7 Gas exchange in humans
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1 Class: Name: ( ) Date: 7 Gas exchange in humans 7.1 The human breathing system (Book 1B, p. 7-3) Cells carry out (1) to release energy for cellular activities. To ensure the supply of (2) to cells and the removal of (3) from cells, gas exchange ( 氣體交換 ) takes place continuously between the cells and the external environment. In humans, a (4) ( 呼吸系統 ) is developed for efficient gas exchange. A (5) ( 運送系統 ) is also developed to carry gases between the sites of gas exchange and other body cells. The human breathing system consists of the (6) ( 呼吸道 ) and structures that aid breathing. nasal cavity ( 鼻腔 ) pharynx ( 咽 ) (7) ( 鼻孔 ) (8) ( 小支氣管 ) intercostal muscle ( 肋間肌 ) (9) ( 肋骨 ) air sac ( 氣囊 ) inner pleural membrane ( 內胸膜 ) outer pleural membrane ( 外胸膜 ) pleural cavity ( 胸膜腔 ) (10) ( 會厭 ) (11) ( 喉 ) (12) ( 氣管 ) (13) ( 支氣管 ) lung ( 肺 ) diaphragm ( 橫膈膜 ) The human breathing system (Second Edition) - 1 -
2 Structure Feature Nostril With (14) to filter larger dust particles from the air Nasal cavity Lined with mucus-secreting cells which secrete (15) ( 黏液 ) to trap dust particles and bacteria, and moisten the incoming air Lined with ciliated epithelial cells ( 纖毛上皮細胞 ) which have (16) ( 纖毛 ) to sweep the mucus towards pharynx Lined with capillaries which carry blood to warm up the incoming air Pharynx Where the respiratory tract and the alimentary canal meet Epiglottis Covers the opening of larynx during (17) to prevent choking Larynx Trachea Bronchus Mainly made of (18) Contains vocal cords ( 聲帶 ) which vibrate to produce sound Supported by (19) cartilages Lined with mucus-secreting cells, ciliated epithelial cells and capillaries Supported by circular rings of cartilages Lined with mucus-secreting cells, ciliated epithelial cells and capillaries Lung Mainly composed of bronchioles and air sacs Bronchiole No cartilage Larger ones lined with mucus-secreting cells and ciliated epithelial cells Air sac Rib Intercostal muscle Pleural membranes Provides a large respiratory surface ( 呼吸表面 ) Surrounded by a network of (20) Makes up the rib cage ( 肋骨籃 ) with (21) ( 胸骨 ) and vertebral column ( 脊柱 ) to protect the lungs Located between each pair of ribs Involved in breathing Enclose the lungs Secrete (22) ( 胸膜液 ) Pleural cavity Diaphragm Contains pleural fluid which acts as a (23) to reduce friction during breathing movement A sheet of muscle lying at the bottom of the rib cage Involved in breathing (Second Edition) - 2 -
3 The path of air flowing through the respiratory tract into the lungs: Nasal cavity (24) larynx (25) bronchus bronchiole (in lungs) (26) (in lungs) Go to Practical 7.1 Examination of the mammalian breathing system (Book 1B, p. 7-4; Practical Workbook for SBA 1B, p. 7-1) Practical 7.2 Examination of pig lungs (Book 1B, p. 7-9; Practical Workbook for SBA 1B, p. 7-4) 7.2 Gas exchange in the air sacs (Book 1B, p. 7-10) A How does gas exchange take place? (Book 1B, p. 7-10) blood from pulmonary artery red blood cell oxygen carbon dioxide water film epithelium (one-cell thick) blood to pulmonary veins Uptake of oxygen by the blood 1 Inhaled air flows into the air sacs. 2 Oxygen in the inhaled air (1) in the water film lining the air sacs. 3 Since the oxygen concentration in the water film is (2) (lower / higher) than that in the blood, oxygen (3) across the walls of the air sacs and the capillaries into the blood. Removal of carbon dioxide into the air sacs 1 Since the carbon dioxide concentration in the blood is (4) (lower / higher) than that in the water film lining the air sacs, carbon dioxide diffuses across the walls of the capillaries and the air sacs into the air in the air sacs. 2 Carbon dioxide is removed from the body when we exhale. (Second Edition) - 3 -
