your instructor if you are unsure. When heating, always point the end of the test tube away from you and others. If you are boiling a liquid in a test tube, add a boiling chip in addition to observing the other precautions. 8.2 BOILING When raising a liquid to the boiling point, add a boiling chip or stir the liquid with a magnetic stir bar and stir plate. If using a boiling chip, the following two conditions apply: (1) the boiling chip must be added before the liquid is hot or the liquid may boil over, and (2) a new boiling chip must be added whenever a boiling liquid is cooled below the boiling point and the liquid needs to be heated again. 8.3 GAS JETS Gas jets must be left in the off position until you are specifically instructed to use them. The gas jets are off when the handle is all the way to the left or all the way to the right. The gas jets begin to open as the valve handle approaches the nozzle in the center. If you smell gas, inform your instructor. 8.4 GAS BURNERS All papers, coats, and other flammable items must be moved away from the burner. Gas burners must be clamped or have the barrel placed in an iron ring attached to a ring stand before lighting. This is to prevent the burner from tipping over. The gas hose from the burner must be securely pushed on the nozzle of the gas jet. The valve on the bottom of the burner should be in the off position (all the way in) before turning the gas jet on. It helps to have the air intake turned off (barrel of burner screwed down). To light a burner, turn the gas jet on. Open the valve on the bottom of the burner as you activate the burner lighter. Adjust the height of the flame with the valve on the bottom of the burner, but never completely unscrew the valve on the bottom of the burner. Open the air intake by turning the barrel to get a blue flame with a light blue cone in the center, but never completely unscrew the barrel from the burner. 8.5 LOOSE CORDS Wrap loose cords gently around equipment before using and before storing. Loose cords can become entangled with you and with other equipment, possibly causing other equipment to fall out of a cabinet or off the lab bench. Loose cords also create a tripping hazard. 9. DAMAGED GLASSWARE Glassware that has any damage may break when heated or evacuated and should not be used unless it has been specifically approved by the instructor. Damage includes star cracks, chips, and fractures. Never use glassware that has a star crack. Broken glassware is to be picked up with the dustpan and broom and placed into the broken glassware bin. (Never pick up broken glass with your fingers.) Revised 8/15/2016 Page 9 of 12

10 10. DIRTY GLASSWARE AND UTENSILS Most glassware and utensils that have been used for experiments goes into the dirty glassware bin. Rinse all items with water to remove residual chemicals before placing items in the dirty glassware bin. Do not nest the glassware in the bin because this tends to cause glassware to break. Specialized glassware (See Section 7) does not go in the dirty glassware bin, except for the distillation flask. Separatory funnels, typically used in the organic laboratory, do not go in the dirty glassware bin. Ask your instructor for a separate container to place separatory funnels so that they do not break. 11. INSTRUCTOR SAFETY RESPONSIBILITIES In addition to teaching about the lab and the calculations, the instructor is required to teach you about working safely in a chemical laboratory as detailed in the sections below.! 11.1 HAZARDS ON SDS Before you begin experiments, your instructor must help you understand the specific hazards on the SDS (physical hazards and toxicological hazards) as well as how to prevent accidents in the laboratory. If the instructor does not review hazards and prevention, ask the instructor. If the instructor does not review hazards and prevention after you ask (or if you find hazards that were covered on the MSDS/SDS that is available in the front of the lab that were not covered by the instructor), see Section 12.! 11.2 SAFE EXPERIMENT SHUT DOWN Before you begin experiments, your instructor must cover the specifics for how to shut your experiments down safely in the event of an incident. If the instructor does not review the specifics of safe shut down of experiments, ask the instructor. If the instructor does not specifically describe how to shut experiments down safely after asking, see Section STUDENT SAFETY OFFICER Before you begin experiments, your instructor must assign a student safety officer to assist calling for help (as a good samaritan) in the event of an incident. The role as student safety officer will be to report an incident following the procedure given in emergency response card hanging on the wall. If the instructor does not assign a student safety officer, ask the instructor. If the instructor does not assign a student safety officer after asking, see Section 12. Should no student be willing to act as student safety officer, the instructor may assign grades of zero for lab. The instructor may use the remaining lab time to train and test students in chemical safety, MSDS, standard operating procedures, lab safety, lab procedures, lab calculations, theory, and/or other class-related material. Revised 8/15/2016 Page 10 of 12

