Protective Envelope and Foam

Transcription

1 Note Taking Guide Protective Envelope and Foam Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute University of Maryland Steven T. Edwards Fall 2011 Copyright 2011 by the Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute. All rights reserved. No part of this book may by copied or reproduced in any form or by any means without written permission of the Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute.

2 The Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute of the University of Maryland is the State s comprehensive training and education system for all emergency services. The Institute plans, researches, develops, and delivers quality programs to enhance the ability of emergency service providers to protect life, the environment, and property.

3 Protective Envelope and Foam Lesson 1-1 Survival Skills Awareness Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Student Performance Objective Given NFPA-compliant structural firefighting protective clothing, PASS device, accountability tag, SCBA, and instructions, the student will be able to describe what constitutes protective e equipment, don and doff personal protective clothing, and identify the hazards and long- term diseases that occur by not wearing SCBA. FIRE 102-PPT Overview Firefighter Deaths and Injuries Personal Protective Equipment Requirements and Standards Level of Protection According to Incident Type Protective Clothing and Related Equipment Care and Maintenance of PPE Donning Personal Protective Equipment (Turnout Gear) FIRE 102-PPT-1-1.2

4 Firefighter Deaths and Injuries According to the U.S. Firefighter Injuries for 2009,, published by the NFPA, there were a total of 78,150 injuries to firefighters in Most of these injuries could have been easily prevented with proper use of PPE Following Standard Operating Guidelines and using appropriate levels of PPE for each situation can significantly reduce the risk of injury or death FIRE 102-PPT Firefighter Deaths and Injuries According to NIOSH the most common causes of injuries are: Failure to establish an accountability system Freelancing Poor fireground communication Failure to use Personal Alert Safety System (PASS) devices FIRE 102-PPT Firefighter Deaths and Injuries According to NIOSH the most common causes of injuries are (continued) Poor physical health or conditioning Poor planning Improper or lack of aggressive ventilation Resistance to change FIRE 102-PPT-1-1.5

5 Firefighter Deaths and Injuries Some other causes for injuries not mentioned by NIOSH are: Peer pressure Glorifying traditions or old school ways Compromising equipment so it looks worn out (melting helmets in the oven) FIRE 102-PPT Personal Protective Equipment Requirements and Standards NFPA 1971 Standard on Protective Ensembles for Structural Firefighting and Proximity Firefighting NFPA 1851 Standard for Selection, Care and Maintenance of Protective Ensembles for Structural and Proximity Firefighting FIRE 102-PPT Level of Protection According to Incident Type Different situations will require different types of protection. Some of these situations are Structural Firefighting: g Requires full turnout gear and SCBA Wildland Firefighting: Requires protective equipment that is lighter and allows for more mobility Medical Emergency Responses: May not require full turnout gear and/or SCBA FIRE 102-PPT-1-1.8

6 Protective Clothing and Related Equipment PPE has limitations. Make sure the right PPE is used in the right situation and within its limitations. According to the NFPA, personal protective equipment includes Helmets Protective hoods Protective coats and trousers (with liners) FIRE 102-PPT Protective Clothing and Related Equipment According to the NFPA, personal protective equipment includes (continued) Station/work uniforms Hand and foot protection Eye and hearing protection FIRE 102-PPT Protective Clothing and Related Equipment According to the NFPA, personal protective equipment includes (continued) Personal Alert Safety System (PASS) Personnel Accountability Tag (PAT Tag) Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) FIRE 102-PPT

7 Protective Clothing and Related Equipment In order to comply with NFPA 1971, protective clothing and related equipment must have the appropriate labels containing the following information: Manufacturer s name Manufacturer s address Model and serial number Date of manufacture Size of garment (and width for footwear) Material the garment is made of Cleaning instructions FIRE 102-PPT Protective Clothing and Related Equipment The helmet Protects the firefighter from heat, cold, water, and falling debris Must have an inner shell to provide impact protection Must have face or eye protection Must have an inner lining, ear protection and a chin strap FIRE 102-PPT Protective Clothing and Related Equipment The protective hood Is to be worn under the helmet and over the SCBA facepiece Must be made of fire retardant material Must meet NFPA standards Must be donned BEFORE the turnout coat FIRE 102-PPT

