Avoiding Component Failure in Industrial Refrigeration Systems
|
|
- Mildred Prudence Morrison
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Avoiding Componen Failure in Indusrial Refrigeraion Sysems By Tim Kroeger, segmen markeing manager indusrial refrigeraion, Asia Pacific & India The aricle caegorises and gives examples of ypical componen failures in indusrial refrigeraion sysems. I liss he roo causes and describes how o avoid hem. Focus is on liquid hammer, safe ho gas defros and general refrigeraion piping. Opimum resuls by correc selecion, inegraion and operaion indusrialrefrigeraion.danfoss.com
2 1. Liquid hammer 1.1 Definiion Liquid hammer is a erm used o describe a pressure spike caused when a fluid in moion is forced o sop or change direcion suddenly (momenum change) 1. Liquid hammer can occur when a valve closes suddenly a he end of a pipeline sysem, and a pressure wave propagaes in he pipe. Liquid Hammer can also occur when liquid is suddenly acceleraed and hen forced o change momenum. Liquid hammer is also called hydraulic shock. Examples of liquid hammer include he following: Sudden deceleraion. High impac forces can occur when a valve is closed quickly. Sudden acceleraion. Mos commonly encounered during ho gas defros iniiaion and erminaion. Also referred o as Vapour Propelled Liquid Slug (VPLS). CIS (Condensaion-Induced Hydraulic Shock). Sudden condensaion of vapour bubbles in highly sub-cooled (>20K) liquid. No covered in his aricle. 1.2 Sudden deceleraion An esimaion of he pressure spike occurring during he sudden deceleraion of a liquid in moion can be aemped by visualising a moving column or slug of liquid in a pipe ahead of a valve or an armaure, see figure 1. V The force generaed by he deceleraion can be calculaed as wih: p pressure [Pa] A cross secion [m 2 ] m mass [kg] a acceleraion [m/s 2 ] Δv velociy change [m/s] ime of deceleraion [s] or: wih: F = p x A = m x a = F = p x A = m x a = p = L x ρ x Δv m x Δv L x A x ρ x Δv L lengh of pipe [m] ρ cross secion [kg/m 3 ] A Example A solenoid valve is insalled in a 20 mere sraigh run in a slighly undersized liquid line (velociy 3 ms -1 ). Refrigeran is ammonia (densiy 600 kg/m 3 ). The closing ime of he solenoid valve is esimaed a 20 ms. Esimaion of pressure surge V L x ρ x v 20 m x 600 kgm p = = -3 x 3 ms s Figure 1: Moving liquid in pipe When his slug of liquid is suddenly sopped, a force builds up agains he cross secion of he valve or armaure which equals he force resuling from he rae of change of momenum. m kgm -3 ms -1 kgm m p = 1,800,000 = 1.8 x 10 6 s s 2 m 2 = 1.8 x 10 5 Pa =18 bar This is an over pressure, i.e. above he already exising liquid pressure of he sysem (mos commonly he condensing pressure). This could easily resul in exceeding he maximum safe operaing pressure of componenry. Hydraulic shock caused by deceleraion can be observed by banging or knocking of he valve and over ime can lead o sress fracures. 1 ) Wikipedia, definiion of fluid hammer.
3 Recommendaions If he solenoid valve is insalled in a HP liquid line (e.g. feed line ino a LP vessel) and is no pilo operaed, he closing ime will be raher shor, due o he high pressure differenial across he valve. In order o minimise he inernal volume of liquid line valve saions, he use of compac valve saions designed for high pressure applicaions such as he Danfoss ICF should be considered (see figure 5). Therefore, one should consider a proporional liquid level conrol wih a moorised valve, see figure 2. M Figure 5: Danfoss ICF Valves Saion Figure 2: Moorised valve for liquid level conrol Excessive pipe runs beween solenoid valve and meering device (hand regulaing valve) should be avoided for overfeed evaporaors. When he solenoid valve is acivaed, he sudden inrush of liquid can cause hammering a he hand regulaing valve, see figure Sudden acceleraion Acceleraed liquid ofen occurs when high pressure vapour mees low o medium pressure liquid. When he acceleraed liquid mees an obsrucion, which in urn resuls in a change of momenum, pressure spikes much higher han hose caused by deceleraed liquid occur. This is called Vapour Propelled Liquid Slugging (VPLS). VPLS can be classified ino wo forms of liquid slugs: saic and dynamic 2. A saic slug is liquid rapped in a porion of he piping, compleely filling i. A dynamic slug is a fron of liquid, propelled by vapour. In a 6 pipe, as lile as 1 ½ of liquid can lead o a dynamic slug, see figure 6. Figure 3: Avoid excessive pipe runs I should also be ensured ha all liquid line valve saions are sized correcly by aking ino consideraion he overfeed raio. An oversized liquid feed valve can lead o excessive liquid velociy. During commissioning, care mus be aken ha all regulaing valves are adjused correcly. A wide open regulaing valve can also cause excessive velociy, see figure 4. Saic Dynamic Figure 6: Saic and dynamic liquid slugging Figure 4: Effec of oversized liquid feed valves 2 ) Shelon and Jacobi e alera, 1997
