This ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer is brought to you by the Society Chapter Technology Transfer Committee

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1 ASHRAE WILL ILL G IVE Y OU THE W ORLD This ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer is brought to you by the Society Chapter Technology Transfer Committee

2 Complete the Distinguished Lecturer Event Summary Critique CTTC needs your feedback to continue to improve the DL Program Distribute the DL Evaluation Form to all attendees Collect at the end of the meeting Compile the attendee rating on the Event Summary Critique Send the completed Event Summary Critique to your CTTC RVC and ASHRAE Headquarters Forms are available at: Forms are available at:

3 B ECOME A FUTURE L EADER IN C HAPTER I N Y OUR C AREER IN ASHRAE WRITE RITE THE N EXT ASHRAE Members who attend their monthly chapter meetings become leaders and bring information and technology back to their job. YOU ARE NEEDED FOR: Membership Promotion Research Promotion Student Activities Chapter Technology Transfer Technical Committees Find your Place in ASHRAE! Visit

4 Space Pressurization: Concept and Practice ASHRAE Distinguished Lecture Series Jim Coogan Siemens Building Technologies ASHRAE, Oryx Qatar Chapter March 8, 2014

5 Agenda Introduction (concept, purpose, uses, scope) Physics: Infiltration and Containment Pressurization via HVAC Pressurization and Contaminant Control Designing Pressurization Air Flow Control Components Air Flow Control Accuracy Review Design Process Examples Summary Page 5

6 Room Pressurization A ventilation technology that controls migration of air contaminants by inducing drafts between spaces. Page 6

7 Room Pressurization Exhaust system removes air Supply system delivers less Room pressure is negative Infiltration makes up the difference Inward air flow contains pollutants Page 7

8 Introduction: Who uses it? Why? Biological and Chemical Laboratories prevent spread of airborne hazards Hospital Isolation Rooms protect patients and staff from germs Hospital Pharmacies facilitate sterile compounding Clean Manufacturing maintain product quality Page 8

9 Introduction: Who else uses it? Office towers control smoke in a fire; maintain exit path Any Building separate rest rooms from other spaces Restaurants keep kitchen smells out of the dining room Any Building keep unconditioned OA out of occupied spaces These uses are out of today s scope Page 9

10 How is success defined? Success is control of contaminants, not flows and pressure values Page 10

11 Theory and Concepts 1: Infiltration and Containment Infiltration: mechanical process Velocity, Area, Pressure Infiltration Curves Importance of the Envelope Select Pressurization Level Specifying the Envelope Page 11

12 Theory of Pressurization Theory: pressure blocks contaminants Theory: net inward flow blocks contaminants Surprisingly little work done correlating pressurization to contaminant control Current ASHRAE research correlates pressure with contamination Earlier work: Bennet, Applied Biosafety, 2005 Success is control of contaminants, not flows and pressure values Page 12

13 Infiltration Process: Pressure, Velocity, Area, Flow Infiltration is a physical process Pressurization is an engineered result ASHRAE Handbook and Ventilation Manual from ACGIH model the process Page 13

14 Pressure vs. Velocity Simple approach is to model the velocity with a discharge coefficient ACGIH Industrial Ventilation: 7-3 v 0.6(4000) P ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook presents more complex model, but the result is nearly the same Page 14

15 Velocity and Leakage Area Flow is velocity times area 2011 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Applications, puts it together: 53-9 Q 2610A P Q = infiltration flow, cfm A = leakage area, sqft P = pressure across envelope, inwc Page 15

16 Infiltration Curve Pressure Difference vs. Flow Pressure Difference Infiltrating Air Flow Page 16

17 Infiltration Curves for Several Values of Leakage Area Pressure Difference Page Infiltrating Air Flow

18 Importance of the Envelope Leakage area is the main mechanical parameter in the pressurization system Like knowing the hx characteristics to apply a heating coil Like knowing the pipe diameter in a hydronic system Page 18

