Pile Driving and Barotrauma Effects
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1 Pile Driving and Barotrauma Effects AASHTO SOC Louisville, KY Jeff Lewis, Field Operations Engineer Federal Highway Administration California Division
2 Transportation Needs Capacity Strength Constructability
3 Constructability Biddable & Buildable 100% Complete PS&E Defined Scope of Work Defined Work Area ESA s-environmental Environmental Sensitive Area s Avoid Dictating Contractors Operations Allow Contractors Innovation to Meet Specs/Plans Minimize Change Orders & Claims May Effect Dollars and/or Time
4 Pile Types Large Diameter Steel Timber Piles Small Diameter Ø & H Piles Concrete Piles
5 Hammer Types Hydraulic Hammer Diesel Hammer Drop Hammer Vibratory Hammer
6 Project Developer s s Reality? Impact Assessment and Mitigation Methodology Project by Project Consistent Programmatic Timely Biddable Environmental Requirements Project Developer Scope, Schedule, Budget Responsible Protective Buildable Economical Quality Predictable
7 Regulator s s Reality? Watch-Dog Groups (3 rd Party Law Suites) Best Available Data Regulator Concern Project Proponents (History/Agendas) Responsible Conservative Protective Continued Existence Comfort Level Uncertainty
8 Regulatory Requirements Endangered Species Act (Section 7) Other Federal and State Laws
9 Endangered Species Act Take Harm Harassment
10 New Benicia Bridge Construction 62 Benicia Pier Wall 71 Carquinez Strait 8 Diameter CIDH Piling with Steel Casing Footing Plan
11 The Birds Descend Construction Halted Immediately!!!! Photo by Bud Abbott
12 Case Studies - Bridges SFOBB CA Richmond-San Rafael CA Woodrow Wilson MD
13 San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge East Span (SFOBB) Mitigation Plan in Design Noise Target Value 180 db re1µpa peak at 10 m
14 Richmond-San Rafael Bridge Seismic Retrofit Most of Piles Driven Prior to Issue Identification Some Delay and Cost Increase Differing Site Conditions
15 Woodrow Wilson Bridge Identified During Construction Noise Level db re 1µPa 1 peak
16 DEPTH Airborne Noise HAMMER Air 0-30 Compression Waves Water Young Bay Mud High Damping Merritt/Posey Sands -90 Majority of Energy Dissipation Through Soil Resistance Very Stiff Clays With Dense Sand Layers Pile Tip Elevation Dense To Very Dense Sand With Clay Layers
17 Typical Underwater Sounds 2 kg high explosive (100m) Beluga Whale Echolocation call (1m) Airgun Array (100m) Large Ship (100m) Fin Whale Call (100m) Beluga Whale Threshold (1 khz) Ambient, Moderate Waves Seal Threshold (1kHz) Ambient, Glassy & Calm Beluga Whale Threshold (30kHz) Sound Level db (re 1 µpa) Range of Pile Driving Sound Pressure Levels
18 Sound Pressure Wave Forms & Impacts to Fish (Not To Scale) Pressure + - Time Explosions Pile Driving Continuous
19 Sound Pressure Amplitude, upa 2.00E E E E E E E E+11 Wave Form Comparison Blast (225 db Peak) Pile Drive Impulse (203 db Peak) 400 Hz Pure Tone (190 db Peak) -2.00E Time, sec.
20 Boyle s s Law Under conditions of constant temperature and quantity, there is an inverse relationship between the volume and pressure for an ideal gas. P + p+ P - Time p 1 v 1 = p 2 v 2
21 Organ Systems Affected by Barotrauma Swimbladder Heart
22 Baroeffects Barotrauma Physical Injury Swim Bladder Rupture Rectified Diffusion Baroeffects Behavior Altered Swim Patterns Affected Gill & Vent Bleeding
23 Ruptured Swim Bladder Gill & Vent Bleeding
24 Assumed Fisheries Bioacoustic Impact Zones Pile
25 New Benicia-Martinez Bridge Project
26 Harmful Sound Levels Noise Thresholds: Benicia and SFOBB: 180 db re 1µPa 1 Woodrow Wilson Bridge: 208 db re 1µPa 1 Yakima Bridge: 218 db re 1µPa 1 Comparable Sound Levels: Ambient/Calm: 60 db re 1µPa1 Large 100m: 100 db re 1µPa1 4.00E+10 Time Traces - 8ft Pile at 54m Distance, 6m/7m Deep Benicia Bridge Site, June 24 & July 12, 2002 (Time Zeroed) 3.00E+10 Sound Pressure Amplitude, upa 2.00E E E E E+10 Normal -3.00E+10 with Sleeve with Bubbles & Sleeve -4.00E Time, sec.
27 Delays Project Impacts Benicia - 6 months Extra Project Requirements Costs Benicia - $135 Million Average = $10,000/pile
28 Considered Mitigation Measures Avoidance of Migration Times Scare Charges Strobes Electric Seine
29 Preferred Mitigation Measures Driving During Slack Current Cofferdams Air Bubble Curtains (ABC)
30 Why Steel Shell Piles? Superior Structural Properties Max Effect/Min Material Cost Effective Solution Material Properties (Tough, Predictable Behavior) Minimum Footprint Ease of Construction (Drive-ability) Scour Protection Armor (Fendering, Corrosion Protection) No Structural Alternative!
31 Species Present Currents Driving Windows
32 Cofferdams Use Air for Attenuation Most Effective db Reduction Depth Limitations Costs
33 Air Bubble Curtains (ABCs) Confined Isolation Casing db Reduction Gunderboom
34 Air Bubble Curtains (ABCs) Un-Confined Bubble Rings Single and Multi-level level Bubble Tree 5-30 db Reduction
35 Keys to Successful Operation Proper Installation Warm Up 10 minutes Monitor Air Pressure Delivery Monitor Sound Levels
36 Conclusions Identify Impact to Fish Define Sound Pressure Limits Improve Mitigation Measures Share Information Between States, Contractors, and Countries
37 Lessons Learned: Understand Ramifications of Permit Terms & Conditions Meaningful and Measurable Values Develop and Follow Monitoring Protocol with Specific Objectives and Controls Obtain Incidental Take Authorization to Avoid Unanticipated Work Stopages Avoid Jeopardy; Avoid and Minimize Incidental Take to the Extent Practicable
38 Plaque_72dpi.jpg
39 Special Thanks James Reyff,, Illingworth and Rodkin Keith Jones, Caltrans Bogdan Komorniczak, Caltrans Stephanie Stoermer,, FHWA Mara Melandry, Caltrans Chuck Morton, Caltrans Bruce Hardyniec,, Acoustics Engineer, Chrysler Corp. Juergen Baumann, Vancouver Port Authority Brian Liebich, Caltrans Mary Huie,, WWB Project Coordinator Sara Hardyneic,, FHWA Sarah Skeen, FHWA
40 "Plan for the future, because that is where you are going to spend the rest of your life."
41 Friendly Highway Administration - FHWA
42 QUESTIONS?
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