4 2. Ho gas defros and VPLS The roo cause of VPLS is ofen an incorrecly designed and operaed ho gas defros sysem. For example, if he ho gas defros pressure is conrolled by a muli-purpose valve in he we reurn line, and he ho gas is herefore injeced ino he boom of he evaporaor coil, here will be a high risk of acceleraed liquid. Also, if a single sep solenoid valve is used in he we reurn line, here will be a sudden pressure equalisaion afer defros erminaion. This can also lead o acceleraed liquid. As he velociies are much higher han in he previous example for deceleraed liquid, pressure spikes of up o 250 bar can occur, see figure 7. In he correcly designed ho gas defros sysem, he ho gas is inroduced ino he evaporaor during defros from he op, hus eliminaing he risk of acceleraed liquid a defros iniiaion. The defros pressure is conrolled by a separae pressure conrol valve, enabling a purpose designed wosep solenoid valve wih minimal pressure drop (usually ho gas powered) o be used in he we reurn line. These valves are available on he marke oday (e.g. Danfoss ICLX). See figure 8. NC NO Figure 7: Commonly designed ho gas defros sysem (no recommended) Figure 8: Moving liquid in pipe Operaion Liquid We reurn Ho gas Fan Timer [s] Commen Cooling Open Open Closed On N/A Conrolled by hermosa Defros sar Closed Open Closed On Closed Closing Closed Off Closed Closed Closed Off Pump down ime depending on evporaor size Closing ime for ho gas powered sucion valve - ICLX Allowing remaining liquid o sele a boom of evaporaor Defros Closed Closed Open Off Depends on applicaion Closed Closed Closed Off Drip ime Defros sop Closed Open Closed Off Sucion valve opens slowly. Saic cooling o freeze droples Open Open Closed Off Saic cooling o freeze droples Cooling Open Open Closed On N/A Conrolled by hermosa Table 1: Safe and efficien ho gas defros sequence
5 3. Piping design and layou ASME 3 code for pressure piping sipulaes ha consideraion mus be given o he expansion of liquid refrigeran rapped in or beween closed valves and a means mus be provided o preven over pressure. Examples of such occurrences are shown in figure 9, e.g. liquid rapped beween wo shu-off valves, beween a nonreurn valve and a solenoid valve or even beween a nonreurn valve and a back pressure dependen regulaor. In all hese cases, suiable measure o preven over pressure (such as relief valves) mus be used. Figure 9: Examples of rapped liquid 4. Summary In conclusion, i mus be said ha when inroducing auomaic conrols for sysems previously conrolled by manual means, i is imperaive o selec he correc componens for he purpose a hand, inegrae hese componens in a safe way ino properly designed indusrial refrigeraion sysems and operae hem in an efficien safe way o obain opimum resuls.
6 We engineer echnologies ha enable he world of omorrow o do more wih less 80+ years The indusry s wides experise a your disposal. We ve been looking ahead since 1933 To read more abou indusrial refrigeraion, please visi ir.danfoss.com For quesions, please conac your local Danfoss indusrial refrigeraion specialis. Danfoss can accep no responsibiliy for possible errors in caalogues, brochures and oher prined maerial. Danfoss reserves he righ o aler is producs wihou noice. This also applies o producs already on order provided ha such aleraions can be made wihou subsequenial changes being necessary in specificaions already agreed. All rademarks in his maerial are propery of he respecive companies. Danfoss and he Danfoss logoype are rademarks of Danfoss A/S. All righs reserved. DKRCI.EE.000.F H10622 Danfoss DCS (jk)
LEWA intellidrive. The mechatronic All-in-One pump system. intelligent flexible dynamic high precision. Foto: ratiopharm
The mecharonic All-in-One pump sysem Foo: raiopharm inelligen flexible dynamic high precision For diverse applicaions: a limiless range of poenial uses Phoo: raiopharm Mixing wo media in one pump head:
More informationAutomatic air-main charging and pressure control system for compressed air supplies
Auomaic air-main charging and pressure conrol sysem for compressed air supplies Type PCS A module from he sysem -vacorol Swiching on-off a compressed air uni in a compressed air supply generally akes place
More informationName Class Date. Step 2: Rearrange the acceleration equation to solve for final speed. a v final v initial v. final v initial v.