19 Infiltration Model for Pressurization Air velocity through gaps in envelope controls contaminants Velocity related to pressure by orifice flow Transfer flow and HVAC flow difference is leak area times velocity Page 19

20 Reality of Room Air Motion Photograph of flow field (2D) in cross section of a room Particle Image Velocimetry Zhao L., ASHRAE Transactions, DA Page 20

21 Importance of the Envelope Leakage area is the main mechanical parameter in the pressurization system Like knowing the hx characteristics to apply a heating coil Like knowing the pipe diameter in a hydronic system Page 21

22 Select Pressurization Level Choose the flow offset Let it determine the pressure Pressure Difference Infiltrating Air Flow Page 22

23 Select Pressurization Level Choose the pressure Let it determine the flow offset Pressure Difference Infiltrating Air Flow Page 23

24 Select Pressurization Level Different ways to express the level of pressurization in terms of the pressure difference in terms of the infiltration flow Specify either the pressure or the flow offset, not both. Unless you are trying to specify the envelope Page 24

25 Specifying the Envelope Specify a value for one variable Specify a range for the other Implies accepted range of leakage Pressure Difference Page Infiltrating Air Flow

26 Specifying the Envelope Set one parameter (flow or pressure) as the intended operating point Set an allowable range for the other as a way to specify leakage area ASHRAE Standard 170 suggests leakage rate for hospital isolation rooms Page 26

27 Test and Adjust the Envelope If it s in the spec... Cx agent or TAB contractor tests the envelope Directs contractor to adjust leakage area to specified range Correction can include: adjustable door sweep transfer opening with restriction seal cracks Reference: A. Geeslin et al., ASHRAE Transactions, SL Air Leakage Analysis of Special Ventilation Hospital Rooms Page 27

28 Pressurization and Migration Positive room pressure drives air and contaminants out Negative room pressure draws air and contaminants in Neutral room pressure exchanges air and contaminants both directions Page 28

29 Pressurization via HVAC Required Pressure Relationships Control Methods Explained and Compared Differential Flow Control Pressure Feedback Cascade Control Selecting a Pressurization Control Method How Tight is Tight? Required Pressure Relationships (again) Page 29

30 Control Methods Compared Three widely published methods Space pressure feedback Differential flow control Cascade control References: 2011 ASHRAE Handbook, HVAC Applications. Chapter 16 Laboratory Systems Siemens Building Technologies: Doc # Room Pressurization Control Page 30

31 Control Methods Compared Some other ways Adaptive leakage model Trim valve References: W Sun, ASHRAE Transactions, NA Quantitative Multistage Pressurizations in Controlled and Critical Environments L. Gartner and C. Kiley, Anthology of Biosafety Animal Room Design Issues in High Containment Page 31

32 Pressure Feedback Page 32

33 Pressure Feedback Measure pressure difference across room boundary Compare to selected setpoint Adjust supply flow or exhaust to maintain pressure difference Page 33

34 Differential Flow Control Page 34

35 Differential Flow Control Carefully control air supply to room Carefully control all exhaust from room Enforce a difference between them Select the size of difference to reliably contain pollutants Page 35

36 Cascade Control Page 36

37 Cascade Control Has other names: adaptive offset DP reset Measure pressure difference across room boundary Compare to selected setpoint Control supply and exhaust flow Enforce a difference between them Dynamically adjust flow difference to maintain the pressure setpoint Page 37

38 Special Methods Page 38

39 Selecting a Control Method Factors affecting selection Tightness of envelope Number of pressure levels needed Speed of disturbances and response Duct conditions for flow measurement Reference: 2011 ASHRAE Handbook HVAC Applications, Chapter 16 - Laboratory Systems, page Page 39

40 Tightness of Envelope x Pressure Difference x o x o x Infiltrating Air Flow Page 40

41 How Tight is Tight? Trim Valve Pressure Feedback Differential Pressure (in. wg.) Flow/Pressure Cascade Flow Offset Offset Airflow (cfm) Page 41