8 Protective Clothing and Related Equipment Protective Coat and Trousers (Turnout Gear) Are also referred to as turnout gear or bunker pants and coat Must have an inner and outer shell Must meet NFPA 1971 standards Should be fitted a bit loosely to avoid pressure points FIRE 102-PPT Protective Clothing and Related Equipment Station/Work Uniforms Clothes worn under turnout gear should be 100% cotton Synthetic materials such as polyester (Under Armour or Nike DryFit) should be avoided Long sleeves and pants are recommended FIRE 102-PPT Protective Clothing and Related Equipment Hand and Foot Protection Firefighting gloves and boots must be rated for structural firefighting Boots must have steel or composite toe protection, shin guard, and a metal shank sole Boots and gloves must be labeled as compliant with NFPA 1971 FIRE 102-PPT

9 Protective Clothing and Related Equipment Eye and Hearing Protection Hearing protection should be worn while riding the apparatus to prevent long- term hearing damage from sirens and horns Eye protection should be worn at all times to prevent injuries or infection through bloodborne pathogens FIRE 102-PPT Protective Clothing and Related Equipment The Personal Alert Safety System (PASS) Device Is used to locate downed firefighters Is built into SCBA and activates as soon as airflow is started Can be activated by lack of movement or manually by the firefighter FIRE 102-PPT Protective Clothing and Related Equipment The Personnel Accountability Tag (PAT Tag) Contains information to identify the firefighter Is used for accountability on any scene Helps command staff track individual or team locations on large incidents FIRE 102-PPT

10 Protective Clothing and Related Equipment Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) Allows firefighters to work in hazardous atmospheres Has a limited supply of air Protects from immediate harm and long-term diseases FIRE 102-PPT Care and Maintenance of PPE Always follow manufacturers recommendations Understand that worn-out out gear is not a badge of honor it is a safety hazard Inspect gear regularly and before each use Store turnout gear away from direct sunlight FIRE 102-PPT Care and Maintenance of PPE Keep helmets clean and inspect for damage Have repairs performed by a factory-authorized authorized repair facility Keep the bottom and surface areas of boots clean and free of debris Store boots in a cool, dry place FIRE 102-PPT

11 Donning Personal Protective Equipment (Turnout Gear) Don your hood. Don your boots and pull up turnout pants, close fasteners and put suspenders and/or straps in place (if available). Don coat, close all fasteners or zip up coat completely, close neck collar protector. FIRE 102-PPT Donning Personal Protective Equipment (Turnout Gear) Don helmet, making sure ear flaps are down and chin strap is fastened. DO NOT keep the chin strap fastened and only pull under your chin this is considered d cheating and will not work once you use SCBA. Don gloves and check for wrist overlaps. Have PAT tag ready to hand to your officer or instructor. FIRE 102-PPT Exercise Donning PPE (Turnout Gear) FIRE 102-PPT

12 Student Performance Objective Given NFPA-compliant structural firefighting protective clothing, PASS device, accountability tag, SCBA, and instructions, the student will be able to describe what constitutes protective equipment, don and doff personal protective clothing, and identify the hazards and long-term diseases that occur by not wearing SCBA. FIRE 102-PPT Review Firefighter Deaths and Injuries Personal Protective Equipment Requirements and Standards Level of Protection According to Incident Type Protective Clothing and Related Equipment Care and Maintenance of PPE Donning Personal Protective Equipment (Turnout Gear) FIRE 102-PPT

13 Protective Envelope and Foam Lesson 2-1 Survival Skills Awareness Introduction to Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) Student Performance Objective Given PPE, SCBA, a facepiece, and instructions for donning, the student will be able to identify the different types of breathing apparatus, the components of breathing apparatus, and how to perform maintenance on breathing apparatus. The student will demonstrate donning SCBA and a facepiece, check the facepiece for seal consistent with approved procedures, demonstrate knowledge of all safety features on the SCBA unit, and carry out any assigned tasks in a controlled teaching environment. FIRE 102-PPT Overview The Purpose of SCBA Hazardous Atmospheres Limitations of SCBA Types of SCBA Components of SCBA Maintenance of SCBA Donning and Doffing FIRE 102-PPT-2-1.2