Skills Workshee Mah Skills Acceleraion Afer you sudy each sample problem and soluion, work ou he pracice problems on a separae shee of paper. Wrie your answers in he spaces provided. In 1970, Don Big Daddy
More informationKINEMATICS IN ONE DIMENSION
chaper KINEMATICS IN ONE DIMENSION Secion 2.1 Displacemen Secion 2.2 Speed and Velociy 1. A paricle ravels along a curved pah beween wo poins P and Q as shown. The displacemen of he paricle does no depend
More informationInstruction Manual. Rugged PCB type. 1 Terminal Block. 2 Function. 3 Series Operation and Parallel Operation. 4 Assembling and Installation Method
Rugged PCB ype Insrucion Manual 1 Terminal Block Funcion.1...4.5.6.7 Inpu volage range Inrush curren limiing Overcurren proecion Overvolage proecion Oupu volage adjusmen range Isolaion Remoe ON/OFF E9
More informationMorningstar Investor Return
Morningsar Invesor Reurn Morningsar Mehodology Paper March 3, 2009 2009 Morningsar, Inc. All righs reserved. The informaion in his documen is he propery of Morningsar, Inc. Reproducion or ranscripion by
More informationMCW100A, B Time Proportional Rotary Position Controller
DESCRIPTION MCW100A, B Time Proporional Roary Posiion Conroller Issued: March 1992 The MCW100 Time Proporional Roary Posiion Conroller provides auomaic grade or seering conrol of paving, renching and curbing
More informationXSz 8... XSz 50 Solenoid actuated fail-safe safety valve
> > /-way or size: G /4... G, /4... NT > > ouble valve conrol sysem, inherenly failsafe wihou residual pressure > > ynamic self monioring > > For use wih pneumaic cluch and brake sysems and oher -way safey
More information3 (R) 1 (P) N/en
3/ way fail-safe safey valve, solenoid acuaed For mechanical presses and oher safey applicaions G /4... G, /4... NT Inherenly fail-safe wihou residual pressure ynamic self monioring ouble valve conrol
More informationWhat the Puck? an exploration of Two-Dimensional collisions
Wha he Puck? an exploraion of Two-Dimensional collisions 1) Have you ever played 8-Ball pool and los he game because you scrached while aemping o sink he 8-Ball in a corner pocke? Skech he sho below: Each
More informationSPECIAL WIRE ROPES The Value Line
SPECIAL WIRE ROPES The Value Line INTRODUCTION Qualiy Producs, Ousanding Service and Comprehensive Technical Suppor I s wha oday s indusries expec from heir supplier parners. And ha s wha WireCo WorldGroup
More information8/31/11. the distance it travelled. The slope of the tangent to a curve in the position vs time graph for a particles motion gives:
Physics 101 Tuesday Class 2 Chaper 2 Secions 2.1-2.4 Displacemen and disance Velociy and speed acceleraion Reading Quiz The slope of he angen o a curve in he posiion vs ime graph for a paricles moion gives:
More informationUsing Rates of Change to Create a Graphical Model. LEARN ABOUT the Math. Create a speed versus time graph for Steve s walk to work.
2.4 Using Raes of Change o Creae a Graphical Model YOU WILL NEED graphing calculaor or graphing sofware GOAL Represen verbal descripions of raes of change using graphs. LEARN ABOUT he Mah Today Seve walked
More informationANALYSIS OF RELIABILITY, MAINTENANCE AND RISK BASED INSPECTION OF PRESSURE SAFETY VALVES
ANALYSIS OF RELIABILITY, MAINTENANCE AND RISK BASED INSPECTION OF PRESSURE SAFETY VALVES Venilon Forunao Francisco Machado Mechanical Engineering Dep, Insiuo Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 049-00,
More informationFlow Switch LABO-VHZ-S
Flow Swich S Volumeric flow swiching Almos no effec from differing viscosiies Versaile, configurable swiching oupu in push-pull design Robus consrucion Compac design Characerisics he VHZ gearwheel flow
More informationPRESSURE SENSOR TECHNICAL GUIDE INTRODUCTION FEATURES OF ELECTRIC PRESSURE SENSOR. Photoelectric. Sensor. Proximity Sensor. Inductive. Sensor.
Proximiy INTRDUCTIN Pressur sensor The sensor convers of gases or liquid ino elecrical magniude wih he sensing elemen, and generaes he analog oupu proporional o applied level or he swiching oupu oggled
More informationINSTRUCTIONS FOR USE. This file can only be used to produce a handout master:
INSTRUCTIONS OR USE This file can only be used o produce a handou maser: Use Prin from he ile menu o make a prinou of he es. You may no modify he conens of his file. IMPORTNT NOTICE: You may prin his es
More information67.301/1. RLP 10: Pneumatic volume-flow controller. Sauter Components
7.0/ RL 0: neumaic volume-flow conroller How energ efficienc is improved For demand-led conrol of he air volume in office rooms. Areas of applicaion Conrol of he suppl and exhaus air of individual rooms
More informationAP Physics 1 Per. Unit 2 Homework. s av
Name: Dae: AP Physics Per. Uni Homework. A car is driven km wes in hour and hen 7 km eas in hour. Eas is he posiive direcion. a) Wha is he average velociy and average speed of he car in km/hr? x km 3.3km/
More informationChapter : Linear Motion 1
Te: Chaper 2.1-2.4 Think and Eplain: 1-3 Think and Sole: --- Chaper 2.1-2.4: Linear Moion 1 NAME: Vocabulary: disance, displacemen, ime, consan speed, consan elociy, aerage, insananeous, magniude, ecor,
More informationPatent NO: 8,430,895. Revision (3) OPERATION INSTRUCTIONS. Fully Automatic AirGun by Air-Ordnance. HPA (High Pressure Compressed Air)
Paen NO: 8,430,895 Fully Auomaic AirGun by Air-Ordnance Powered by: Co2 Nirogen HPA (High Pressure Compressed Air) OPERATION INSTRUCTIONS Revision (3) 6-2013 1. Please read his owner s manual compleely.
More informationZelio Control Measurement Relays RM4L Liquid Level Relays
Zelio Conrol Measuremen elays FNCTIONS These devices monior he levels of conducive liquids. They conrol he acuaion of pumps or valves o regulae levels; hey are also suiable for proecing submersible pumps
More information3.00 m. 8. At La Ronde, the free-fall ride called the Orbit" causes a 60.0 kg person to accelerate at a rate of 9.81 m/s 2 down.
