BERKELEY DAVIS IRVINE LOS ANGELES MERCED RIVERSIDE SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO

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1 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO UCSD BERKELEY DAVIS IRVINE LOS ANGELES MERCED RIVERSIDE SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SANTA BARBARA SANTA CRUZ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE DIVISION OF PHYSIOLOGY 9500 GILMAN DRIVE LA JOLLA, CA PHONE: (440) Sinya Benyajati, Ph.D. Chair, Comparative and Evolutionary Physiology Section The American Physiological Society Dear Dr. Benyajati, I would like to nominate Dr. Paul Ponganis for the August Krogh Distinguished Lectureship, His address is pponganis@ucsd.edu. Paul is a Research Physiologist at Scripps Institution of Oceanography. I have never had a mentor as kind, patient, and impressive as Dr. Paul Ponganis. You will see from his CV that Dr. Ponganis is performing at the highest level in the field of integrative and comparative physiology, with close to 100 peer-reviewed publications. This consistent level of productivity is nothing short of incredible, considering that Dr. Ponganis also practices full-time as a cardiac anesthesiologist. Despite this dual-career lifestyle, Dr. Ponanis always made time to support me throughout my graduate career, and was always available for guidance with science and life. I remember several times when he would come into lab early in the morning to assist me with laboratory experiments, prep for field work, or to write grant proposals and manuscripts, despite having spent the entire previous day and night in surgery. His passion for science is certainly contagious. In terms of diving physiology, he has pioneered some of the most exciting work investigating the physiological responses of diving animals and recently wrote a major book titled The Diving Physiology of Aquatic Animals which serves as the major reference material for his field. His work has elucidated physiological mechanisms diving animals utilize to tolerate dives of extreme depth and duration. Prior to working with Dr. Ponganis, I was under the impression that many questions we would be pursuing were 1) logistically impossible to perform in free-ranging animals, and 2) beyond the scope of technology that were currently available. However, Dr. Ponganis continues to redefine what physiological parameters can be collected from freely diving animals (e.g. continuous measurements of arterial and venous P O2, muscle myoglobin saturation, heart rate). Considering the extreme physiological responses of diving animals (e.g. bradycardia, ischemia-reperfusion, hyoxia tolerance), Dr. Ponganis is a perfect example of someone that routinely applies the Krogh Principle in his everyday research. There is no doubt that he will give one of the most exciting Krogh lectures ever. Gerald Kooyman, 2011 Krogh lecturer: Paul joined me and my research group at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in He left a Professorship at Stanford University Medical School. It was a big gamble and showed remarkable commitment to comparative physiology. Although it turned out not to be such a risk for him, considering his drive, and soon he had developed his own program that had a draw for some of the most outstanding students and postdocs I ve had the pleasure of working next to. As a next door office neighbor I benefitted greatly from his knowledge and that of his students through many discussions while in the field with the group, and back in the lab at SIO. No senior scientist could feel more blessed than I to have such a collaborator, mentor and friend over all these years. Yes, we are still very close friends and collaborate well after 30 years working together! He sets a high bar for fellow scientists and students to try and emulate. His recent book is within arms reach from my desk at all times as a ready, up-to-date reference on diving physiology. He will absolutely deliver one of the best Krogh lectures ever.