14 Overview Replacing the Cylinder Refilling an Air Cylinder Emergency Procedures and Survival Techniques Controlled Breathing Techniques The Twelve Operational Rules for Using SCBA FIRE 102-PPT SCBA The Purpose of SCBA Is vital for performing fire and rescue operations Protects users from environments considered Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) Protects users from possible long-term illnesses such as COPD and lung cancer FIRE 102-PPT Hazardous Atmospheres Oxygen Deficiency There are many reasons why an atmosphere may be oxygen deficient: Fire conditions consume oxygen Toxic fumes may displace oxygen Lack of air circulation can cause oxygen deficiency Chemical spills can displace oxygen High levels of carbon monoxide in low-lying lying areas can create oxygen-deficient atmospheres FIRE 102-PPT-2-1.5

15 Hazardous Atmospheres Elevated Temperatures Elevated temperatures can create superheated gases Exposure to elevated temperatures can affect the respiratory system If the air you are breathing from your SCBA starts feeling warm, exit the environment immediately FIRE 102-PPT Hazardous Atmospheres Smoke-filled atmospheres Smoke-filled conditions will be accompanied by the two items discussed above: heated gasses and oxygen deficiency Smoke can contain carbon, tar, or other harmful particles Different materials can produce different harmful chemicals such as arsenic when on fire FIRE 102-PPT Hazardous Atmospheres Toxic atmospheres related to fire In a fire the atmosphere may contain Toxic Fumes Carbon Monoxide Other hazardous materials Dumpster fires can create particularly toxic atmospheres due to the combination of items that may be in the dumpster interacting with each other FIRE 102-PPT-2-1.8

16 Hazardous Atmospheres Toxic atmospheres not related to fire may exist In vehicles carrying hazardous materials At chemical plants In warehouses In confined spaces In homemade drug labs (meth labs) FIRE 102-PPT Limitations of SCBA Limitations of the Wearer Physical Condition: The firefighters physical condition will affect the amount of air they consume. Medical conditions such as asthma may also place limitations on individuals. Mental Condition: Some users may experience claustrophobia when wearing a facepiece. Users must learn to remain calm and collected when facing any unexpected situation while wearing SCBA. FIRE 102-PPT Limitations of SCBA Limitations of the Equipment SCBA will limit mobility SCBA can make verbal communication difficult SCBA adds weight to gear and will increase exertion Like any other piece of equipment SCBA is susceptible to breakdowns, leaks, or malfunctions FIRE 102-PPT

17 Limited Air Supply Limitations of SCBA Limited air supply is the biggest limitation of SCBA. Bottles are rated by air time. Air time is not set in stone. Air consumption depends on the user, amount of exertion, and even the method used to refill the bottles. Check your air supply regularly and allow yourself enough air to exit the area safely. FIRE 102-PPT Types of SCBA There are two main types of breathing apparatus: Open Circuit SCBA Type most commonly used by fire departments Closed Circuit SCBA Also Also known as re- breathers FIRE 102-PPT Types of SCBA Open Circuit SCBA is comprised of: Backpack assembly with harness Waistband and buckle Emergency air line hose (whip line) Regulator Air cylinder Facepiece Gauges and PASS device FIRE 102-PPT

18 Components of SCBA Backpack, harness, and waist buckle: Inspect backpack, harness, and buckle to make sure they are in good working condition Ensure all straps are in the loose position to allow for easy donning FIRE 102-PPT Components of SCBA Backpack, harness, and waist buckle: Check hoselines for leaks, breaks or abrasions Verify the buckle locks and releases properly FIRE 102-PPT Components of SCBA Emergency hose line (whip line): Pull the emergency hose line out and extend it Visually inspect the hose and connector for breaks, cracks or abrasions FIRE 102-PPT

