Q: How Do Amphibians Breathe?
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1 Background boosters for elementary teachers Q: How Do Amphibians Breathe? By Bill Robertson A: have to know what How do amphibians breathe? To answer the question, we first amphibians are. They are animals that live at least part of their lives on land and at least part in water. And by live, I mean be able to survive completely on land or water. So a dolphin, which hangs out in the ocean, is a mammal rather than an amphibian because a dolphin can t breathe underwater. True amphibians have to be able to breathe both on land and in water, even if they do those two things at different times in their lives. So, I m going to devote this column to how animals breathe. At the end, we ll see that all animals, whether in water, on land, or both, breathe in essentially the same way. Let s look at the breathing mechanism of animals. Most of us know about two basic mechanisms lungs and gills. Mammals have lungs and get their oxygen from the air. Fish have gills and get their oxygen from water. I ll discuss amphibian mechanisms in a bit, but I first want to point out that whether you re a mammal on land or a fish in water, breathing is all about getting oxygen into your body. All animals use oxygen to survive. So before discussing amphibians in detail, we need to understand how animals get oxygen. It turns out that lungs, gills, and other mechanisms all use essentially the same process. To understand that process, I want you to do a few activities. The first activity lasts a number of hours Best of all, it s in a flood plain! (no, you don t have to observe for a number of hours), so once you set it up, you should move on to the next activities. You might need to go to the store for materials, so look through and see what materials you need for the activities before you go shopping. First, get yourself a package of gummy bears or gummy worms or gummy whatevers. You only need a few, so enjoy the rest of the package. Place a gummy bear in a cup or glass of cold water (warm water might melt your bear) and let it sit for several hours. Overnight works, but much longer than that and the bear could fall apart. After several hours, remove the gummy bear from the water and compare its size to that of one fresh from the package. Now get another cup or glass of cool water and add salt to it, stirring until no more salt dissolves in the water. Place your newly expanded gummy bear (the one you just soaked in water) in the salt water and again wait several hours. Fish out the gummy bear and see what happened to it. Cool, huh? In case any of those instructions weren t clear, see Figure 1 for a procedural diagram. For the second activity, get a clear cup or glass and fill it with water. Place a tea bag in the water and watch what happens. Observation will be easier if you use a tea bag with a string, so you can hang the string over the edge of the glass and have the bag suspended in the water. Can you think of any way in which this activity is similar to what s going on with the gummy bear? If not, do the next activity and then read the explanation. For the third activity, you ll need a BRIAN DISKIN 70 Science and Children
2 FIGURE 1. fresh water salt water bunch of BBs (the ammo for BB guns small packages are pretty cheap at Walmart), a Sharpie or other permanent marker, and a flat-bottomed container with raised sides such as a small roasting pan or a flat-bottomed bowl. You re going to be covering the flat bottom of your container with BBs, so you don t want a really large container. If you happen to have a Petri dish around (ask the other teachers at your school), that would be great container for this activity. Cover 2/3 to 3/4 of the flat bottom of your container with BBs. Clear space that s not covered with BBs is important to have. Once you ve done that, remove about half of the BBs and mark them with the permanent marker. Cover most of each BB so that you can distinguish marked ones from unmarked ones even after they ve rolled around a bit. Now put the marked BBs back into the fresh water diffuses into gummi bear water diffuses from gummi bear into salt water tannins diffuse from teabag into glass of water water diffuses into teabag from glass of water container and arrange things so that half of the container contains mostly marked BBs and half contains mostly unmarked BBs (Figure 2). As is also indicated in Figure 2, begin shaking the container gently from side to side. Do this for a minute or so and then see what has happened to the distribution of marked and unmarked BBs in the container. We re almost ready to understand how lungs and gills work, but first I need to explain what happened in the activities. If all went well with your gummy bear, it got larger when soaked in freshwater and smaller when you followed that up by soaking it in salt water. That s because in the first case water went from the glass into the gummy bear, making the gummy bear larger, and in the second case, water went from the gummy bear into the glass, making the gummy bear smaller. Something similar happened with the tea bag. First, water from the glass crossed through the tea bag material and got to the tea leaves. There, a substance called tannin, which is what gives tea its color, dissolved in the water. Then the water containing tannin particles crossed through the bag material and into the water in the glass, making the water darker. This process of substances (water, tannin particles, or whatever) dispersing into new places, and often crossing a barrier, is called diffusion. A simple example of diffusion is when someone sprays perfume and you smell it a short while later. The perfume particles diffuse through the air until they reach your nose. Here s a question. How do the different particles (water and tannin, in this case) know which way to go? Why does tannin go from inside the tea bag to outside the tea bag, and why doesn t it just head back into the bag once it s out? Why does water go into the gummy bear when it s in freshwater and out of the gummy bear when it s in salt water? For the answers to these questions, consider what happened with the BBs. You began with most of the marked BBs on one side of the container and most of the unmarked BBs on the other side. After shaking for a while, you ended up with the BBs more evenly distributed. You got FIGURE 2. mostly marked BB s in this half shake side-to-side mostly unmarked BB s in this half October