2 Bill Milsom, 2009 Krogh lecturer: Paul has been a leading contributor to the field of diving physiology of marine mammals and birds for decades, furthering the understanding of the exceptional physiological adaptations of numerous species of diving animals. He has contributed extensively to our understanding of the management of oxygen stores in two of the champions of diving, the emperor penguin and the elephant seal. At the present time, I know of no other researcher conducting the sort of in-depth diving physiology investigations that regularly emerge from Paul s lab. His work is creative, original and ambitious and results in high-impact findings and publications in the scientific community. More specifically, Paul employs cutting edge technologies in achieving his goals, most often in the form of innovative backpack microprocessor systems that he elaborately and cunningly manages to deploy on animals in their natural habitats. It should also be stressed that the complex and logistical challenges of conducting these sorts of studies in the field, not to mention in some of the most extreme environments on the planet (Antarctica), make these accomplishments even more impressive. There is a high level of risk inherent in these types of experiments, but Paul s courage in undertaking these studies has certainly been rewarded with the ground-breaking data he has collected. Bob Shadwick, Professor at UBC, Vancouver: I wholly support the nomination of Dr. Paul Ponganis for the August Krogh Distinguished Lectureship Award. Paul is a leading authority in the field of diving physiology of air breathing vertebrates and has been a pioneer in conducting field studies in extreme environments for more than 30 years. Cassondra Williams, former Ponganis graduate student, winner of the Frieman prize for the best student paper of the year, and now Postdoctoral Fellow at the National Marine Mammal Foundation: Researching the physiology of freely diving animals has always been a daunting challenge that no one has met with such drive as Paul Ponganis. He developed some of the first instruments that continuously measure the partial pressure of oxygen, body temperature, heart rate, and 3-axes of acceleraton in freely diving animals. Our understanding of diving physiology is based in large part on his work over the past three decades. Without his work, key mechanisms such as vascular plasticity and extreme hypoxemic tolerance that enable freely diving animals to remain submerged for long durations would remain a mystery. Further, he humbly encourages former students and post-docs to continue using this technology in new labs, including the Milsom lab at UBC, Peter Madsen s lab at Aarhus University, and the Hicks lab at University of California, Irvine. In sum, not only has Paul made remarkable contributions to our knowledge of the physiology of diving animals, he has changed the way we study these animals. As a PhD student in his lab, I had the privilege to work with him on developing an instrument to measure muscle oxygen in diving animals. There was never a question that it couldn t be done; rather it was a matter of how to do it and to keep trying when one method failed. As a mentor, he is incomparable. There is no one I know who inspires the quest for scientific discovery more than Paul. His generosity with knowledge drives innovation and research, making his impact in the field extend far beyond himself. Jessica Meir, former Ponganis graduate student and now NASA astronaut, Houston, TX: I was fortunate enough to be one of Dr. Ponganis' graduate students, working closely with him for 6 years on projects which were built upon the solid foundation he had in place from decades of research. These years include some of the most memorable and formative experiences of my life, enabled by the support and efforts of Dr. Ponganis. Despite his dual, intense career as an anesthesiologist and academic, he always ensures that he is available to his students, ready to make time for us after hours, on weekends, or anytime required. I am still in awe of how Dr. Ponganis manages to consistently produce cutting edge research and publications at such a pace, more prolific than a vast majority of academics, all performed outside of his full-time position in medicine. The experiences and knowledge I gained in the lab, in the field, and even just in casual conversation with Dr. Ponganis were absolutely invaluable not only to my PhD thesis but also to my development as a young scientist, and perhaps most importantly, to me on a personal level. Dr. Ponganis is truly an exceptional scientist, advisor, and above all, human being. He has been a source of inspiration and support for me since I first met his acquaintance, and I know will remain so throughout my life. Please consider Dr. Paul Ponganis for the 2019 August Krogh Distinguished Lectureship. Do not hesitate to contact me with questions.