4 B What are the adaptive features of air sacs for gas exchange? (Book 1B, p. 7-11) Large in number Feature Thin walls ((6) thick) Adaptation Provides a very large (5) for the diffusion of gases Reduces the diffusion distance (7) inner surface Allows gases to dissolve before diffusing across the walls of the air sacs Richly supplied with capillaries Lying close to the capillaries Allows rapid transport of gases, which helps maintain a steep (8) gradient of gases between the air sacs and the blood Reduces the diffusion (9) C What is the difference in composition between inhaled air and exhaled air? (Book 1B, p. 7-12) Inhaled air Exhaled air Oxygen 21% 16% Carbon dioxide 0.03% 4% Reason for the difference Oxygen in inhaled air diffuses from the air sacs into the blood during gas exchange. It is then used by the body cells for (10). Carbon dioxide produced by body cells during respiration diffuses from the blood into the air sacs during gas exchange. (11) 78% 78% It is not used or produced by body cells. Water vapour Variable Saturated Air is moistened by the (12) lining the respiratory tract and the water film lining the air sacs. Other gases 1% 1% They are not used or produced by body cells. Exhaled air is warmer than inhaled air because exhaled air is warmed by the blood in the (13). (Second Edition) - 4 -
5 Go to Practical 7.3 Examination of mammalian air sacs (Book 1B, p. 7-12; Practical Workbook for SBA 1B, p. 7-8) Practical 7.4 Comparison of the oxygen content of inhaled air and exhaled air (Book 1B, p. 7-12; Practical Workbook for SBA 1B, p. 7-10) Practical 7.5 Comparison of the carbon dioxide content of inhaled air and exhaled air (Book 1B, p. 7-13; Practical Workbook for SBA 1B, p. 7-12) 7.3 Transport of respiratory gases (Book 1B, p. 7-16) A How is oxygen transported? (Book 1B, p. 7-16) Oxygen is mainly transported by (1) in the blood. Computer artwork of red blood cells Adaptive features of red blood cells for carrying oxygen: Feature Adaptation I Fully packed with haemoglobin ( 血紅蛋白 ) a Provides a short distance for oxygen to reach and leave the haemoglobin in the red blood cells rapidly II Biconcave disc shape b Provides more room for holding haemoglobin ( 雙凹圓盤狀 ) c Provides a large surface area to volume ratio for III No nucleus when mature the diffusion of oxygen d Allows the red blood cells to carry a large amount of oxygen I: (2) II: (3) & (4) III: (5) (Second Edition) - 5 -
6 Uptake of oxygen from air sacs inhaled air oxygen air sac haemoglobin + oxygen oxyhaemoglobin capillary red blood cell blood flow direction 1 The oxygen concentration in the air sacs is (6) (low / high) due to the continuous replacement of air from the external environment. 2 Oxygen in the air sacs diffuses into red blood cells. 3 Oxygen combines with haemoglobin to form (7) ( 氧合血紅蛋白 ), which gives the blood a bright red colour. haemoglobin + oxygen oxyhaemoglobin 4 The red blood cells containing oxyhaemoglobin are then carried to the body tissue. Release of oxygen to body tissue body cell oxyhaemoglobin haemoglobin + oxygen capillary red blood cell blood flow direction 1 The oxygen concentration in the body tissue is (8) (low / high) because the body cells in the tissue consume oxygen for respiration. 2 Oxyhaemoglobin in the red blood cells breaks down into haemoglobin and oxygen. oxyhaemoglobin haemoglobin + oxygen 3 The oxygen diffuses into the body cells and the blood becomes purplish red. (Second Edition) - 6 -
7 B How is carbon dioxide transported? (Book 1B, p. 7-18) Uptake of carbon dioxide from body tissue body cell plasma enzyme CO 2 + H 2 O H + + HCO 3 HCO 3 capillary red blood cell blood flow direction 1 The carbon dioxide concentration in the body tissue is (9) (low / high) because carbon dioxide is continuously produced by body cells through respiration. 2 Most carbon dioxide diffuses into red blood cells and reacts with (10) to form (11) ( 碳酸氫鹽離子 ). enzyme carbon dioxide + water hydrogen ion (H + ) + hydrogencarbonate ion (HCO 3 ) 3 The hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse out of the red blood cells and are carried by the (12) to the air sacs. Release of carbon dioxide to air sacs exhaled CO 2 air sac enzyme HCO 3 HCO 3 + H + CO 2 + H 2 O plasma red blood cell blood flow direction capillary 1 The carbon dioxide concentration in the air sacs is (13) (low / high) because carbon dioxide is continuously removed through exhalation. 2 Hydrogencarbonate ions in the plasma enter the red blood cells and break down into carbon dioxide and water. hydrogen ion (H + ) + hydrogencarbonate ion (HCO 3 ) enzyme carbon dioxide + water 3 The carbon dioxide diffuses into the plasma and then into the air sacs, and is finally exhaled. (Second Edition) - 7 -