3 more marked ones on the originally unmarked side and more unmarked ones on the originally marked side. You could describe this as marked BBs purposefully heading to the other side of the container, and the same with unmarked BBs. But you d be wrong if you described it that way. There wasn t anything purposeful about the movement. It was just what naturally happens when things get randomly shaken up. See Figure 3. And that s the case with most examples of diffusion. Things randomly move around, and in the end particles spread out and get distributed evenly. As this happens, particles move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. In the beginning, FIGURE 3. Start with this It seems like marked BB s purposefully moved this way, but that s not what happened End up with this after shaking you had a high concentration of marked BBs on one side. After the shaking, a lot of those marked BBs moved from the area of high concentration to the area of low concentration (the side that had mostly unmarked BBs at the start). When you first put a gummy bear in freshwater, you have a low concentration of water inside the bear, and obviously a high concentration of water in the glass. Water is able to cross over the skin of the gummy bear (the boundary between inside and outside), and thus the water diffuses across this boundary. After a few hours, the water molecules have moved from high concentration to low concentration. They didn t do this with any kind of purpose, but rather because of the random movement of water molecules. When you put the bloated bear into salt water, the higher concentration of water molecules is now in the bear, because salt water has a lower concentration of water molecules than does freshwater. Water diffuses from the bear into the glass of salt water. With the tea bag, you begin with a high concentration of tannin inside the bag. In fact, all of the tannin is inside the bag. You also begin with a high concentration of water molecules in the glass. You put the bag in the water, and as a result of the random motion of both the water molecules and the tannin molecules, water diffuses into the bag and tannin diffuses into the water. That took us a while to finally get to how organisms breathe, but hopefully it was worth it. In breathing, animals need to get oxygen into their bodies and get carbon dioxide out of their bodies and surprise, this happens by diffusion. I won t go into a detailed discussion of the processes. Trust me you can find all the details and vocabulary words you want by looking this up on the internet (after which you might want to thank me for not using all those vocabulary words). Anyway, let s start with lungs in humans. You breathe in air, which contains about 20% oxygen. That air with lots of oxygen moves throughout your lungs and ends up in tiny sacs (called alveoli oops, a vocab word) that are next to blood vessels. These blood vessels contain a high concentration of carbon dioxide. See Figure 4. So, we have air with a high concentration of oxygen molecules (20% is high for this example) and a low concentration of carbon dioxide molecules next to blood vessels with a low concentration of oxygen molecules and a high concentration of carbon dioxide molecules. The sacs and the blood vessels are separated by a very thin membrane. Just because of the random movement of particles, oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood vessels, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood vessels to the lungs. You breathe out, getting rid of a lot of the carbon dioxide, and then breathe in again, so the diffusion process can keep going. How does the oxygen know to go from the lungs to the blood vessels, and how does the carbon dioxide know to go from the blood vessels to the lungs? They don t. The direction of the diffusion is just due to the random motion of the particles and the differing concentrations of the particles in different places. Before moving on, return to the BB activity. What will happen once the marked and unmarked BBs are evenly distributed? Will shaking things longer make it so you ll end up with a higher concentration of marked BBs on one side or the other? Nah. They ll stay evenly distributed, even though each side will 72 Science and Children
4 FIGURE 4 and FIGURE 5. oxygen diffuses this way evenly distributed remove marked BB s from one side diffusion (after shaking) gives even distribution again air sacs (alveoli) blood vessel which results in more oxygen moving from air sacs to blood vessel carbon dioxide diffuses this way red blood cells carry away oxygen Air sacs are oxygen rich and carbon dioxide poor; blood vessels are carbon dioxide rich and oxygen poor continually have different actual BBs. If there isn t a higher concentration of particles on one side of a barrier or the other, then you won t get an overall diffusion of particles through the barrier. Yes, particles will still cross the barrier, but the concentration on each side will stay about the same. Now, imagine that you have shaken things up so the marked BBs are evenly distributed. Then you remove marked BBs from one side of the container and keep shaking. What will happen? If you said that the BBs will continue to diffuse and you would end up with even numbers on each side again, give yourself a high grade. Removing marked BBs from one side results in more marked BBs again moving from one side to the other. Similarly, adding marked BBs to one side will result in more marked BBs moving to the other side. How does this apply to the operation of lungs and blood vessels? Well, in addition to diffusion between lungs and blood vessels, there are a number of chemical reactions that take place. One main reaction is oxygen combining with hemoglobin in red blood cells. Those red blood cells move along with the blood, and thus reduce the concentration of oxygen in the blood vessels. That makes for more oxygen diffusing from the lungs to the blood vessels. The blood moving through the blood vessels keeps more carbon dioxide coming to the lung-vessel interface, which increases the diffusion of carbon dioxide to the lungs. These processes are also shown in Figure 5. On to gills. Not much is different, actually, except that animals with gills get their oxygen from water instead of air. As fish swim through water, the water comes in contact with membranes in the gills, and diffusion takes place, with oxygen entering the fish blood stream and carbon dioxide being released into the water. It s generally good for fish to just keep swimming (which brings to mind a song sung by a Pixar fish) instead of sitting still, because swimming around keeps a high concentration of oxygenated water crossing the gills. That s also why you need an air pump in fish tanks. No air pump means not enough oxygen in the water and dead fish. Now, why is it that fish can t breathe in air and people can t breathe in water? It s just because of the different air-blood interfaces. If you could modify human lungs so oxygen could diffuse from water in the lungs to the blood vessels, then people could breathe underwater. So what about amphibians? There are different kinds of amphibians, and they all handle breathing differently. Frogs begin as tadpoles with gills, and then become adults with lungs. However, adult frogs don t use their primitive lungs all that much. Instead, they October