19 Components of SCBA Regulator: Visually inspect the regulator and connector Ensure there is no debris that may affect air flow Ensure bypass valve is in the closed position Turn SCBA on to allow air flow and attach regulator to facepiece to verify air is flowing and there are no leaks FIRE 102-PPT Components of SCBA Air Cylinder: Verify there are no dents of physical damage to the cylinder Inspect threads for debris or damage Verify that the last hydrostatic test date is within DOT regulations (5 years for steel or carbon fiber cylinders, 3 years for fiberglass and Kevlar cylinders) FIRE 102-PPT Components of SCBA Facepiece: Check for cracks, punctures, breaks or burns on the facepiece Determine if head straps are in good condition Check seal for cracks, punctures or breaks Determine if connection area for the regulator is clean Turn air supply on, ensure airflow and test for good seal FIRE 102-PPT

20 Gauge and PASS device: Components of SCBA Turn on the SCBA to allow the flow of air Check for airflow and activated gauge and PASS device Press alarm button to ensure alarm activates FIRE 102-PPT Maintenance of SCBA Inspect and maintain SCBA on a regular basis. The user can make daily inspections but testing and maintenance must be done by certified technicians. Check all breathing apparatus during morning equipment checks or upon your arrival at the station. FIRE 102-PPT Donning SCBA Donning and Doffing 1. Lay out SCBA with cylinder on the ground and open the air valve. 2. Place your dominant hand on the opposite shoulder strap. 3. Lift SCBA and swing it over your dominant shoulder. Place arm through strap. 4. Slide your other arm under the corresponding shoulder strap. 5. Tighten shoulder straps. FIRE 102-PPT

21 Donning SCBA Donning and Doffing 6. Attach the waist belt and buckle. 7. Don your facepiece. Fully extend the straps of the facepiece. Place chin on the chin pocket. Fit the facepiece to your face, bringing straps and/or webbing over your head. Tighten the lower straps. Tighten the top straps. Check for proper seal FIRE 102-PPT Donning SCBA Donning and Doffing 8. Pull your protective hood over your head so it protects any exposed skin. 9. Don your helmet and secure the chinstrap. 10. Place regulator to your facepiece and ensure it is locked in. FIRE 102-PPT Donning and Doffing Doffing SCBA Exit the contaminated or hazardous area Stop airflow from regulator to facepiece by disconnecting regulator Disconnect low pressure hose from regulator Remove the facepiece Remove the backpack assembly while protecting the regulator Close the Cylinder Valve Relieve pressure from regulator Extend all straps FIRE 102-PPT

22 Replacing the Cylinder Place SCBA on the floor or a bench. Turn off cylinder air valve. Open the purge valve and bleed the remaining air from the system. Disconnect the high pressure supply hose. Release the cylinder from backpack (different methods depending on manufacturer). Slide empty cylinder out. FIRE 102-PPT Replacing the Cylinder Slide full cylinder into backpack, aligning the supply hose with the air valve intake. Lock cylinder into backpack. Check hose connector to make sure the O ring is present and check for debris in the cylinder connection. Connect high pressure hose to cylinder. Open air valve and check air pressure reading. This can be done when the SCBA is still on a firefighter s back, with the assistance of another firefighter. FIRE 102-PPT Refilling an Air Cylinder Ensure cylinder is safe to fill by checking date of manufacture and last hydrostatic test. Check cylinder for any damage. Place cylinder in a fragment-proof fill station. Connect the fill hose to the air valve on the cylinder. Open the SCBA air valve. Shut off flow. Close cylinder. Bleed remaining air. Remove from fill station. FIRE 102-PPT

23 Emergency Procedures and Survival Techniques If you encounter an emergency there are some general rules you should follow: DO NOT PANIC. NEVER REMOVE YOUR FACEPIECE WHILE INSIDE THE IDLH. Control your breathing. Alert your crew leader or other members of your crew. FIRE 102-PPT Emergency Procedures and Survival Techniques If you encounter an emergency there are some general rules you should follow: Attempt to leave the IDLH atmosphere in a safe manner using any means of egress available. Remember that hose couplings indicate direction; female couplings are always facing toward the outside. Break a window or breach a wall to escape if possible. FIRE 102-PPT Emergency Procedures and Survival Techniques If you are unable to leave the IDLH atmosphere because you are disoriented or trapped, follow these steps: DO NOT PANIC. NEVER REMOVE YOUR FACEPIECE WHILE INSIDE THE IDLH. Use your portable radio to declare a mayday. FIRE 102-PPT