Physics Prees: Torque 1. Newon s 2 nd Law 2. Kinemaics (Free fall, graphs, and combined wih F R = ma) Pracice Quesions/Problems 1. Wha is Newon s 2 nd Law? Name and explain i. 2. Prove ha acceleraion for
More informationCorresponding Author
Inernaional Journal of Scienific & Engineering Research Volume 9, Issue 4, April-2018 562 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF NON-LINEAR PIPE BENDS 1 KALIKI HEMANTH, M.IMTHIYAS SHERIFF, KODAM VINEETH KUMAR, 2 M.ANANDRAJ,
More informationStrategic Decision Making in Portfolio Management with Goal Programming Model
American Journal of Operaions Managemen and Informaion Sysems 06; (): 34-38 hp://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com//aomis doi: 0.648/.aomis.0600.4 Sraegic Decision Making in Porfolio Managemen wih Goal Programming
More information2017 MCM/ICM Merging Area Designing Model for A Highway Toll Plaza Summary Sheet
Team#55307 Page 1 of 25 For office use only T1 T2 T3 T4 Team Conrol Number 55307 Problem Chosen B For office use only F1 F2 F3 F4 2017 MCM/ICM Merging Area Designing Model for A Highway Toll Plaza Summary
More informationReliability Design Technology for Power Semiconductor Modules
Reliabiliy Design Technology for Power Semiconducor Modules Akira Morozumi Kasumi Yamada Tadashi Miyasaka 1. Inroducion The marke for power semiconducor modules is spreading no only o general-purpose inverers,
More informationCapacity Utilization Metrics Revisited: Delay Weighting vs Demand Weighting. Mark Hansen Chieh-Yu Hsiao University of California, Berkeley 01/29/04
Capaciy Uilizaion Merics Revisied: Delay Weighing vs Demand Weighing Mark Hansen Chieh-Yu Hsiao Universiy of California, Berkeley 01/29/04 1 Ouline Inroducion Exising merics examinaion Proposed merics
More informationInterpreting Sinusoidal Functions
6.3 Inerpreing Sinusoidal Funcions GOAL Relae deails of sinusoidal phenomena o heir graphs. LEARN ABOUT he Mah Two sudens are riding heir bikes. A pebble is suck in he ire of each bike. The wo graphs show
More informationTRACK PROCEDURES 2016 RACE DAY
TRACK PROCEDURES 2016 RACE DAY Pi gaes will officially open a 4:00pm for regular programs. Big shows will have earlier opening imes. Hauler parking may be available approximaely 1 hour prior o pi gaes
More informationA Study on the Powering Performance of Multi-Axes Propulsion Ships with Wing Pods
Second Inernaional Symposium on Marine Propulsors smp amburg Germany une A Sudy on he Powering Performance of Muli-Axes Propulsion Ships wih Wing Pods eungwon Seo Seokcheon Go Sangbong Lee and ungil Kwon
More informationCMA DiRECtions for ADMinistRAtion GRADE 6. California Modified Assessment. test Examiner and Proctor Responsibilities
CMA 2012 California Modified Assessmen GRADE 6 DiRECions for ADMinisRAion es Examiner and Procor Responsibiliies Compleing all of he following seps will help ensure ha no esing irregulariies occur, ha
More informationImproving Measurement Uncertainty of Differential Pressures at High Line Pressures & the Potential Impact on the Global Economy & Environment.
Improving Measuremen Uncerainy of Differenial Pressures a igh Line Pressures & he Poenial Impac on he Global Economy & Environmen. Speaker/uhor: Mike Collins Fluke Calibraion 5 urricane Way Norwich. NR6
More informationMonte Carlo simulation modelling of aircraft dispatch with known faults
Loughborough Universiy Insiuional Reposiory Mone Carlo simulaion modelling of aircraf dispach wih known fauls This iem was submied o Loughborough Universiy's Insiuional Reposiory by he/an auhor. Ciaion:
More informationType Control action Setpoint range Air Weight Volume flow % capacity I n /h kg. Pressure diff. 1) Pa
7.0/ RL 0 & 0: neumaic volume-flow conroller Used in conjuncion wih an orifice plae or a dnamic pressure sensor and a pneumaic damper drive for conrolling he air volume in air-condiioning ssems. For fixed,
More informationScienceDirect. Cycling Power Optimization System Using Link Models of Lower Limbs with Cleat-Shaped Biaxial Load Cells
Available online a www.sciencedirec.com ScienceDirec Procedia Engineering 72 ( 20 ) 8 7 The 20 conference of he Inernaional Spors Engineering Associaion Cycling Power Opimizaion Sysem Using ink Models
More informationExamining the limitations for visual anglecar following models
Examining he limiaions for visual anglecar following models Al Obaedi, JTS and Yousif, S Tile Auhors Type URL Published Dae 009 Examining he limiaions for visual angle car following models Al Obaedi, JTS
More informationINSTALLATION AND OPERATION MANUAL
Please read THE enire CONTENTS OF THIS MANUAL prior o insallaion AND OPERATION. BY PROCEEDING YOU AGREE THAT YOU FULLY UNDERSTAND AND COMPREHEND THE FULL CONTENTS OF THIS MANUAL. Forward his manual o all
More informationNozzle valve system for the variable atomization of very small liquid volumes
Nozzle valve sysem for he variable aomizaion of very small liquid volumes VERY SMALL LIQUID VOLUMES MAXIMUM BENEFIT Innovaive spraying echnology opens up new applicaions The pressure o sandardize is increasing
More informationUS 9,615,553 B2 Apr. 11,2017
111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 US009615553B2 (12) Unied Saes Paen Coniglio e al. (10) Paen No.: (45) Dae of Paen: US 9,615,553 B2 Apr. 11,2017 (54) ARTIFICIAL