3 Sincerely, Michael S. Tift, PhD 2017 APS Scholander Awardee Postdoctoral Fellow University of California, San Diego School of Medicine - Division of Physiology 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA

4 PAUL J. PONGANIS Biographical Sketch Degrees: A.B., University of California, Santa Cruz, Stevenson College, 1972 Ph.D., University of California, Santa Cruz, 1976 M.D., Stanford University, 1979 Member: American Society of Anesthesiologists Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiology American Zoological Society American Physiological Society Society for Marine Mammalogy Diplomate, American Board of Anesthesiology Honors: California State Fellow California State Scholar Honors in Biology, College Honors, University of California Santa Cruz, Stevenson College, 1972 Robert D. Dripps, M.D., Memorial Award for Outstanding Graduate Resident in Anesthesiology, Stanford, June, 1982 Physician of Excellence Award, San Diego County Medical Society, 2005, 2007, 2010 Ponganis Icefall, Coulman Island, Antarctica, USGS Site Designation, 2005 Plenary Lecture Physiology Bio-logging II Conference, 2005, St. Andrews, Scotland Plenary Lecture Physiology Bio-logging III Conference, 2008, Monterey, CA William Hoar Memorial Lecture , University of British Columbia Professional Employment: Assistant Professor, Department of Anesthesia, Stanford Medical Center, Stanford, California Specialist III, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego Specialist IV, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego 1983-Present Anesthesiologist, Anesthesia Service Medical Group, San Diego, California Research Associate, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego Associate Research Marine Biologist and Marine Physiologist, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego 1999-Present Research Marine Biologist and Marine Physiologist, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego 2008-Present Volunteer Associate Clinical Professor of Anesthesia, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego Publications: Tift, M. S., L. A. Hückstädt and P. J. Ponganis. (2018). Anterior vena caval oxygen profiles in a deep-diving California sea lion: arteriovenous shunts, a central venous oxygen store and oxygenation during lung collapse. Journal of Experimental Biology 221, /jeb Ponganis, P. J., McDonald, B. I., Tift, M. S., Gonzalez, S. C., DaValle, B., Gliniecki, R. A., Stehman, C. C., Hauff, N., Ruddick, B. and Howard, R. (2017). Effects of inhalational anesthesia on blood gases and ph in California sea lions. Marine Mammal Science 33, Ponganis, P. J., McDonald, B. I., Tift, M. S. and Williams, C. L. (2017). Heart rate regulation in diving sea lions: the vagus nerve rules. The Journal of Experimental Biology 220,

5 Tift, M. S., Hückstädt, L. A., McDonald, B. I., Thorson, P. H. and Ponganis, P. J. (2017). Flipper stroke rate and venous oxygen levels in free-ranging California sea lions. Journal of Experimental Biology 220, Kooyman, G. L. and Ponganis, P. J. (2017). Rise and fall of Ross Sea emperor penguin colony populations: 2000 to Antarctic Science, 1-8. Ponganis, P.J. (2016). Advances in Technology: Blood-sampling at depth. Focus on Development of an animal-borne blood sample collection device and its deployment for the determination of cardiovascular and stress hormones in submerged phocid seals. American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 311, R917-R918. Cristofari, R., Bertorelle, G., Ancel, A., Benazzo, A., Le Maho, Y., Ponganis, P. J., Stenseth, N. C., Trathan, P. N., Whittongton, J. D., Zanetti, E., Zitterbart, D. P., Le Bohec, C. & Trucchi, E Full circumpolar migration ensures evolutionary unity in the Emperor penguin. Nature Communications, 7, DOI: /ncomms Ponganis, P.J. and Williams, C.L Oxygen stores and diving. In: Castelllini, M. and Mellish, J. (eds). Marine Mammal Physiology: Requisites for Ocean Living. CRC Press. Boca Rotan. Ponganis, P.J Diving Physiology of Marine Mammals and Seabirds. