HMCL211. Session 1. Work Health And Safety. Regulations, Risk Management, Ergonomics & Manual Handling. Department of Naturopathic Medicine

Transcription

1 HMCL211 Session 1 Work Health And Safety Regulations, Risk Management, Ergonomics & Manual Handling Department of Naturopathic Medicine endeavour.edu.au

2 o o o o o o o o o Work Health & Safety Session 1 Learning Outcomes Recognise the importance of Work Health and Safety (WHS) Identify the legislation governing WHS activities in the workplace, and the focus of that legislation Develop an understanding of the duties/ responsibilities/ obligations of employers, managers, employees regarding WHS Understand the importance of effective communication regarding WHS issues, and the roles of health and safety representatives and WHS committees in ensuring a healthy and safe workplace Develop a working knowledge of the Risk Management Tool in identifying workplace hazards and assessing, prioritising and controlling risks associated with these hazards Understand the elements of ergonomics, their application in the workplace and their role in injury prevention Understand the requirements of Manual Handling Regulations Recognise potentially hazardous manual handling situations in the workplace Know how to carry out a risk assessment of potentially hazardous manual handling tasks in the workplace Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 2

3 What is WHS? o Work Health and Safety (WHS) is the discipline concerned with protecting the health and safety of all stakeholders in the workplace from exposure to hazard and risks resulting from work activities o Encompasses the work environment, work equipment and work practices, which should, where practicable, be adapted to ensure the health and safety of everyone in the workplace, o Each individual should take responsibility for his/ her own actions to ensure their health and safety and the health and safety of others at work Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 3

4 Importance of WHS Accidents and work related illness have a cost o Human cost physical, mental, emotional, financial to self, family and the wider community o Economic cost to employer loss of productivity and financial cost to society at large costs of support services Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 4

5 Importance of WHS? o Employee Relations Businesses recognise that good working conditions lead to good productivity Most businesses do want to look out for the health and welfare of their employees Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 5

6 Importance of WHS? o Legal responsibilities Governments have accepted the importance of WHS Minimum health and safety standards for the workplace have been set by law o WHS is the responsibility of all parties: every employer every employee in every Australian workplace in Government (Federal & State/Territory) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 6

7 Responsibility of Employer o Am employer must ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable: the provision and maintenance of a work environment without risks to health and safety the provision and maintenance of safe plant and structures the provision and maintenance of safe systems of work the safe use, handling and storage of plant, structures and substances the provision of adequate facilities for the welfare at work of workers in carrying out work for the business the provision of any information, training, instruction or supervision that is necessary to protect all persons from risks to their health (Safe Work Australia 2010, pp ) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 7

8 Responsibility of Employee o While at work, a worker must: take reasonable care for his/her own health and safety take reasonable care that his/her acts or omissions do not adversely affect the health and safety of other persons comply, so far as the worker is reasonably able, with any reasonable instruction that is given by the person conducting the business co-operate with any reasonable policy or procedure of the person conducting the business or undertaking relating to health or safety at the workplace (Safe Work Australia 2010, p. 30) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 8

9 WHS in Australia Safe Work Australia o An independent Australian Government statutory agency o Key functions: coordinate and develop national policy and strategies Assist with the implementation of model WHS legislation and reform the legislative framework undertake research collect, analyse and report data Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 9

10 Australian Work Health & Safety Strategy o Provides a framework to drive improvements in work health and safety in Australia o Promotes a collaborative approach between Commonwealth, state and territory governments, industry and other organisations o Vision healthy, safe and productive working lives o Consists of: outcomes action areas targets priority industries priority disorders Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 10

11 Australian Work Health & Safety o Outcomes Strategy reduced incidence of work-related death, injury and illness achieved by reduced exposure to hazards and risks using improved hazard controls supported by Improved national work health and safety infrastructure ages/australian-work-health-and-safety-strategy factsheet Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 11

12 Australian Work Health & Safety Strategy o Action areas health and safe by design supply chains and networks health and safety capabilities leadership and culture research and evaluation government responsive and effective framework o Targets reduction of at least 20% in number of work fatalities reduction at least 30% in incidence rate of claims (> 1 week off work) reduction at least 30% in incidence rate of musculoskeletal claims Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 12

13 Australian Work Health & Safety Strategy o Priority industries agriculture road transport manufacturing construction accommodation and food services public administration and safety health care and social assistance ages/australian-work-health-and-safety-strategy factsheet Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 13