More informationTime & Distance SAKSHI If an object travels the same distance (D) with two different speeds S 1 taking different times t 1
www.sakshieducaion.com Time & isance The raio beween disance () ravelled by an objec and he ime () aken by ha o ravel he disance is called he speed (S) of he objec. S = = S = Generally if he disance ()
More informationINSTALLATION AND OPERATION MANUAL
INSTALLATION AND OPERATION MANUAL 6,000 POUND CAPACITY PORTABLE MID RISE LIFT MODEL: MD-6XP PLEASE READ THE ENTIRE CONTENTS OF THIS MANUAL PRIOR TO INSTALLATION AND OPERATION. BY PROCEEDING YOU AGREE THAT
More informationINSTALLATION AND OPERATION MANUAL
1,000 POUND CAPACITY MOTORCYCLE / ATV LIFT IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS PLEASE READ THE ENTIRE CONTENTS OF THIS MANUAL PRIOR TO INSTALLATION AND OPERATION. BY PROCEEDING WITH LIFT
More informationProportional Reasoning
Proporional Reasoning Focus on Afer his lesson, you will be able o... solve problems using proporional reasoning use more han one mehod o solve proporional reasoning problems When you go snowboarding or
More informationQUICKJACK WARNING INSTALLATION AND OPERATION MANUAL MODELS: BL-3500 BL ,500 / 5,000 POUND CAPACITY QUICKJACK
! IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS PLEASE READ THE ENTIRE CONTENTS OF THIS MANUAL PRIOR TO INSTALLATION AND OPERATION. BY PROCEEDING WITH JACK INSTALLATION AND OPERATION YOU AGREE
More informationLSU RISK ASSESSMENT FORM Please read How to Complete a Risk Assessment before completion
Please read How o Complee a Risk Assessmen before compleion EVENT OR ACTIVITY BEING RISK ASSESSED (add name of even where relevan) NAME OF DEPARTMENT Squad Training Neball DATE OF COMPLETION OF RISK ASSESSMENT
More informationMVS. Electronic fan speed controller for DIN rail. Key features. Article codes Technical specifications. Area of use
MVS Elecronic fan speed conroller for DIN rail The MVS elecronic speed conrollers conrol he speed of single-phase volage conrollable elecric moors ( VAC / 5 6 z) according o a sandard inpu conrol signal.
More informationCALCULATORS: Casio: ClassPad 300 ClassPad 300 Plus ClassPad Manager TI: TI-89, TI-89 Titanium Voyage 200. The Casio ClassPad 300
The Casio ClassPad 300 CC Edwards 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 23.0 23.8 24.4 24.5 24.2 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 24.7 25.2 25.5 25.9 26.3 The able shows how he average age of he firs marriage of Japanese women
More informationNozzle valve system for the variable atomization of very small liquid volumes
Nozzle valve sysem for he variable aomizaion of very small liquid volumes V E R Y S M A L L L I Q U I D V O L U M E S M A X I M U M B E N E F I T Innovaive spraying echnology opens up new applicaions The
More informationCHAPTER TEST REVIEW, LESSONS 4-1 TO 4-5
IB PHYSICS Name: DEVIL PHYSICS Perio: Dae: BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS CHAPTER TEST REVIEW, LESSONS 4- TO 4-5 S. Waer waves a he surface of a pon pass a floaing log of lengh L. The log is a res relaive o he
More informationAn Alternative Mathematical Model for Oxygen Transfer Evaluation in Clean Water
An Alernaive Mahemaical Model for Oxygen Transfer Evaluaion in Clean Waer Yanjun (John) He 1, PE, BCEE 1 Kruger Inc., 41 Weson Parkway, Cary, NC 27513 Email: john.he@veolia.com ABSTRACT Energy consumpion
More informationA Probabilistic Approach to Worst Case Scenarios
A Probabilisic Approach o Wors Case Scenarios A Probabilisic Approach o Wors Case Scenarios By Giovanni Barone-Adesi Universiy of Albera, Canada and Ciy Universiy Business School, London Frederick Bourgoin
More informationINSTALLATION AND OPERATION MANUAL
EUROPEAN USERS 400V 50Hz SUPPLY DETAILS ARE INCLUDED WITH ELECTRICAL CONTROL BOX. DISREGARD SUPPLY WIRING DETAILS IN THIS MANUAL INSTALLATION AND OPERATION MANUAL HEAVY-DUTY FOUR-POST ALIGNMENT LIFTS Models:
More informationINSTALLATION AND OPERATION MANUAL
EUROPEAN USERS 400V 50Hz SUPPLY DETAILS ARE INCLUDED WITH ELECTRICAL CON- TROL BOX. DISREGARD SUPPLY WIR- ING DETAILS IN THIS MANUAL 14,000 POUND CAPACITY COMMERCIAL GRADE FOUR-POST LIFTS IMPORTANT SAFETY
More informationHKS Colour System Colour system consisting of 3 series for optimum colour fidelity and colour identity
HKS Sysem sysem consising of 3 series for opimum colour fideliy and colour ideniy Base colour ink series for sheefed offse Produc feaures The HKS colour sysem consiss of he 3 spo colour ink series: Novavi
More informationBGW-installation instruction for BGW-anchor with data head
BGW-insallaion insrucion for BGW-anchor wih daa head BGW- lifing eye wih swivel for axial and diagonal lif. Grease he hread well. Lifing loop for diagonal lifing unil 45. Screw he loop unil he ground of
More informationBasic Systematic Experiments and New Type Child Unit of Anchor Climber: Swarm Type Wall Climbing Robot System
2008 IEEE Inernaional Conference on Roboics and Auomaion Pasadena, CA, USA, May 19-23, 2008 Basic Sysemaic Eperimens and New Type Child Uni of Anchor Climber: Swarm Type Wall Climbing Robo Sysem Masaaka
More informationDo Competitive Advantages Lead to Higher Future Rates of Return?