5 Last time, I asked you to derive the formula for the area of a circle. We know that the answer is Area = πr 2 where r is the radius of the circle. I took you quite a ways through the derivation, but stopped at the point where you have to add up the areas of the triangles that you place on the circle. I left you with the drawing shown at right. I also left you with information about the relationship between the circumference of a circle (the distance along the outside edge) and the radius of the circle. That relationship is Cirbreathe through their skin. Yep, really. There s a thin membrane covering frog bodies, and diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place across this membrane, between the air and the frog blood vessels. Other frogs don t have lungs at all, and breathe exclusively through their skin. Many of these frogs can accomplish diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide both in the air and underwater. The only problem with breathing through your skin is that your skin can t dry out. If a frog doesn t remain wet, it dies. To sum up, there isn t anything all that special about amphibians. Just as with fish and mammals, they have to get oxygen to survive. They do this by using diffusion to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide across a thin barrier, whether that barrier is in lungs, gills, or on the skin. I can think of a number of lame jokes to end the column, but instead I ll make two recommendations. The first is to visit the site referenced at the end of the column. It has cool facts to know about frogs, and some of them will creep you out. The second is to recommend a great song that this column brought to mind. Unless you re a big Jimi Hendrix fan, you won t know about it, but it s one of the best songs ever, and it sort of references amphibian life. The title is 1983 (A Merman I Should Turn to Be), and it s from the album Electric Ladyland. You can find the song on the internet, so no need to buy a CD. I mean really, where else but here are you going to get great recommendations like that? Bill Robertson (wrobert9@ix. netcom.com) is the author of the NSTA Press book series, Stop Faking It! Finally Understanding Science So You Can Teach It. Internet Resource 14 Fun Facts About Frogs science-nature/14-fun-facts-aboutfrogs Last Month s Answer: Area of a Circle Conundrum cumference = 2πr. In fact, that s essentially the definition of the number π. The ratio of the circumference to the diameter (which equals 2r) of any circle is equal to π. So, let s imagine making one of those triangles extremely small. At some point, the triangle is so small that the base of the triangle is essentially equal to the radius of the circle, and the height of the triangle is essentially equal to the distance along the circle at that point. See the drawing. Let s calculate the area of that triangle. Area = ½bh. Since the base b is essentially the same as the radius of the circle, we ll just substitute r for b. That gives us Area = ½rh. To get the area of the whole circle, we add up the areas of all the triangles, each of which has a As triangles get thinner, the height gets closer close base of r and a height h. b distance along circumference Area of circle = ½rh + ½rh + ½rh + ½rh... All of those terms have a ½ and an r in them, so we can factor those out and get Area of circle = ½r (h + h + h +...) Now, the sum of all those h terms, which are small sections of the cir- h 74 Science and Children
6 cumference of the circle, is just the circumference of the circle. We end up with Area of circle = ½r(circumference) Using the relationship that the circumference is equal to 2πr, we get Area of circle = ½r(2πr) The ½ and the 2 multiply to 1, and r times r is r 2, leading to Area = πr 2. The key to this whole process is being able to imagine making the triangles so darned small that the base is equal to the radius of the circle and the height is equal to a curved distance along the circle. That can t actually happen, because no matter how small you make the triangles, those distances are not equal. Calculus, in large part, is the math- ematics of doing calculations with the values that we approach in our minds but cannot literally achieve. Even though we can t actually get the triangles small enough to do the calculation we want, we go ahead and figure out what the answer would be if we could get them that small. So, while you didn t do any calculus calculations here, you certainly did calculus conceptually. Sorta makes you feel proud, huh? This Month s Task: Bouncy Ball No spin When I was a kid, Wham-O came out with a ball called the Super Ball. You can still get the original Super Ball, and you can also get essentially the same kind of ball under the name bouncy ball or super bounce ball. Super Balls are somewhat expensive (about $8 for the recently released ones, and lots more for original ones), but bouncy balls, which are often rainbow colored or at least brightly colored, are pretty cheap. You can get them online, at retail stores, and in the small vending machines that used to hold only gumballs. I was always fascinated with how the Super Ball bounced when you spun it before throwing it. Get a Super Ball or similar ball and try the following. First, just throw it at a hard floor without spinning it, and see what it does. Next, throw it so that it s spinning in the direction you throw it and see what happens. Finally, throw it so that it s spinning in the opposite direction you throw it and observe. These are all illustrated at right. Okay, now explain why the ball did what it did in each example. You might also try to duplicate these results with a different kind of ball, such as a tennis ball. Hint: you can t. Spinning in the direction you throw it Spinning opposite to the direction you throw it October
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