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Ponganis, P.J., St. Leger, J. and Scadeng, M Penguin lungs and air sacs: Implications for baroprotection, oxygen stores and buoyancy. Journal of Experimental Biology 218: Kooyman, G.L. and Ponganis, P.J Chick production at the largest emperor penguin colony decreases by 50% from Antarctic Science 26: Tift, M.S., Ponganis, P.J., and Crocker, D.E Elevated carboxyhemoglobin in a marine mammal, the northern elephant seal. Journal of Experimental Biology 217: McDonald, B.I., and Ponganis, P.J Deep-diving sea lions exhibit extreme bradycardia during long-duration dives. Journal of Experimental Biology 217: Wright, A.K., Ponganis, K.V., McDonald, B.I., and Ponganis P.J Heart rates of emperor penguins diving at sea: implications for oxygen store management. Marine Ecology Progress Series 496: Meir, J. U., Robinson, P. W., Vilchis, L. I., Kooyman, G. L., Costa, D. P. and Ponganis, P. J. (2013). Blood oxygen depletion is independent of dive function in a deep diving vertebrate, the northern elephant seal. PloS ONE 8, e McDonald, B. I. and Ponganis, P. J. (2013). Insights from venous oxygen profiles: oxygen utilization and management in diving California sea lions. Journal of Experimental Biology 216, Williams, C. L. and Ponganis, P. J. (2013). Muscle Oxygen Saturation Measurements in Diving Birds and Mammals Using NIRS. In: Jue, T. and Masuda, K. (eds.). Application of Near Infrared Spectroscopy in BiomedicineHandbook of Biophysics. New York: Springer Science. McDonald, B.I. and Ponganis, P.J Lung collapse in the diving sea lion: hold the nitrogen and save the oxygen. Biology Letters 8: Watanabe, S., Sato, K. and Ponganis, P.J Activity time budget during emepror penguin foraging trips. PLoS ONE 7, e Williams, C. L., Sato, K., Shiomi, K., and Ponganis, P. J. (2012). Muscle Energy Stores and Stroke Rates of Emperor

6 Penguins: Implications for Muscle Metabolism and Dive Performance. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 85, Shiomi, K., Sato, K., and Ponganis, P.J Point of no return in diving emperor penguins: is the timing of the decision to return limited by the number of strokes? Journal of Experimental Biology. 215: Zenteno-Savin, T., Vasquez-Medina, J. P., Cantu-Medellin, N., Ponganis, P. J. & Elsner, R Ischemia/reperfusion in diving birds and mammals: how they avoid oxidative damage. In: Zenteno-Savin, T., Vasquez-Medina, J. P. & Abele, D. (eds.) Oxidative Stress in Aquatic Ecosystems. Oxford: Wiley- Blackwell. Williams, C.L., Meir, J.U., and Ponganis, P.J What triggers the aerobic dive limit? Patterns of muscle oxygen depletion during dives of emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology 214: Ponganis, P. J., Meir, J. U. and Williams, C. L. (2011). In pursuit of Irving and Scholander: a review of oxygen store management in seals and penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology 214, Sato, K., Shiomi, K., Marshall, G., Kooyman, G. L. and Ponganis, P. J. (2011). Stroke rates and diving air volumes of emperor penguins: implications for dive performance. Journal of Experimental Biology 214, Ponganis, P.J Diving Mammals. In Terjung, R. (ed.) Comprehensive Physiology. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Ponganis, P.J., Welch, T.J., Welch. L.S., and Stockard, T.K Myoglobin production in emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology 213: Ponganis, P.J., Meir, J.U., and Williams, C.L Oxygen store depletion and the aerobic dive limit in emperor penguins. Aquatic Biology 8: Meir, J.U. and Ponganis, P.J Body temperature profiles of diving elephant seals. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 83: Zenteno-Savin, T., St. Leger, J., and Ponganis, P.J Hyoxemic and ischemic tolerance in emperor penguins. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C 152: Shiomi, K., Narazaki, T., Sato, K., Shimatani, K., Arais, N., Ponganis, P.J., and Miyazaki, N Data processing artefacts in three-dimensional dive path reconstruction from geomagnetic and acceleration data. Aquatic Biology8: Sato, K., Shiomi, K., Watanabe, Y., Watanuki,Y., Takahashi, A., and Ponganis, P.J Scaling of swim speed and stroke frequency in geometrically similar penguins: they swim optimally to minimize cost of transport. Proceedings Royal Society B 277: Houser, D.S., Dankiewicz-Talmadge, L.A., Stockard, T.K., and Ponganis, P.J Investigation of the potential for vascular bubble formation in a repetitively diving dolphin. Journal of Experimental Biology 213: Meir, J. U. and Ponganis, P. J. (2009). Hemoglobin oxygen affinity and saturation in diving emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology212: Meir, J. U., Champagne, C., Costa, D. P., Williams, C. L. and Ponganis, P. J Extreme hypoxemic tolerance and blood oxygen depletion in diving elephant seals. American Journal of Physiology 297: R927-R939. Ponganis, P.J.., Stockard, T.K., Meir, J.U., Williams, C.L., Ponganis, K.V., and Howard, R O 2 store management in diving emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology 212: Shiomi, K., Sato, K., Mitamura, H., Arai, N., Naito, Y., and Ponganis, P.J Effect of ocean current on the dead