Do Compeiive Advanages Lead o Higher Fuure Raes of Reurn? Vicki Dickinson Universiy of Florida Greg Sommers Souhern Mehodis Universiy 2010 CARE Conference Forecasing and Indusry Fundamenals April 9, 2010
More informationClemco Industries Corp. ISO 9001 Certified
Clemco Indusries Corp. ISO 9001 Cerified 6 cuf Classic Blas Machines Exclusively from... SIMPLE, RUGGED, RELIABLE More han 75 years of reliable field service have made Clemco blas machines he preferred
More informationEvaluation of a car-following model using systems dynamics
Evaluaion of a car-following model using sysems dynamics Arif Mehmood, rank Saccomanno and Bruce Hellinga Deparmen of Civil Engineering, Universiy of Waerloo Waerloo, Onario, Canada N2 3G1 Tel: 519 888
More informationPaul M. Sommers David U. Cha And Daniel P. Glatt. March 2010 MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE ECONOMICS DISCUSSION PAPER NO
AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF BILL JAMES S PYTHAGOREAN FORMULA by Paul M. Sommers David U. Cha And Daniel P. Gla March 2010 MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE ECONOMICS DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 10-06 DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS MIDDLEBURY
More informationBill Turnblad, Community Development Director City of Stillwater Leif Garnass, PE, PTOE, Senior Associate Joe DeVore, Traffic Engineer
Memorandum SRF No. 16 94 To: From: Bill Turnblad, Communiy Developmen Direcor Ciy of Sillwaer Leif Garnass, PE, PTOE, Senior Associae Joe DeVore, Traffic Engineer Dae: November 9, 16 Subjec: Downown Plan
More information2020 ClearTrace In-line Turbidity System
2020 ClearTrace In-line Turbidiy Sysem Code 5-0113-24V Code 5-0113-110V Preface This insrucion manual serves o explain he use of he LaMoe 2020 ClearTrace Inline Turbidiy Sysem and is wrien o cover as
More information3. The amount to which $1,000 will grow in 5 years at a 6 percent annual interest rate compounded annually is
8 h Grade Eam - 00. Which one of he following saemens is rue? a) There is a larges negaive raional number. b) There is a larges negaive ineger. c) There is a smalles ineger. d) There is a smalles negaive
More informationINVERTER HEATPUMP FOR SWIMMING POOLS
IVE HEATPUMP FO SWIMMIG POOS Insallaion & Insrucion Manual hea pumps 0-0071-1611 Table of conens 1. Preface 3. Specificaions.1 Performance Daa. Dimensions 6 3. Insallaion and Connecion 3.1 Hea Pump ocaion
More informationOath. The. Life-changing Impact TEACH HEAL DISCOVER. Going Into the Wild to Save Rhinos. Tracking Down Outbreaks page 2. Teaming Up for Nekot page 7
The Oah TEACH HEAL DISCOVER FALL/WINTER 2016 Tracking Down Oubreaks page 2 Teaming Up for Neko page 7 Turle Parnership Turns 20 page 9 Avian Fellowship Creaes Nes Egg page 10 Life-changing Impac Going
More informationFilter Regulator with Back Flow Mechanism AW20K/30K/40K. How to Order. Symbol. Note 4) J N R W Z. Note 5) Note 6) Accessories Note 3) Symbol.
Filer Regulaor wih ack Flow Mechanism K/3K/4K 3 K F 3 ow o Order ircui diagram 3 4K K hen he air supply is cu off and releasing he inle pressure o he amosphere, he residual pressure release of he oule
More informationSolid-state Timer H3BA-N. Broad Line-up of Series Solid-state Timer with Valuable Multiple-time Ranges and Multiple-operating Modes
Solid-sae Timer H3BA-N Please read and undersand his caalog before purchasing he producs. Please consul your OMRON represenaive if you have any quesions or commens. Refer o Warrany and Applicaion Consideraions
More informationSolenoid valve type EVR for Hydrocarbons
MAKING MODERN LIVING POSSIBLE Technical brochure Solenoid valve type EVR for Hydrocarbons EVR for Hydrocarbons is a direct or servo operated solenoid valve especially designed for liquid, suction, and
More informationInstallation & Technical Handbook for Marsh Industries Products
Insallaion & echnical Handbook for Marsh Indusries Producs Page 4 Ensign Sewage Plan, Uni:Gem and Five Filer Insallaion 6 Ulra Polylok Insallaion 8 Sepic ank Insallaion 10 Marsh Ensign ank Dimensions 12
More informationWhat is a Practical (ASTM C 618) SAI--Strength Activity Index for Fly Ashes that can be used to Proportion Concretes Containing Fly Ash?