24 Emergency Procedures and Survival Techniques If you are unable to leave the IDLH atmosphere because you are disoriented or trapped, follow these steps: When giving g information remember to use the acronym LUNAR: Location, Unit, Name, Assignment, Resources Needed Activate your pass device. Turn on your flashlight and place it so the light is facing the ceiling. Control your breathing to conserve air. FIRE 102-PPT Controlled Breathing Techniques SCBA is equipped with a bypass valve. The valve is located adjacent to the regulator. The valve allows the user to breathe small amounts of air at a time in case of a free-flowing regulator emergency. The bypass valve must be opened and closed every time you take a breath (on some models). If you encounter a situation where you need to use this breathing method, advise your crew of the problem and EXIT THE AREA IMMEDIATELY. FIRE 102-PPT The Twelve Operational Rules For Using SCBA 1. Use only when you are in good health and top physical condition. 2. DO NOT use when you are overexerted or if you are already suffering from smoke inhalation. 3. Check operation of apparatus before entering the fire area. 4. Work in pairs service on apparatus can malfunction. Two firefighters are more than twice as effective as one. FIRE 102-PPT

25 The Twelve Operational Rules For Using SCBA 5. When possible, stay in contact with hose line or use a lifeline to speed escape if necessary. If disoriented, locate a wall and follow it to a window or door. Feel the floor for cracks between floorboards or tiles to avoid crawling in circles. 6. Conserve air make every movement count. 7. Be familiar with apparatus used, through training and practice. FIRE 102-PPT The Twelve Operational Rules For Using SCBA 8. Be able to work using touch and hearing only. 9. Know the limitations of breathing apparatus what it can and cannot do. 10. Know your own limitations. it ti DO NOT exceed them. 11. Allow enough time for exit when the low pressure alarm sounds. You may have to move quickly since you have consumed more than 1/2 the air in the cylinder. 12. Always extend all straps fully when removing the breathing apparatus. FIRE 102-PPT Student Performance Objective Given PPE, SCBA, a facepiece, and instructions for donning, the student will be able to identify the different types of breathing apparatus, the components of breathing apparatus, and how to perform maintenance on breathing apparatus. The student t will demonstrate t donning SCBA and a facepiece, check the facepiece for seal consistent with approved procedures, demonstrate knowledge of all safety features on the SCBA unit, and carry out any assigned tasks in a controlled teaching environment. FIRE 102-PPT

26 Review The Purpose of SCBA Hazardous Atmospheres Limitations of SCBA Types of SCBA Components of SCBA Maintenance of SCBA Donning and Doffing FIRE 102-PPT Review Replacing the Cylinder Refilling an Air Cylinder Emergency Procedures and Survival Techniques Controlled Breathing Techniques The Twelve Operational Rules for Using SCBA FIRE 102-PPT

27 Protective Envelope and Foam Lesson 3-1 Hoselines and Foam Student Performance Objective Given a team assignment, a task and procedures to follow, and applicable equipment such as hose, nozzles and other foam appliances, the student will describe the procedures for nozzle operations, hoseline advancement, water dynamics, and foam application so that water flows and foam application methods are applied for fire suppression. FIRE 102-PPT Overview Hose and Appliances Foam Basics Types of Foam Foam Application Techniques FIRE 102-PPT-3-1.2

28 Hose and Appliances Before talking about foam and its uses we must first define a few items. Fire Engine or Pumper: : This is a piece of apparatus with a water pump. FIRE 102-PPT Hose and Appliances Supply Lines: : These are large diameter 3 to 5 hoses that supply water from the water source to the fire engine or pumper. Attack Lines: : These hoses you will use to apply water or foam. They range in diameter from to 2. These will be pre-connected to the fire engine or pumper. FIRE 102-PPT Hose and Appliances Nozzle: There are may types of nozzles that can be used for fire suppression. Below are the main parts of a nozzle Coupling: : The coupling is the area which attaches to the attack line. Bail or Handle: : The bail or handle allows you to open and close the nozzle. Fog Tip: : The fog tip is the front part of the nozzle which can be rotated to select a stream pattern. FIRE 102-PPT-3-1.5

