Seawater. Earth is an Ocean Planet
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- Sharyl Mitchell
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1 Seawater Earth is an Ocean Planet
2 Topics Origin of the Ocean and Atmosphere Hydrologic Cycle Biogeochemical Cycle Seawater Salinity Variations in Seawater Chemistry Carbonic Acid System
3 Topics Origin of the Ocean and Atmosphere Hydrologic Cycle Biogeochemical Cycle Seawater Salinity Variations in Seawater Chemistry Carbonic Acid System
4 Variations in Seawater Chemistry
5 Variations in Seawater Chemistry Most seawater constituents are nonconservative
6 Major Constituents are Conservative
7 Major Constituents are Conservative Major constituent concentrations are conservative, so they are relatively uniform
8 Major Constituents are Conservative Major constituent concentrations are conservative, so they are relatively uniform Ocean is well mixed
9 Major Constituents are Conservative Major constituent concentrations are conservative, so they are relatively uniform Ocean is well mixed However, the concentrations of the other constituents can vary significantly
10 Major Constituents are Conservative Major constituent concentrations are conservative, so they are relatively uniform Ocean is well mixed However, the concentrations of the other constituents can vary significantly See large variations in the concentrations of most minor constituents, trace elements, and gases
11 Salinity Variations
12 Salinity Variations Two primary types of variations:
13 Salinity Variations Two primary types of variations: 1. Vertical variations
14 Salinity Variations Two primary types of variations: 1. Vertical variations 2. Horizontal variations
15 Vertical Variations
16 Vertical Variations Question: Describe a plot of the vertical variations for the major constituents
17 Major Constituents Vertical Variation Pattern km ppt
18 Major Constituents Vertical Variation Pattern km ppt
19 Vertical Variations: Minor Constituents, Trace Elements, and Gases
20 Vertical Variations: Minor Constituents, Trace Elements, and Gases Most dramatic change in the upper 1 km
21 Vertical Variations: Minor Constituents, Trace Elements, and Gases Most dramatic change in the upper 1 km Primary vertical variation pattern:
22 Vertical Variations: Minor Constituents, Trace Elements, and Gases Most dramatic change in the upper 1 km Primary vertical variation pattern: Depletion in the surface layer
23 Vertical Variations: Minor Constituents, Trace Elements, and Gases Most dramatic change in the upper 1 km Primary vertical variation pattern: Depletion in the surface layer Enrichment at depth
24
25
26 Surface Water
27 Surface Water Deep Water
28
29 Depletion P, N, and CO2
30 Depletion P, N, and CO2 Enrichment P, N, and CO2
31 Vertical Variation
32 Vertical Variation Vertical variations result primarily from biological processes
33 Vertical Variation Vertical variations result primarily from biological processes Two primary biological process:
34 Vertical Variation Vertical variations result primarily from biological processes Two primary biological process: Photosynthesis
35 Vertical Variation Vertical variations result primarily from biological processes Two primary biological process: Photosynthesis Respiration
36 Photosynthesis
37 Photosynthesis CO2 + H2O = CH2O + O2
38 Photosynthesis CO2 + H2O = CH2O + O2
39 Photosynthesis
40 Photosynthesis (P, N, etc) + CO2 + H2O = CH2O(P, N, etc) + O2
41 Photosynthesis (P, N, etc) + CO2 + H2O = CH2O(P, N, etc) + O2 Consumes P, N, and CO 2
42 Photosynthesis (P, N, etc) + CO2 + H2O = CH2O(P, N, etc) + O2 Consumes P, N, and CO 2 Releases O 2
43 Respiration
44 Respiration CH2O(P, N, etc) + O2 = (P, N, etc) + CO2 + H2O
45 Respiration CH2O(P, N, etc) + O2 = (P, N, etc) + CO2 + H2O Consumes O 2
46 Respiration CH2O(P, N, etc) + O2 = (P, N, etc) + CO2 + H2O Consumes O 2 Releases P, N, and CO 2
47 P, N, & CO2 Variations
48 P, N, & CO2 Variations Plants live in surface waters and incorporate constituents used during photosynthesis
49 P, N, & CO2 Variations Plants live in surface waters and incorporate constituents used during photosynthesis Photosynthesis dominates in surface waters
50 P, N, & CO2 Variations Plants live in surface waters and incorporate constituents used during photosynthesis Photosynthesis dominates in surface waters P, N, and CO 2 are depleted
51 P, N, & CO2 Variations Plants live in surface waters and incorporate constituents used during photosynthesis Photosynthesis dominates in surface waters P, N, and CO 2 are depleted Surface water is depleted in the constituents consumed during photosynthesis
52 P, N, & CO2 Variations
53 P, N, & CO2 Variations Organic matter sinks into deeper water
54 P, N, & CO2 Variations Organic matter sinks into deeper water Where organic matter is respired
55 P, N, & CO2 Variations Organic matter sinks into deeper water Where organic matter is respired Only respiration occurs in deep water
56 P, N, & CO2 Variations Organic matter sinks into deeper water Where organic matter is respired Only respiration occurs in deep water Deep water is enriched in the constituents released during respiration