2017 World of Coal Ash (WOCA) Conference in Lexingon, KY - May 9-11, 2017 hp://www.flyash.info/ Wha is a Pracical (ASTM C 618) SAI--Srengh Aciviy Index for Fly Ashes ha can be used o Proporion Concrees
More informationSWIMMING POOL HEAT PUMP UNITS. Installation & Instruction Manual DURA - series
SWIMMIG POO HEAT PUMP UITS Insallaion & Insrucion Manual DUA - series ev. 1.12 29.07.2014 Conens SWIMMIG POO HEAT PUMP UITS... 1! Conens... 2! 1. Preface... 3! 2. Specificaions... 4! 2.1 Technical daa
More informationChapter / rev/min Ans. C / in. C mm Ans teeth Ans. C / mm Ans.
Chaper 13 13-1 dp 17 / 8 15 in N 110 dg dp 15 4375 in N3 544 NG PdG 84375 35 eeh C 15 4375 / 35 in Ans Ans ng 1600 15 / 60 400 rev/min Ans p m 3 mm Ans C 3 15 60 115 mm Ans 13-13-3 N G 16 4 64 eeh Ans
More informationEXAMINING THE FEASIBILITY OF PAIRED CLOSELY-SPACED PARALLEL APPROACHES
EXAMINING THE FEASIBILITY OF PAIRED CLOSELY-SPACED PARALLEL APPROACHES Seven J. Landry and Amy R. Priche Georgia Insiue of Technology Alana GA 30332-0205 ABSTRACT Paired closely-spaced parallel approaches
More informationThe Measuring System for Estimation of Power of Wind Flow Generated by Train Movement and Its Experimental Testing
Energy and Power Engineering, 2014, 6, 333-339 Published Online Ocober 2014 in SciRes. hp://www.scirp.org/journal/epe hp://dx.doi.org/10.4236/epe.2014.611028 The Measuring Sysem for Esimaion of Power of
More informationINSTALLATION AND OPERATION MANUAL
INSTALLATION AND OPERATION MANUAL PARKING LIFT / 7,000 POUND CAPACITY PLEASE READ THE ENTIRE CONTENTS OF THIS MANUAL PRIOR TO INSTALLATION AND OPERATION. BY PROCEEDING YOU AGREE THAT YOU FULLY UNDERSTAND
More informationINSTALLATION AND OPERATION MANUAL
IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS PLEASE READ THE ENTIRE CONTENTS OF THIS MANUAL PRIOR TO INSTALLATION AND OPERATION. BY PROCEEDING WITH LIFT INSTALLATION AND OPERATION YOU AGREE THAT
More informationSIMULATION OF WAVE EFFECT ON SHIP HYDRODYNAMICS BY RANSE
1 h Inernaional Conference on Sabiliy of Ships and Ocean Vehicles 591 SIMULATION OF WAVE EFFECT ON SHIP HYDRODYNAMICS BY RANSE Qiuxin Gao, Universiy of Srahclyde, UK, Gao.q.x@srah.ac.uk Dracos Vassalos,
More informationLifecycle Funds. T. Rowe Price Target Retirement Fund. Lifecycle Asset Allocation
Lifecycle Funds Towards a Dynamic Asse Allocaion Framework for Targe Reiremen Funds: Geing Rid of he Dogma in Lifecycle Invesing Anup K. Basu Queensland Universiy of Technology The findings of he Mercer
More informationMinistry of Agriculture and Rural Development Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate
Minisry of Agriculure and Rural Developmen Animal and Plan Healh Regulaory Direcorae Checklis for saus of slaugherhouses for cale, sheep and goas (General informaion) i Addis Ababa Ehiopia 1 1. Background
More informationHafcoVac Compressed Air Industrial Vacuum Product Line
HafcoVac Compressed Air Indusrial Vacuum Produc Line OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS & SAFETY MANUAL Thank you for your purchase of a HafcoVac produc. HafcoVac is a division of Hafco Foundry and Machine Company,
More information29 B ROUTE Bus Times Summer NOTES a = Time at Vicarage Way. * = On Schooldays bus operates up to 5 minutes later.