42 How Tight is Tight? Rough guides for selecting control method Tight enough for pressure feedback? pressure difference > 0.03 inwc, 8 Pa at a practical infiltration rate Too tight for flow offset control? infiltration flow < 5 x flow control accuracy example: 1000 cfm supply +/- 3% need offset > 5 (3%) 1000 cfm = 150 cfm for effective flow offset control Page 42

43 Room Leakage Spec s Project spec s calling out sealing methods ASHRAE Standard 170 lists numerical flow/pressure relationship CDC suggests leakage area ~40 in 2 (~0.03m 2 ) for infectious isolation rooms NIH Design Standard D.4.5: 47 L/s per door Page 43

44 Number of Pressure Levels Relatively simple requirement 2-levels, OK for Differential Flow Tracking Page 44

45 Pressurization and Contaminant Control Contaminant control can be very important or only slightly important Biosafety standards recognize range of hazards and range of responses Page 45

46 Levels of Contaminant Control Pressurization is one tool Physical barrier is also BSL 1 Laboratories should have doors BSL 2 Doors should be self-closing BSL 3 Series of two self-closing doors BSL 4 Airlock with air tight doors Page 46

47 Pressurization and Contaminant Control Air contaminants can move against net inward flow Even with good pressurization some air escapes Lab Ventilation Standard: Z9.5 opposes migration of air contaminants; it does not eliminate it. Current research shows effects Page 47

48 Recent Research Projects Projects study movement of contaminants with: Open doors Moving doors Moving people ASHRAE RP 1344 and 1431 measured with particle source and counter Wei Sun, ASHRAE Research Report, RP 1344, Clean Room Pressurization Strategy Update Page 48

49 Recent Research Projects Projects study movement of contaminants with: Open doors Moving doors Moving people Hospital study used water tank model Tang JW, Nicolle A, Pantelic J, Klettner CA, Su R, et al. (2013) Different Types of Door-Opening Motions as Contributing Factors to Containment Failures in Hospital Isolation Rooms. PLoS ONE 8(6): e doi: /journal.pone Page 49

50 End of Part 1 Questions? Pressure Difference Infiltrating Air Flow Jim Coogan, PE Jim.Coogan@Siemens.com Page 50

51 ASHRAE WILL ILL G IVE Y OU THE W ORLD This ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer is brought to you by the Society Chapter Technology Transfer Committee

52 Space Pressurization: Concept and Practice ASHRAE Distinguished Lecture Series Jim Coogan Siemens Building Technologies ASHRAE, Oryx Qatar Chapter March 8, 2014

53 Agenda Introduction (concept, purpose, uses, scope) Physics: Infiltration and Containment Pressurization via HVAC Pressurization and Contaminant Control Designing Pressurization Air Flow Control Components Air Flow Control Accuracy Review Design Process Examples Summary Page 3

54 Designing Pressurization and Control Page 4

55 Required Pressure Relationships Indicate intended direction of air flow between all adjacent spaces Page 5

56 Required Pressure Relationships Indicate intended relative pressure levels Page 6

57 Designing Pressure Feedback Systems Design control sequence Specify the components Consider the envelope Page 7

58 Design the Control Sequence Identify the air flow terminals Decide which one controls the room pressure Consider start-up sequences Consider response to failures Page 8

59 Specify the Components Room pressure sensor heart of the system? if sensor measures critical dp, accuracy is less critical if sensor measures to a reference, accuracy is more critical check zero periodically +/- range often selected Air flow terminals Do not select mechanical pressure independence. Pressure control loop is not the place for it. Page 9

60 Consider the Envelope At pressure setpoint, at nominal air flow, indicate anticipated air flow offset If offset exceeds spec, or if pressure setpoint is unattainable, envelope leaks too much Controlling air terminal hits flow limits Room air flow out of balance Surrounding spaces affected Come back and seal the room! Page 10