11 11.4 EXCESS OR USED CHEMICALS Before you begin experiments, your instructor must explain the process for excess or used chemicals when these are not given in the laboratory procedure. If the instructor does not explain the process for excess or used chemicals, ask the instructor. If the instructor does not explain the process for excess or used chemicals after asking, see Section PERCEIVED FAILURE OF INSTRUCTOR TO ENSURE SAFETY The intent of good safety practice is to work together to help ensure safe practices to avoid exposure and physical hazards in the chemical laboratory. Policy and practice gets reviewed for improved safety and compliance. Should you believe that good safety practice has not been explained or implemented as detailed under Section 11, you are encouraged to report it to the safety officer (name, , and phone number of safety officer is posted on the inside of the laboratory door). If you believe safety violations to be severe, such as risking physical harm or exposure, you may choose not to do the lab as long as you discuss or leave a message for the safety officer (name, , and phone number is posted on the inside of the laboratory door) that states your name, contact number, name of your instructor, and your specific safety concern(s). Should your safety concerns be found valid in consideration of the points above (the investigation may involve discussions with the instructor and other students), your lab grade will be prorated or assigned a grade of A. Should your safety claim(s) be considered frivolous or without merit, you may receive a zero for missing lab. 13. INCIDENTS Incidents should be reported by following the directions on the card posted by the door of the classroom. In general, be prepared to state your name, your location, and the specifics of the incident. All lab experiments should be stopped at least until the incident is resolved because your attention will be diverted. The instructor will use his or her judgment as to whether to resume experiments after an incident FEELING DIZZY AND/OR DIFFICULTY BREATHING If you are feeling dizzy or have difficulty breathing in the lab, shut down your lab experiments (or have another do so), move to fresh air while informing the instructor. Do not leave the immediate area until you have consulted with the instructor about the need for medical attention SPILLS Spills can release vapors as well as present a contact hazard for another who comes into contact with the spill. Broken glass and a spill creates an additional hazard that must be reported to the instructor. When there is no broken glass, students may clean up small spills (a few drops or a few grains) immediately with a sponge. Cleaning up, thoroughly rinsing the sponge, and washing hands avoids exposing yourself and others to chemicals. Inform the instructor if there is Revised 8/15/2016 Page 11 of 12

12 a larger spill, as well as if there is broken glass. Do not touch broken glass. Clothing that has been exposed to chemicals should be removed. If skin contact occurred, wash the skin, possibly in the safety shower SMALL CUTS, HEAT BURNS and CHEMICAL BURNS Wash the affected area immediately with cold water. Inform the instructor FIRE A small fire, about an inch in size, can often be put out quickly by smothering. For a larger fire, notify others and evacuate the area to avoid exposure to vapors and fumes. As for any other incident, follow the directions on the emergency response card that is hanging by the door CLOTHING ON FIRE The greatest immediate hazard from fire is breathing of the hot vapors through your nose or mouth. If your clothes catch fire, stop, drop and roll. A lab coat with snaps may be quickly removed if it is on fire (a lab coat with buttons will be more difficult to remove). The fire blanket is best used to ward off shock and provide warmth after flames have been extinguished. It may be used by others to avoid burns while they help to pat out flames EVACUATION Follow the instructions posted in your classroom for the evacuation routes and evacuation meeting places. Stop all experiments safely. Bring your belongings (keys, coat, books, backpack) with you. Attendance will be taken at the meeting place. 14. LEAVING THE LAB Put all items away where you found them. Place ordinary dirty glassware in the dirty glassware bin (Specialized glassware - Section 7 - goes elsewhere). Clean the lab with a sponge and water, including bench tops and common areas (such as the hood, instructor desk, and back tables). Push in your chair. Remove safety equipment. Wash hands. Twenty percent of your lab grade is reserved for class participation and clean up. If a mess is left in the lab, the instructor may decide that maximum lab grade for that week is 80%. Additionally, if you left lab before the end of the class period, you may lose the 20% of the grade that is reserved for lab clean up. In the event of an emergency, it is required that you be accounted for in class during the class time. Inform the instructor if you are leaving lab early, so that you can be signed out on the attendance sheet. 15. MEDICAL CONDITIONS AND GOOD SAFETY PRACTICE If you have a medical condition that you feel may prevent you from participating safely in labs involving chemicals, discuss your concerns with your advisor and your instructor as soon as possible after receiving this notice. Safety should be covered the first week of lab. Revised 8/15/2016 Page 12 of 12