7 reckoning estimation of 3-D dive paths of emperor penguins. Aquatic Biology 3: Ponganis, P.J., Kreutzer, U., Stockard, T.K., Lin, P-C., Sailasuta, N., Tran, T-K., Hurd, R., and Jue, T Blood flow and metabolic regulation in seal muscle during apnea. Journal of Experimental Biology 22: Kooyman, G.L., and Ponganis, P.J The initial journey of juvenile emperor penguins. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 17: Meir, J.U., Stockard, T.K., Williams, C.L., Ponganis, K.V., and Ponganis, P.J Heart rate regulation and extreme bradycardia in diving emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology 211: Barber-Meyer, S.M., Kooyman, G.L., and Ponganis, P.J Trends in western Ross Sea emperor penguin chick abundances and their relationship to climate. Antarctic Science 20: Ponganis, P.J., Stockard, T.K., Meir, J.U., Williams, C.L., Ponganis, K.V., van Dam, R.P., and Howard, R Returning on empty: extreme blood O 2 depletion underlies dive capacity of emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology, 210: Ponganis, P.J. and Stockard, T. K The Antarctic toothfish: how common a prey for Weddell seals? Antarctic Science 19: Barber-Meyer, S.M., Kooyman, G.L., and Ponganis, P.J Estimating the relative abundance of emperor penguins at inaccessible colonies using satellite imagery. Polar Biology 30: Stockard, T.K., Levenson, D.H., Berg, L., Fransioli, J.R., Baranov, E.A., and Ponganis, P.J Blood oxygen depletion during rest-associated apneas of northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Experimental Biology 210: Ponganis, P.J Bio-logging of physiological parameters in higher marine vertebrates. Deep-Sea Reseearch II 54: Kooyman, G.L., Ainley, D.G., Ballard, G., and Ponganis, P.J Effects of giant icebergs on two emperor penguin colonies in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Antarctic Science 19: Ponganis, P.J., Stockard, T. Knower, Levenson, D.H., Berg, L., and Baranov, E.A Intravascular pressure profiles in elephant seals: hypotheses on the vena caval sphincter, extradural vein, and venous return to the heart. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 145: Ponganis, P.J., Stockard, T. Knower, Levenson, D.H., Berg, L., and Baranov, E.A Cardiac output and muscle blood flow during rest-associated apneas of elephant seals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 144: Levenson, D.H., Ponganis, P.J., Crognale, M.A., Deegan II, J.F., Dizon, A., and Jacobs, G.H Visual pigments of marine carnivores: pinnipeds, polar bear, and sea otter. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 192: Stockard, T. Knower, Heil, J., Meir, J.U., Sato, K., Ponganis, K.V., and Ponganis, P.J Air sac P O2 and oxygen depletion during dives of emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology 208: Sato, K., Ponganis, P.J., Habara, Y., and Naito, Y Emperor penguins adjust swim speed according to the above-water height of ice holes through which they exit. Journal of Experimental Biology 208: Spragg, R.G., Ponganis, P.J., Marsh, J. J., Rau, G.A., and Bernhard, W Surfactant from diving aquatic mammals. Journal of Applied Physiology 96:

8 Kooyman, G.L., and Ponganis, P.J The icing of external recorders during the polar winter. In Naito, Y. Bio- Logging Science. Memoirs of the National Institute of Polar Research, Special Issue No. 58: National Institute of Polar Research. Tokyo. Ponganis, P.J., van Dam, R.P., Knower, T., Levenson, D.H., and Ponganis, K.V Deep dives and aortic temperatures of emperor penguins: new directions for bio-logging at the isolated dive hole. In Naito, Y. Bio-Logging Science. Memoirs of the National Institute of Polar Research, Special Issue No. 58: National Institute of Polar Research. Tokyo. Ponganis, P.J., Van Dam, R.P., Levenson, D.H., Knower, T., Ponganis, K.V., and Marshall, G. (2003). Regional heterothermy and conservation of core temperature in emperor penguins diving under sea ice. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 135: Ponganis, P.J., Kooyman, G.L., and Ridgway, S.H. (2003). Comparative Diving Physiology. In (Brubakk, A.O., and Neuman, T.S.). Physiology and Medicine of Diving. Saunders. Edinburgh. 