Joint Expo 2012 February 7-8, 2012 BASIC HYDRAULICS
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1 Tim Sullivan, P.E. Hubbell, Roth & Clark, Inc.
2 Outline Pressure Hydraulic Energy and Head Losses System-Pump Curves Concepts of hydraulics as they relate to Operators and Mechanics
3 Outline Good News Bad News
4 Outline Formulas & Math
5 Outline Good News? No Test
6 Outline Formulas & Math
7 Pressure Depth Weight Pressure = of x of Water Water
8 Pressure (ft) 1 ft PSI 4 1 ft 2 ft PSI 2 ft 3 ft PSI 4 3 ft
9 Pressure (in psi)
10 Pressure (psi per ft) 2.3 ft PSI 4 1 psi 4.6 ft PSI 2 psi 6.9 ft PSI 4 3 psi
11 Pressure (psi per ft) 50 psi 2.3 ft PSI 4 51 psi 4.6 ft PSI 52 psi 6.9 ft PSI 4 53 psi
12 Pressure (Gauge vs Absolute) psi g & psi a psi a = psi g psi
13 Pressure (Gauge vs Absolute) 14.7 psi Absolute Gauge psi a 2.3 ft PSI 4 1 psi g 16.7 psi a 4.6 ft PSI 2 psi g 17.7 psi a 6.9 ft PSI 4 3 psi g
14 Pressure Is all pressure positive?
15 Pressure (Suction Lift)? psi PSI ft Water Lever
16 Pressure (Suction Lift) -10 psi PSI ft Water Lever
17 Compound Gauge PSI 20
18 Pressure (Suction Lift) Water Level 10 psi -10 psi PSI PSI ft Total Pressure developed by pump 23 ft = 20 psi Water Level
19 Pressure (Water(?) Cooler) 1ft negative pressure 1ft
20 Hydraulic Energy Bernoulli Theorem
21 Hydraulic Energy
22 Hydraulic Energy Bernoulli Theorem Pressure (ft) Velocity (ft) Height (ft)
23 Pipe Pressure 50 psi PSI ft 60 psi PSI 100
24 Pipe Pressure - Energy psi + 23 ft PSI PSI 50 psi + 23 ft 60 psi + 0 ft 23 ft PSI 100 Constant Diameter
25 Pipe Velocity Energy Kinetic Energy = Velocity Head
26 Pipe Velocity Energy EGL PSI 100 Pressure Energy Decreases Kinetic Energy Increase 50? PSI Kinetic Energy Pressure Energy PSI 100 HGL 50 psi 50 psi Flow 1 V 1 V V 3
27 Pipe Pressure Eductor EGL Kinetic Energy Pressure Energy HGL 50 psi 50 psi PSI ? PSI 0 PSI 100 Very Fast Flow 1 V 1 V V 3 Negative Pressure = Vacuum
28 Bernoulli Theorem in air Fast Air Velocity LOWER Air Pressure Air travels over top and bottom The air over the top travels farther thus faster The lower air pressure on the top creates lift
29 Pipe Pressure - Energy Real World: Energy A = Energy B + Losses
30 Pipe Pressure - Energy PSI psi 50 psi PSI psi 23 ft PSI 100 No Flow
31 Pipe Pressure - Energy PSI psi psi PSI psi 23 ft PSI 100 Some Flow
32 Pipe Pressure - Energy PSI psi psi PSI psi 55 psi 23 ft PSI 100 Lotsa Flow
33 Pipe Pressure - Energy Engineers spend a lot of time with HEADLOSS
34 Headloss Minor Losses Friction Losses
35 Minor Loss Water moving through: Valves Fittings Entrance/Exit Reducers
36 Major Loss?
37 Minor Loss Values of K: 0.2 = Gate Valve 0.5 = 90 Bend 1.5 = Tee 2.0 = Swing Check Valve 10.0 = Disk Check Valve 70.0 = Ball Check Valve!
38 Minor Loss if K = 23, V = 8 fps, then: = 23 ft pressure loss = 10 psi pressure loss
39 Friction Loss
40 Friction Loss Length & Headloss
41 Friction Loss Diameter & Headloss
42 Friction Loss
43 Friction Loss Diameter & Headloss?
44 Friction Loss Diameter & Headloss
45 Be Careful of True Diameter 12 Ductile Iron 12 HDPE O.D. = 13.1 I.D. = 12.2 O.D. = 13.2 I.D. = 10.8
46 Be careful of the diameter of your glass Although they restricted themselves to one drink at lunch time, Howard and Tom still found they were not at their most productive in the afternoons
47 Friction Loss + Minor Loss K
48 Friction Loss + Minor Loss Is this going somewhere? Yep..System Curve then Pump Curve
49 System Curve 2 System Extremes 1. Lift Station 2. Force Main
50 System Curve Lift Station High Static Lift Low Losses
51 System Curve Lift Station E Static Lift
52 System Curve Lift Station E Static Max Min Static Lift Lift Wet Well Level High Low
53 System Curve TDH (ft) Losses Min Static Lift Max Static Lift Flow (gpm)
54 System Curve Force Main Little/no static lift High losses
55 System Curve Lift Station E
56 System Curve TDH Same Duty Point Flow (gpm)
57 Pump Curve TDH Flow (gpm)
58 Pump Curve Allowable Operating Range TDH Preferred Operating Range Flow (gpm)
59 Pump Efficiency BEP 80% 70% TDH 60% Flow (gpm)
60 Pump Curve BEP TDH Flow (gpm)
61 Pump Curve Add Valves And Pipe TDH Flow (gpm)
62 Pump Curve TDH Increase Diameter Flow (gpm)
63 Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) TDH 40 Hz 45 Hz 50 Hz 65 Hz 55 Hz Flow (gpm)
64 Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) BEP TDH 40 Hz 45 Hz 50 Hz 65 Hz 55 Hz Flow (gpm)
65 Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) BEP TDH 40 Hz 45 Hz 50 Hz 65 Hz 55 Hz Flow (gpm)
66 Title? PSI PSI 100
67 Title? PSI PSI PSI PSI 100
68 Joint Expo 2013 Open Channel Flow? Questions? Thank You Tim Sullivan IS GOING TO MESS SOMEBODY UP
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