8 7.4 Ventilation (Book 1B, p. 7-20) Ventilation ( 換氣 ) is necessary to bring fresh air to the lungs to maintain a high (1) content in the air sacs and to remove (2) from the lungs. It includes (3) ( 吸氣 ) and (4) ( 呼氣 ). Mechanism of inhalation and exhalation: Inhalation Exhalation air flow air flow movement of rib cage movement of rib cage Intercostal muscles Rib cage Diaphragm muscles Diaphragm Volume of thoracic cavity Volume of lungs Air pressure in the lungs movement of diaphragm (5) (Contract / Relax) Moves (6) (upwards / downwards) and (7) (inwards / outwards) (8) (Contract / Relax) (9) (Recoils to dome shape / Flattens) (10) (Increases / Decreases) (11) (Increases / Decreases) Becomes (12) (lower / higher) than the atmospheric pressure movement of diaphragm (13) (Contract / Relax) Moves (14) (upwards / downwards) and (15) (inwards / outwards) (16) (Contract / Relax) (17) (Recoils to dome shape / Flattens) (18) (Increases / Decreases) (19) (Increases / Decreases) Becomes (20) (lower / higher) than the atmospheric pressure Air flow Into the lungs Out of the lungs (Second Edition) - 8 -
9 The volume of lungs and the air pressure in the lungs change periodically as we breathe. The change in volume of lungs during inhalation and exhalation: (21) (inhalation / exhalation) (22) (inhalation / exhalation) volume of lungs time (s) The change in air pressure in the lungs during inhalation and exhalation: (23) (inhalation / exhalation) (24) (inhalation / exhalation) air pressure in lungs atmospheric pressure time (s) (Second Edition) - 9 -
10 A (25) model can be used to illustrate the movement of the ribs during inhalation and exhalation. In the model, the vertical rods represent the vertebral column and the (26). The horizontal rods represent the (27). The rubber band represents the (28). Inhalation 2 Ribs move upwards and outwards. Exhalation 2 Ribs move downwards and inwards. 1 Intercostal muscles contract. 3 Volumes of the thoracic cavity and lungs increase. 1 Intercostal muscles relax. 3 Volumes of the thoracic cavity and lungs decrease. A (29) model can be used to show how the movement of the diaphragm brings about inhalation and exhalation. In the model, the rubber sheet represents the (30). The wall of the bell jar represents the (31). The balloons represent the (32). Inhalation Exhalation 4 Air rushes into the lungs. 4 Air is forced out. 3 Volume of the lungs increases. 3 Volume of the lungs decreases. 1 Diaphragm is pulled down. 2 Volume of the thoracic cavity increases. The air pressure inside decreases. 1 Diaphragm is pushed upwards. 2 Volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. The air pressure inside increases. (Second Edition)
11 Answers Ch 7 Gas exchange in humans respiration 2 oxygen 3 carbon dioxide 4 breathing system 5 transport system 6 respiratory tract 7 nostril 8 bronchiole 9 rib 10 epiglottis 11 larynx 12 trachea 13 bronchus 14 hairs 15 mucus 16 cilia 17 swallowing 18 cartilage 19 C-shaped 20 capillaries 21 sternum 22 pleural fluid 23 lubricant 24 pharynx 25 trachea 26 air sac dissolves 2 higher 3 diffuses 4 higher 5 surface area 6 one-cell 7 Moist 8 concentration 9 distance 10 respiration 11 Nitrogen 12 mucus 13 capillaries red blood cells 2 d 3 a / c 4 c / a 5 b 6 high 7 oxyhaemoglobin 8 low 9 high 10 water 11 hydrogencarbonate ions 12 plasma 13 low oxygen 2 carbon dioxide 3 inhalation 4 exhalation 5 Contract 6 upwards 7 outwards 8 Contract 9 Flattens 10 Increases 11 Increases 12 lower 13 Relax 14 downwards 15 inwards 16 Relax 17 Recoils to dome shape 18 Decreases 19 Decreases 20 higher 21 inhalation 22 exhalation 23 inhalation 24 exhalation 25 rib-cage 26 sternum 27 ribs 28 intercostal muscles 29 bell-jar 30 diaphragm 31 thoracic wall 32 lungs (Second Edition)
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