779pp. Van Dam, R.P., Ponganis, P.J., Ponganis, K.V., Levenson, D.H., and Marshall, G Stroke frequencies of emperor penguins diving under sea ice. Journal of Experimental Biology 205: Ponganis, P.J. (2002). Circulatory System. In (Perrin, W.F., Wursig, B, and Thewissen, J.G.M.) Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. San Diego. 1414pp. Ponganis, P.J., Kreutzer, U., Sailasuta, N., Knower, T., Hurd, R., and Jue, T. (2002). Detection of myoglobin desaturation in Mirounga angustirostris during apnea. American Journal of Physiology 282: R267-R272. Jobsis, P.D., Ponganis, P.J., and Kooyman, G.L. (2001). Effects of training on forced submersion responses in harbor seals. Journal of Experimental Biology 204: Nagy, K.A., Kooyman, G.L., and Ponganis, P.J. (2001). Energetic cost of foraging in free-diving emperor penguins. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 74: Ponganis, P.J., Van Dam, R.P., Knower, T., and Levenson, D.H. (2001). Temperature regulation in emperor penguins foraging under sea ice. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 129: Ancel, A., Starke, L.N., Ponganis, P.J., Van Dam, R., and Kooyman, G.L. (2000). Energetics of surface swimming in Brandt's cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus Brandt). Journal of Experimental Biology 203: Ponganis, P.J., Van Dam, R.P., Marshall, G., Knower, T., and Levenson, D.H. (2000). Sub-ice foraging behavior of emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology 203, Ponganis, P.J., and Kooyman, G.L. (2000). Diving physiology of birds: the influence of studies on polar species. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 126: Ponganis, P.J., Kooyman, G.L., Van Dam, R., and Le Maho, Y. (1999). Physiological responses of king penguins during simulated diving to 136m depth. Journal of Experimental Biology 202: Ponganis, P.J. and Kooyman, G.L. (1999). Heart rate and electrocardiogram characteristics of a young California gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus). Marine Mammal Science 15: Ponganis, P. J., Starke, L. N., Horning, M., and Kooyman, G. L. (1999). Development of diving capacity in emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology 202:

9 Dolar, M.L.L., Suarez, P., Ponganis, P.J., and Kooyman, G.L. (1999). Myoglobin in pelagic small cetaceans. Journal of Experimental Biology 202: Kooyman, G.L., Ponganis, P.J., and Howard, R. S. (1999). Diving Animals. In Lundgren, C.E.G. and Miller, J.N. (eds). The Lung at Depth. Marcel Dekker. N.Y. 686pp. Crognale, M.A., Levenson, D.H., Ponganis, P.J., Deegan, II, J.F., and Jacobs, G.H. (1998). Cone spectral sensitivity in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) and implications for color vision. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76: Kooyman, G.L. and Ponganis, P.J. (1998). The physiological basis of diving to depth: birds and mammals. Annual Review of Physiology 60: Kooyman, G.L., and Ponganis, P.J. (1997). The challenges of diving to depth. American Scientist 85: Ponganis, P.J., Costello,M.A., Starke, L.N., Mathieu-Costello, O., and Kooyman, G.L. (1997) Structural and biochemical characteristics of locomotory muscle of emperor penguins, Aptenodytes forsteri. Respiration Physiology 9: Ponganis, P.J., Kooyman, G.L., Starke, L.N., Kooyman, C., and Kooyman, T. (1997) Post-dive lactate concentrations in emperor penguins, Aptenodytes forsteri. Journal of Experimental Biology 200: Ponganis, P.J., Kooyman, G.L., Baranov, E.A., Thorson, P.H., and Stewart, B.S. (1997). The aerobic submersion limit of Baikal seals, Phoca sibirica. Canadian Journal of Zoology 75: Ponganis P.J., Kooyman G.L., Winter L.M., Starke L.N. (1997) Heart rate and plasma lactate responses during submerged swimming and trained diving in California sea lions, Zalophus californianus. Journal of Comparative Physiology 167: 9-16 Ponganis P.J., Kooyman G.L., Castellini M.A. (1995) Multiple sightings of Arnoux's beaked whales along the Victoria Land Coast. Marine Mammal Science. 11: Kooyman G.L., Ponganis P.J. (1994) Emperor penguin oxygen consumption, heart rate, and plasma lactate levels during graded swimming exercise. Journal of Experimental Biology 195: Ponganis P.J., Kooyman G.L., Castellini M.A. (1993) Determinants of the aerobic dive limit of Weddell seals: Analysis of diving metabolic rates, post-dive and tidal po2's and blood and muscle oxygen stores. Physiological Zoology 66: Ponganis, P.J., Kooyman, G.L., Castellini, M.A., Ponganis, E.P., Ponganis, K.V. (1993) Muscle temperature and swim velocity profiles during diving in a Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddellii. Journal of Experimental Biology 183: Ancel A., Kooyman G.L., Ponganis P.J., Gendner J.