61 Can the Room Be Too Tight? What if it s too tight? unlikely with Pressure Feedback calculate expected sensitivity: how much does the room pressure change for a small movement of the damper? Consider adjusting leakage slightly anticipate: select adjustable door sweep or other adjustable feature only feasible if planned from the start Page 11

62 Designing Flow Tracking Systems Design control sequence Consider the envelope Select pressurization level Select accuracy target Specify the components Calculate corresponding flow accuracies Check for practicality Adjust as needed Page 12

63 Select Pressurization Level Based on leakage area Example: 150 cfm for ½ square foot 0.03 Pressure Difference O Page Infiltrating Air Flow

64 Select Accuracy Target Based on need to control contaminants Not product spec s 0.03 Pressure Difference x O x Page Infiltrating Air Flow

65 Effect of Errors in Flow In and Out Numerical illustration Nominal value Error Exhaust flow /- 100 Supply flow 850 +/- 85 Transfer flow 150 +/- 185 Page 15

66 Derive Flow Accuracy Spec Use equation that combines supply and exhaust errors e d e 2 s Apply it with desired infiltration accuracy e 2 e Page 16

67 Derive Flow Accuracy Spec Allow same error on supply and exhaust (Arbitrary allocation, others are possible.) Example: e e s d e d 2 e 2e 2 s Supply and exhaust tolerance = 30 cfm 2 s e 2 e 150(30%) Page 17

68 Check for Practicality Can we find flow control products that meet the needs? flow range / pressure drop flow accuracy Is the envelope too loose? flow needed to pressurize is excessive Is the envelope too tight? infiltrating flow is small compared to controlled flow Page 18

69 Adapting the Design If pressurization design does not work adjust flow offset choose pressure feedback instead of flow resize terminals reselect sensors reduce air flow ranges add leakage, move design point Address as soon as possible Page 19

70 Adapting the Design Pressure too low for pressure feedback Flow offset too small for control accuracy Pressure Difference O Page Infiltrating Air Flow

71 Adapting the Design Increase flow difference or Use pressure feedback O Pressure Difference Page Infiltrating Air Flow

72 Adapting the Design Add leakage to make the system less sensitive Increase the flow offset Pressure Difference O Page Infiltrating Air Flow

73 Adapting the Design Improve flow control accuracy Resize terminals, reselect sensors, reduce flow range Pressure Difference O Page Infiltrating Air Flow

74 Specifying Flow Control Sample Calculation VAV cooling load: 700 cfm Minimum supply 50 cfm Intended pressurization: inwc, 4 Pa, negative Anticipated leakage: 0.5 sqft Calculated infiltration: 150 cfm Desired infiltration accuracy: 30%* 150 = 50 cfm Allocated sup/exh accuracy: 50/1.4 = 30 cfm Page 24

75 Specifying Flow Control Sample Calculation: result Flow control performance spec calculated from pressurization requirements Max Min Supply 700 +/ /- 30 Exhaust 850 +/ /- 30 Page 25

76 Air flow control components Dampers Flow Sensors Controllers Specifying components or performance Page 26

77 Defining Air Terminal Performance Range of air flows Control accuracy Pressure drop Sound Page 27

78 Flow Control Dampers Single-blade, venturi, bladder AIRFLOW Page 28

79 Cut-Away View of Venturi/Cone/Spring/Shaft Spring Shaft Bracket Dashtube Shaft Bearing Center Shaft hing des in Dashtube) Cone Cap (Slides on Shaft) Page 29

80 Damper s Job: Selectively restrict air path Venturi Damper fully open Blade Damper fully open Venturi Damper nearly closed Blade Damper nearly closed Page 30

81 Flow Control Dampers Single-blade, venturi, bladder Which kind do you need? Do you need to choose? Consider specifying performance range of air flows control accuracy pressure drop sound Page 31