Brighon Lewes Ringmer / Touris Aracions Lewes for Hisoric own wih Casle; Isfield for Lavender Line Railway; for Spa Valley Railway, Paniles CiySAVER ickes are only valid beween Brighon and Falmer. nework
More informationNeighborhood & Community Services Department
Bren Childers NCS Direcor Telephone: 270.393.3658 Fax: 270.901.3126 Bren.Childers@bgky.org 707 E. Main A PO Box 430 Bowling Green, Kenucky 42102 www.bgky.org January 20, 2017 Dear Propery Owner: Neighborhood
More informationBRAVO 100 BRAVO 101 BRAVO 110
2017 HAND PUMPS ITEM BRAVO 100 BRAVO 101 BRAVO 110 PART NUMBER 6120500 6120600 6120700 CAPACITY 2 x 2 liers 2 x 1.5 liers 2 x 2.5 liers MAX. PRESSURE 1,9 BAR (27.5 PSI) 1,9 BAR (27.5 PSI) 1 BAR (14.5 PSI)
More informationOwner s Manual SSCI. Wheeling, IL (800) Form No /08
Owner s Manual Classic Bahing Table wih Access Door! Convenien Access Door & Roaing Ramp! Selec,, or Fauce Locaion! Pick 48-in or 60-in Table Widh! Choice of Inegral Splash Shields Model Numbers: 13022-LA-HJJRDR
More informationI t ' 4 ti. t ti. IQ:::: mass x heat of fusion (or heat of vaporization) I HEAT AND ITS MEASUREMENT. t t. t f I I I. Name
HEAT AND TS MEASUREMENT Name a (or energy) can be measured in unis of calories or joules. When here is a,,,,,,nperaure change (AT), hea (Q) can be calculaed using his formula: During a phase change, we
More informationINSTALLATION AND OPERATION MANUAL
EUROPEAN USERS 400V 50Hz SUPPLY DETAILS ARE INCLUDED WITH ELECTRICAL CONTROL BOX. DISREGARD SUPPLY WIRING DETAILS IN THIS MANUAL IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS PLEASE READ THE ENTIRE
More informationINSTALLATION AND OPERATION MANUAL
IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS PLEASE READ THE ENTIRE CONTENTS OF THIS MANUAL PRIOR TO INSTALLATION AND OPERATION. BY PROCEEDING WITH LIFT INSTALLATION AND OPERATION YOU AGREE THAT YOU FULLY UNDERSTAND
More informationRECOMMENDATION FOR INTERCHANGEABLE STUD BOLTS AND TAP END STUDS FOR API SPEC 6A FLANGES
Issue Dae: June 6 15 Revision B June 2010 RECOMMENDAION FOR INERCHANGEABE UD BO AND A END UD FOR AI EC 6A FANGE ECHNICA REOR R501 Revision B AWHEM publicaions may be use by anyone esiring o o so. Every
More informationKEY CONCEPTS AND PROCESS SKILLS. 1. An allele is one of the two or more forms of a gene present in a population. MATERIALS AND ADVANCE PREPARATION
Gene Squares 61 40- o 2 3 50-minue sessions ACIVIY OVERVIEW P R O B L E M S O LV I N G SUMMARY Sudens use Punne squares o predic he approximae frequencies of rais among he offspring of specific crier crosses.
More informationDannmar EQUIPMENT SX-6/XL USER MANUAL. Dannmar Equipment 646 Flinn Avenue, Suite A Moorpark, CA Tel:
Dannmar Equipmen 646 Flinn Avenue, Suie A Moorpark, CA 93021 Tel: 1-877-432-6627 www.dannmar.com Dannmar R EQUIPMENT SX-6/XL USER MANUAL PORTABLE MID-RISE SCISSOR LIFT 6,000 POUND CAPACITY Also known as
More informationHomework 2. is unbiased if. Y is consistent if. c. in real life you typically get to sample many times.
Econ526 Mulile Choice. Homework 2 Choose he one ha bes comlees he saemen or answers he quesion. (1) An esimaor ˆ µ of he oulaion value µ is unbiased if a. ˆ µ = µ. b. has he smalles variance of all esimaors.
More information2. JOMON WARE ROPE STYLES
Proceedings of he IIEEJ Image Elecronics and Visual Compuing Workshop 2012 Kuching, Malaysia, November 21-24, 2012 A SIMULATION SYSTEM TO SYNTHESIZE ROPE ROLLING PATTERNS IN A VIRTUAL SPACE FOR RESEARCH
More information) and magnetization left from the last breath (10), as follows:
RSNA, 206 0.48/radiol.20550495 Appendix E heory Fracional venilaion (FV) for a volume elemen in he lung is a nondimensional meric defined as he raio of he inspired gas added o ha elemen o he oal gas space
More informationA Liability Tracking Portfolio for Pension Fund Management
Proceedings of he 46h ISCIE Inernaional Symposium on Sochasic Sysems Theory and Is Applicaions Kyoo, Nov. 1-2, 214 A Liabiliy Tracking Porfolio for Pension Fund Managemen Masashi Ieda, Takashi Yamashia
More information1 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S { U V W X Y Z 1 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S { U V W X Y Z
o ffix uden abel ere uden ame chool ame isric ame/ ender emale ale onh ay ear ae of irh an eb ar pr ay un ul ug ep c ov ec as ame irs ame lace he uden abel ere ae uden denifier chool se nly rined in he
More informationP/Q. Alternate control. Real-time Fieldbus Reference. Enhanced Diagnostic E-SW-PS/S E-SW-PS/S. E-SW-*/S programming software. Set code (see note)
www.aos.com Table G212obs/E Digial elecronic drivers ype E-RI-TES, E-RI-LES wih /S* opions inegral-o-valve forma, for proporional valves wih addiional alernae /Q conrol obsolee componens - availabiliy
More informationOverview. Do white-tailed tailed and mule deer compete? Ecological Definitions (Birch 1957): Mule and white-tailed tailed deer potentially compete.
COMPETITION BETWEEN MULE AND WHITE- TAILED DEER METAPOPULATIONS IN NORTH-CENTRAL WASHINGTON E. O. Garon, Kris Hennings : Fish and Wildlife Dep., Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844 Maureen Murphy, and Seve
More informationFORECASTING TECHNIQUES ADE 2013 Prof Antoni Espasa TOPIC 1 PART 2 TRENDS AND ACCUMULATION OF KNOWLEDGE. SEASONALITY HANDOUT
FORECASTING TECHNIQUES ADE 2013 Prof Anoni Espasa TOPIC 1 PART 2 TRENDS AND ACCUMULATION OF KNOWLEDGE. SEASONALITY HANDOUT February 2013 MAIN FACTORS CAUSING TRENDS Increases in populaion. Seady inflaion.
More informationCapacities Valve Station, type ICF 15, 20, 25
Data sheet Capacities Valve Station, type ICF 15, 20, 25 Based on advanced technology the ICF valve station incorporates several functions in one housing, which can replace a series of conventional mechanical,
More information