-P., Lignon J., Mestre X., Huin N., Thorson P.H., Robisson P., Le Maho Y. (1992) Foraging behavior of emperor penguins as a resource detector in winter and summer. Nature 360: Kooyman G.L., Ponganis P.J., Castellini M.A., Ponganis E.P., Ponganis K.V., Thorson P.H., Eckert S.A., Le Maho Y. (1992) rates and swim speeds of emperor penguins diving under sea ice. Journal of Experimental Biology 165: Castellini, M.A., Kooyman, G.L., and Ponganis, P.J. (1992) Metabolic rates of freely diving Weddell seals: correlations with oxygen stores, swim velocity and diving duration. Journal of experimental Biology 165:

10 Ponganis P.J., Kooyman G.L., Sartoris D.J., Jobsis P. (1992) Pinniped splenic volumes. American Journal of Physiology 262: R322-R325. Ponganis P.J., Gentry R.L., Ponganis E.P., Ponganis K.V. (1992) Analysis of swim velocities during deep and shallow dives of two northern fur seals, Callorhinus ursinus. Marine Mammal Science 8: Ponganis P.J., Kooyman G.L. (1991) Diving physiology of penguins. Proceedings of Acta XX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici, Christchurch, New Zealand, December, 1990, P.J. Butler and D.R. Jones (eds.), Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Ornithological Trust Board; pp Ponganis P.J., Kooyman G.L., Zornow M.H. (1991) Cardiac output in swimming California sea lions, Zalophus californianus. Physiological Zoology 64: Ponganis P.J., Kooyman G.L., Zornow M.H., Castellini M.A., Croll D.A. (1990) Cardiac output and stroke volume in swimming harbor seals. Journal of Comparative Physiology 160: Kooyman G.L., Ponganis P.J. (1990) Behavior and physiology of diving in emperor and king penguins. In: Penguin Biology. New York: Academic Press; pp Ponganis P.J., Ponganis E., Ponganis K., Kooyman G.L., Gentry R.L., Trillmich F. (1990) Swimming velocities in otariids. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: Newsome L., Reichman R., Ponganis P.J. et al. (1990) Portable percutaneous cardiopulmonary bypass: Prophylactic and therapeutic uses. Anesthesia and Analgesia 70: Eckert S., Eckert K., Ponganis P.J., Kooyman G.L. (1989) Diving and foraging behavior in leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys corriacea). Canadian Journal of Zoology 67: Ponganis, P.J., Pierce, R.W. (1978) Muscle metabolic profiles and fiber-type composition in some marine mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 59B: Grants NSF Funding /15/99 1/21/03. Diving Biology of Emperor Penguins. $437, /1/00-1/31/01. The Kooyman Symposium on Diving Physiology and Behavior. $6, /1/00 11/30/04. Collaborative Research: Oxygen Transport and Utilization During Sleep Apnea in Elephant Seals. $225, /1/02 5/31/04. SGER: Effects of B15 on Breeding Success of the Cape Crozier Emperor Penguin Colony. $29, /15/03 1/31/08. Diving Physiology and Behavior of Emperor Penguins. $582, /15/06 7/31/10. The Aerobic Dive Limit: Oxygen Transport and Depletion in Emperor Penguins. $429, /15/07 3/31/11. Pushing the Envelope of Hypoxemia: Blood Oxygen Depletion in Elephant Seals. $250, /1/10 8/31/14. The Physiological Ecology of Two Antarctic Icons: Emperor Penguins and Leopard Seals. $399, /15/11 7/31/14. How to Dive Deeper and Longer: Air Sac and Lung Volumes of Penguins. $32, /15/12 8/31/15. Collaborative Research: The diving physiology of Chelonians: A comparative study of three turtle species. $268,970. ONR Funding N /01/09-9/30/11. Blood Oxygen Depletion in Diving California Sea Lions: How Close to the Limit?

11 $340,751. N /1/12 3/31/14. Deep-diving California sea lions: Are they pushing their physiological limits? $364,994. N /1/14-6/30/17. Blood oxygen conservation in diving sea lions: How low does oxygen really go? $365,908. Trainees Graduate Students (5): Levenson,D. (PhD, private business, no longer in academia); Meir, J. (PhD, NASA astronaut), Williams, C.L. (PhD, post-doc UC Irvine, current post-doc National Marine Mammal Foundation), Tift, M. (PhD post-doc UCSD), Wright, A. (PhD), Bickett, N. (current MS student-sio) Post-doctoral Fellows (4): Goldbogen, J. (assistant professor, Hopkins Marine Station), McDonald, B. (assistant professor, Moss Landing Marine Lab), van Dam, R. (Sea Turtle Conservation Bonaire), Stockard, T. (state biologist, Washington).