82 Closed loop vs. open loop If you care about airflow, MEASURE IT! Closed loop control flow rate affects controller output damper curve is not crucial uses a flow sensor delivers flow data Open loop control flow rate does not affect controller output depends on calibration of damper and actuator doesn t need a sensor delivers no data Page 32

83 Air Flow Sensors 3 Common types Velocity pressure Vortex shedding Thermal Page 33

84 Specifying Flow Sensors Specify performance: ASHRAE Guideline 13 5% of reading? 3% of max relates better to pressurization Require on-site commissioning Actual Flow Ranges Exhaust Supply Flow Difference Pressurization Accuracy Fixed Accuracy Target Nominal Exhaust Flow Page 34

85 Accurate Airflow Control, at Low & High Pressure Drop System performance: terminal sensor, actuator and controller Test covers air flow range 112 cfm to 1400 cfm 55 l/s to 700 l/s and pressure range 0.5 inwc to 5.0 inwc 125 Pa to 1250 Pa Error at low flow usually smaller than at high flow Page 35

86 Rating Standards for Air Flow Controls ASHRAE 195P:Method of Test for Rating Air Terminal Unit Controls AMCA 610: Laboratory Method of Testing Airflow Measurement Stations for Performance Rating Page 36

87 Theory and Concepts 2: Air Flow Sensing Accuracy Control Loop Accuracy, Sensing Accuracy End-to-end Accuracy Kinds of Sensing Errors Errors in Flow Sensing System Page 37

88 Air Flow Sensors 3 Common types Velocity pressure Vortex shedding Thermal and no sensor Page 38

89 Sensing Accuracy Concepts Physical Air Flow Velocity Pressure Probe Signal Pressure Differential Pressure Transmitter Instrument Current Input Electronic Circuits A/D Value DDC Calculations Sensed Air Flow Sensing system can include multiple components Each component has accuracy characteristics Combined effect is what counts Sometimes called end-to-end accuracy Page 39

90 Sensing Accuracy Concepts To talk about accuracy, think about error Different kinds of errors offset span non-linearity hysteresis cross-sensitivity Output actual curve ideal curve Offset Error Input Page 40

91 Sensing Accuracy Concepts Output Output actual curve ideal curve Span Error ideal curve actual curve Nonlinearity Error Input Input Page 41

92 Sensing Accuracy Concepts Output ideal curve Overall Error actual curve Spec s may state only overall error Details used to optimizing sensing system Input Page 42

93 Velocity Pressure Sensing Flow computed from measured pressure Q = A k (P v ) 1/2 Shape of the curve affects sensing performance A ir F lo w Velocity Pressure Page 43

94 Errors in VP Sensing System Characteristics of flow pick-up linearity: typically good, can be affected by installation span error: affected by installation, corrected by balancer offset: non-existent Page 44

95 Effect of Flow Pick-up Error Numerical example to illustrate the math Span error: 5% after field calibration Offset error: 0 F lo w E rro r Flow Rate Accuracy 1000 cfm 50 cfm 400 cfm 20 cfm 200 cfm 10 cfm 100 cfm 5 cfm Air Flow Page 45

96 Errors in VP Sensing System Characteristics of dp transmitter linearity: not an issue span error: various grades available, typically 1% or better offset: typically 1% or better Page 46

97 Effect of Transmitter Error Numerical example to illustrate the math span error: 0% offset error: 1% 10 inch round duct unity gain probe 0.25 inwc transmitter F lo w E rro r Flow Rate Accuracy 1000 cfm 6 cfm 400 cfm 15 cfm 200 cfm 27 cfm 100 cfm 48 cfm Air Flow Page 47

98 Effect of Transmitter Error Numerical example to illustrate the math span error: 0% offset error: 1% 10 inch round duct unity gain Looks probe bad? 0.25 inwc Same transmitter effect as 5% at 1000 cfm. F lo w E rro r Page 48 Flow Rate Accuracy 1000 cfm 6 cfm 400 cfm 15 cfm 200 cfm 27 cfm 100 cfm 48 cfm Air Flow