57 Depletion P, N, and CO2 Enrichment P, N, and CO2
58 Depletion P, N, and CO2 Enrichment P, N, and CO2
59 Primary Decomposers
60 Primary Decomposers Bacteria are the primary decomposers
61 Oxygen Variation
62 Oxygen Variation O 2 is an exception to the primary pattern
63 Oxygen Variation O 2 is an exception to the primary pattern O 2 is Enriched in surface waters Depleted at depth
64 Oxygen Variation O 2 is an exception to the primary pattern O 2 is Enriched in surface waters Depleted at depth Enriched during photosynthesis
65 Oxygen Variation O 2 is an exception to the primary pattern O 2 is Enriched in surface waters Depleted at depth Enriched during photosynthesis Depleted during respiration
66
67 Enrichment O2 Depletion O2
68 Horizontal Variations: Minor Constituents, Trace Elements, and Gases
69 Horizontal Variations: Minor Constituents, Trace Elements, and Gases Horizontal variations occur in deep water
70 Horizontal Variations: Minor Constituents, Trace Elements, and Gases Horizontal variations occur in deep water Major constituents concentrations are constant
71 Horizontal Variations: Minor Constituents, Trace Elements, and Gases Horizontal variations occur in deep water Major constituents concentrations are constant See significant variations in minor constituents, trace elements, and gases
72 Horizontal Variations: Minor Constituents, Trace Elements, and Gases
73 Horizontal Variations: Minor Constituents, Trace Elements, and Gases Primary horizontal variation pattern:
74 Horizontal Variations: Minor Constituents, Trace Elements, and Gases Primary horizontal variation pattern: Lowest concentrations in the deep Atlantic
75 Horizontal Variations: Minor Constituents, Trace Elements, and Gases Primary horizontal variation pattern: Lowest concentrations in the deep Atlantic Higher in the deep Indian
76 Horizontal Variations: Minor Constituents, Trace Elements, and Gases Primary horizontal variation pattern: Lowest concentrations in the deep Atlantic Higher in the deep Indian Highest in the deep Pacific
77 Deep-Ocean Current
78 Deep-Ocean Current
79 Deep-Ocean Current Atlantic Indian Pacific
80 Horizontal Variations Atlantic Indian Pacific
81 Horizontal Variations Most marine organisms live in the surface waters Atlantic Indian Pacific
82 Horizontal Variations Atlantic Indian Pacific
83 Horizontal Variations Organisms sink into deep water after death Atlantic Indian Pacific
84 Horizontal Variations Organisms sink into deep water after death Atlantic Indian Pacific
85 Horizontal Variations Organisms sink into deep water after death Where the organic matter is respired Atlantic Indian Pacific
86 Horizontal Variations Atlantic Indian Pacific
87 Horizontal Variations Respiration releases P, N, and CO2 Atlantic Indian Pacific
88 Horizontal Variations Atlantic Indian Pacific
89 Horizontal Variations Deep water current accumulates respiration products Atlantic Indian Pacific
90 Horizontal Variations P CO2 N Deep water current accumulates respiration products Atlantic Indian Pacific
91 Horizontal Variations P CO2 N Deep water current accumulates respiration products Atlantic Indian Pacific
92 Horizontal Variations CO2 N P CO2 P CO2 N N P Deep water current accumulates respiration products Atlantic Indian Pacific
93 Horizontal Variations CO2 N P CO2 P CO2 N N P Deep water current accumulates respiration products Atlantic Indian Pacific
94 Horizontal Variations P CO2 P CO2 CO2 N N P CO2 P CO2 N N N P CO2 N P Deep water current accumulates respiration products Atlantic Indian Pacific
95 Horizontal Variations Atlantic Indian Pacific
96 Horizontal Variations Low P N CO2 Atlantic Indian Pacific
97 Horizontal Variations Low P N CO2 Atlantic Indian Pacific
98 Horizontal Variations Low P N CO2 Higher P N CO2 Atlantic Indian Pacific
99 Horizontal Variations Low P N CO2 Higher P N CO2 Atlantic Indian Pacific
100 Horizontal Variations Low P N CO2 Higher P N CO2 Highest P N CO2 Atlantic Indian Pacific
101 Horizontal Variations Atlantic Indian Pacific
102 Horizontal Variations Respiration releases P, N, and CO2 Atlantic Indian Pacific
103 Horizontal Variations Atlantic Indian Pacific
104 Horizontal Variations However respiration consumes O2 Atlantic Indian Pacific
105 Horizontal Variations Atlantic Indian Pacific
106 Horizontal Variations Highest O2 Atlantic Indian Pacific
107 Horizontal Variations Highest O2 Atlantic Indian Pacific
108 Horizontal Variations Highest O2 Lower O2 Atlantic Indian Pacific
109 Horizontal Variations Highest O2 Lower O2 Atlantic Indian Pacific
110 Horizontal Variations Highest O2 Lower O2 Lowest O2 Atlantic Indian Pacific
111 Oxygen Variation
112 Oxygen Variation Primary horizontal pattern of O 2 variation is the inverse of P, N, and CO2
113 Oxygen Variation Primary horizontal pattern of O 2 variation is the inverse of P, N, and CO2 O 2 has Highest concentrations in the deep Atlantic Lower in the deep Indian Lowest in the deep Pacific
114 Air-Sea Interaction
115 Next Air-Sea Interaction
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