29 Foam Basics Foam is an extinguishing agent that helps suppress flammable vapors by cooling the surface of the fuel and surrounding areas. It can also separate the fuel from the heat source. Is used in fires involving hydrocarbon fuels such as crude oil, gasoline, kerosene, and jet fuel Also works on polar solvent fuels such as acetone, thinner, and alcohols FIRE 102-PPT Foam Definitions: Foam Basics Foam Concentrate: : Raw foam liquid as it is before the introduction of water, air, or mechanical agitation. Foam Proportioner: : A device that introduces the foam concentrate into a water stream to create the foam solution. FIRE 102-PPT Foam Basics Foam Definitions: Foam Solution: : A mix of water and foam concentrate before it is introduced to air. Foam: : The final product of the combination of foam concentrate, t water, and air. FIRE 102-PPT-3-1.8

30 Foam Basics Foam comes in a concentrate form which needs to be mixed with water and air in order to create what we use as firefighting foam. The four elements of foam are: Foam Concentrate Water Air Mechanical Agitation FIRE 102-PPT Foam Basics Mechanical agitation comes in the form of water flowing from the pump through the nozzle. The effectiveness of the foam used will depend greatly on the correct mixture of water and air. Too much water may render the foam ineffective and too much concentrate may make the foam too heavy to be useful. FIRE 102-PPT Class A Foam Types of Foam Designed specifically to be used on Class A materials or ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, plastics and in general most household items Commonly used for wildland firefighting operations as most of the fuels burning in those fires are wood (a class A material) FIRE 102-PPT

31 Class A Foam Types of Foam Is the most common type of foam found in apparatus Is easy to use and can be delivered through a fog nozzle Does not require special equipment to be used FIRE 102-PPT Class B Foam Types of Foam Is used for extinguishment of flammable and combustible liquids. Can also be used to supress the fumes of these materials from expanding even if there has not been an ignition yet. Is not usually delivered by a regular fog nozzle. In most situations it must be flowed through a fixed or apparatus-mounted system or by a hand proportioning system. FIRE 102-PPT Foam Application Techniques Roll-On Method Direct the stream of foam near the front edge of the burning fuel. Apply foam until the foam spreads over the surface of the burning liquid and the fire is out. Depending on the size of the fire, it may be necessary that you change positions or work together with another team on a foam line. Use this method only on open ground. FIRE 102-PPT

32 Foam Application Techniques Roll-On Method FIRE 102-PPT Foam Application Techniques Bank Down Method This method can be used if you have a vertical or elevated object you can bounce the foam from in order to get to the ignited or un-ignited fuel. Aim the foam stream at the vertical object above the fuel and allow the foam to slide down into it. This works especially well for situations where the fuel has been diked such as in the case of overturned vehicles or spills emanating from buildings. FIRE 102-PPT Foam Application Techniques Bank Down Method FIRE 102-PPT

33 Foam Application Techniques Rain Down Method Should only be used in situations where there is no possibility of applying the other two methods due to the size of the spill or affected area. Should be performed by aiming the stream into the air above the affected area until the whole area is covered Allows you to cover a large area but may not be as effective. FIRE 102-PPT Foam Application Techniques Rain Down Method For large fires, multiple streams may be necessary. If there is no capability for multiple streams, the rain down method should be applied to one area until fully covered before moving to the next. FIRE 102-PPT Foam Application Techniques Rain Down Method FIRE 102-PPT

34 Student Performance Objective Given a team assignment, a task and procedures to follow, and applicable equipment such as hose, nozzles and other foam appliances, the student will describe the procedures for nozzle operations, hoseline advancement, water dynamics and foam application so that water flows and foam application methods are applied for fire suppression. FIRE 102-PPT Review Hose and Appliances Foam Basics Types of Foam Foam Application Techniques FIRE 102-PPT