99 Errors in VP System ROUGHLY span error comes from the probe offset error comes from the pressure transmitter Physical Air Flow Velocity Pressure Probe Signal Pressure Differential Pressure Transmitter Instrument Current Input Electronic Circuits A/D Value DDC Calculations Sensed Air Flow Page 49

100 Flow Sensing Arithmetic Flow computed from measured pressure Q = A k (P v ) 1/2 Flow error comes from pressure error Q + dq = A k (P v + dp v ) 1/2 Pressure error has 2 components dp v = e s P v + e o P Range Flow error is sensitive to turndown dq/q = (1+ e s + T 2 e o ) 1/2-1 Page 50

101 Combined Sensing Error Numerical example duct: 10 round transmitter: 1.0 inwc probe gain: 1.5 span error: 3% in flow offset: 0.5% of range F lo w E rro r Air Flow Page 51

102 Behavior at High Flow Error is almost entirely due to the probe and air flow issues in the duct Transmitter errors are much less significant at high flow offset is completely negligible span error is smaller than probe error Page 52

103 Behavior at Low Flow Error is almost completely due to offset in the transmitter Span errors in transmitter and probe are much smaller Offset can disrupt effective control What s the solution? Page 53

104 Zero the DP Transmitter Offset can be almost completely eliminated by zeroing in the field Highly reliable process, much easier than other field calibration tasks Manual or automatic Page 54

105 Combined Sensing Error After Zeroing the Transmitter Numerical example duct: 10 round transmitter: 1.0 inwc probe gain: 1.5 span error: 3% in flow offset: 0.25% of range Makes velocity pressure 0 methods viable in pressurized spaces F lo w E r r o r Air Flow Page 55

106 Design Process Determine pressure relationships Select pressurization level Calculate required flow accuracy Check for practicality Adjust as needed Example Page 56

107 End of Part 2 Questions? Jim Coogan, PE Jim.Coogan@Siemens.com Page 57

108 ASHRAE WILL ILL G IVE Y OU THE W ORLD This ASHRAE Distinguished Lecturer is brought to you by the Society Chapter Technology Transfer Committee

109 Space Pressurization: Concept and Practice ASHRAE Distinguished Lecture Series Jim Coogan Siemens Building Technologies ASHRAE, Oryx Qatar Chapter March 8, 2014

110 Agenda Introduction (concept, purpose, uses, scope) Physics: infiltration and containment Pressurization via HVAC Design for flow tracking Air flow control components Page 3

111 Design Process Start design with pressurization needs Then derive component spec s Compile box schedule room req s and descriptions Design Process box schedule Page 4

112 Designing Air Flow Tracking Select pressurization level and accuracy Calculate flow accuracy spec for each terminal room req s and descriptions Check practicality with available components Identify terminals and air flow ranges Determine pressurization relationships Select pressurization level and accuracy Calculate flow accuracies Check for practicality Adjust as needed Adjust design? box schedule Page 5

113 Desired Pressure Relationships Covered in Part 1 Page 6

114 Select Pressurization Level and Accuracy Target Covered in Part 1 Based on pressurization need (not product spec s) 0.03 Pressure Difference x O x Page Infiltrating Air Flow

115 Derive Flow Accuracy Spec Use equation that combines supply and exhaust errors e d e 2 s Apply it with desired infiltration accuracy Allocate allowable error among terminals e 2 e Page 8

116 Example 1: Simple Biological Lab Small room, no special exhaust equipment 1 supply, 1 exhaust Negative pressurization (150 cfm, 0.5 ft 2 ) VAV for cooling (maximum 700 cfm) Minimum flow when occupied (200 cfm) Page 9

117 Example 1: Ventilation Schematic Corridor 150 Laboratory 850 / / 50 Page 10 Supply Flow Exhaust Flow Infiltration Flow

118 Calculate Flow Accuracies Choose to allow equal error on supply and exhaust Calculate accuracy needed e 150(30%) e d s cfm allowed on supply and exhaust Max Min Supply 700 +/ /- 30 Exhaust 850 +/ /- 30 Page 11

119 Check for Practicality 30 cfm allowed on supply and exhaust No challenge at the low flows Exhaust is a little tight at the high end Max Supply 700 +/ /- 4% Exhaust 850 +/ /- 3% Min 50 +/ /- 60% 200 +/ /-15% Page 12

120 Check for Practicality Combine accuracy spec s with flow ranges Compare to available products: What equipment meets the spec? 8 terminal meets spec; 10 may be acceptable Flow Error Page Air Flow

121 Example 2: Same Room, More Flow Small room, no special exhaust equipment 1 supply, 1 exhaust Negative pressurization (150 cfm, 0.5 ft 2 ) Cooling flow irrelevant, less than the ventilation rate High ventilation (1250 cfm) Page 14

122 Calculate Flow Accuracies Calculate accuracy needed at supply and exhaust 30 cfm allowance on supply and exhaust Same envelope, same pressurization, same allowable error Supply /- 30 Exhaust /- 30 Page 15

123 Check for Practicality Combine accuracy spec s with flow ranges Can t quite meet it with these components May need to adjust the design Flow Error Page Air Flow

124 What s the Problem? Lots of ways to look at it Air change rate is too high Room is too tight for offset control Flow offset is too small Flow control not accurate enough Page 17

125 Adjust the Design as Needed Covered in part 1 If spec s are not practical adjust flow offset choose pressure feedback instead of flow resize terminals reselect sensors reduce air flow ranges add leakage, move design point Page 18

126 Example 3: Same Flows, More Terminals Small room, no special exhaust equipment 2 supply, 2 exhaust Negative pressurization (150 cfm, 0.5 ft 2 ) Cooling flow irrelevant, less than ventilation requirement High ventilation rate (1200 cfm) Page 19

127 Example 3: Ventilation Schematic Corridor Laboratory Supply Flow Exhaust Flow Infiltration Flow Page 20

128 Calculate Flow Accuracies Calculate accuracy needed on supply and exhaust e If terminal accuracies are equal e d s e 2 s e e e 150(30%) 1 s2 e1 e2 e 150(30%) d Or we can adjust the allocation Page 21

129 Allocate Error to Terminals Exhaust flow is a little higher Round exhaust error up and supply error down Terminal 1 Terminal 2 Supply 550 +/ /- 20 Exhaust 625 +/ /- 25 Page 22

130 Check for Practicality What equipment can meet spec? Try 2 pairs of 8 supply and exhaust terminals In this case, 2 terminals are more accurate than Flow Error Page Air Flow

131 How Does That Work? Math to combine errors accounts for the chance that errors cancel or add Square root equation favors more terms Is it realistic? experience says that large rooms, with many terminals are easier to commission than rooms with 1 in and 1 out Page 24

132 Summary of Examples Worked 3 examples with the same pressurization requirement leakage area: 0.5 ft 2 flow offset: 150 cfm +/- 30% Increased air flow challenged the design Supply Flows Exhaust Flows Design 1 700/50 +/ /200 +/ or 10 supply and exhaust / /- 30 Adjust design 3 2x 550 +/- 20 2x 625 +/ pairs of 8 terminals Page 25

133 Supply Flow Exhaust Flow Infiltration Flow Designing for Pressurization Pressure Difference e d x O x Infiltrating Air Flow e e Flow Error 2 s 2 e Corridor Laboratory Determine pressurization relationships Select pressurization level and accuracy Calculate flow accuracies Check for practicality Adjust as needed Air Flow Page 26

134 Summary Space pressurization: tool for contamination control, not a magic shield Envelope leakage is main mechanical parameter Several HVAC control methods Differential flow control is used most often Choice usually driven by envelope Derive air flow accuracy spec from pressurization Page 27

135 Thank you! Questions? Jim Coogan, PE Page 28

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