14 Australian Work Health & Safety Strategy o Priority disorders musculoskeletal disorders mental disorders cancers asthma contact dermatitis noise-induced hearing loss ages/australian-work-health-and-safety-strategy factsheet Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 14

15 WHS Legislation in Australia o As a national policy body Safe Work Australia does not regulate work health and safety laws o The Commonwealth, states and territories retain responsibility for regulating and enforcing work health and safety laws in their jurisdiction o It is important to refer to your State specific regulators for more clarification (see next slide) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 15

16 WHS Regulators - States o Safe Work Australia o Queensland - Workplace Health & Safety o Victoria Workplace Health & Safety o Western Australia Workplace Health & Safety o New South Wales Workplace Health & Safety o South Australia Workplace Health & Safety Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 16

17 Model Work Health and Safety Laws o The model health and safety laws are the basis for harmonized laws across Australia o To become legally binding they need to be enacted or passed by parliament in each jurisdiction (state or territory) o Consists of: Model Work Health and Safety (WHS) Act 2010 Model Work Health and Safety (WHS) Regulations 2011 Model Codes of Practice National Compliance and Enforcement Policy Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 17

18 Model Work Health and Safety o Objective: (WHS) Act 2010 to provide for a balanced and nationally consistent framework to secure the health and safety of workers and workplaces by: protecting workers/other persons against harm to their health, safety and welfare providing for fair and effective workplace representation, consultation, co-operation and issue resolution in relation to work health and safety encouraging unions and employer organisations to take a role in promoting improvements in WHS practices promote the provision of advice, information and training in relation to WHS securing compliance with the Act through effective and appropriate compliance and enforcement measures Model_Work_Health_and_Safety_Bill_23_June_2011.pdf Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 18

19 Model Work Health and Safety (WHS) Regulations 2011 o Sets out more detailed requirements to support the duties in the Model Health and Safety (WHS) Act o Objective: give effect to the model WHS regulations and to mirror the model WHS regulation o Areas covered: representation and participation general risk and workplace management hazardous work plant and structures construction work hazardous chemicals asbestos major hazard facilities WHS-Regulations-January-2014.pdf Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 19

20 Model Codes of Practice 2011 o Practical guide to achieve standards of health, safety and welfare required under the Work Health and Safety (WHS) Act and WHS Regulations in a jurisdiction. o Based on jurisdictional codes in place at time of development and are informed by public comment. o Applies to anyone who has a duty of care in the circumstances described in the code. o Deal with particular issues but do not cover all hazards or risks which may arise. o Admissible in court proceedings. Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 20

21 National Compliance and Enforcement Policy 2011 o Sets out the approach work health and safety regulators will take to compliance and enforcement under the model WHS Act and Regulations o Areas covered: detection and dealing with alleged breaches of the WHS laws undertaking inspections, audits and investigations of alleged breaches of work health and safety laws taking appropriate enforcement action in response to breaches seeking appropriate sentencing outcomes in prosecutions publishing information regarding the nature and outcome of compliance and enforcement activities nts/618/national%20compliance%20and%20enforcement%20policy.pdf Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 21

22 Prevention is Better than Cure o WHS legislation is primarily concerned with ensuring the health and safety of everyone at work PREVENTING workplace accidents, injury, ill health o Prevention of these accidents happening will reduce the human and economic costs of injury and ill health o Implementing effective WHS policies and activities early on when establishing a business will bring great benefits to the employer, to the employees, and to everyone who is impacted on by your business o So how do we do this? Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 22

23 Risk Management o Step-By-Step Process Identify hazards find out what could cause harm Assess the risk understand the nature of the harm that could be caused by the hazard Control the risk implement the most effective control measure Review control measures - ongoing monitoring to ensure that measures are working as planned (Safe Work Australia 2011, p. 6) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 23

24 Risk Management Process (Safe Work Australia 2011, pg. 5) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 24

25 Identify hazards o A hazard is anything that has the potential to cause harm to people o Hazards arise within the workplace from the following aspects of work and their interaction: physical work environment equipment, materials and substances used work tasks work design and management (Safe Work Australia 2011, p. 9) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 25

26 Types of hazards o Manual/physical tasks overexertion/repetitive movements o Gravity falling objects, falls, slips, trips o Electricity exposure to live electrical wires o Machinery/equipment/environment moving vehicles, incorrectly placed equipment (cords) improper lighting o Hazardous chemicals cleaning solutions, ethanol, glues (Safe Work Australia 2011, p. 9) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 26

27 o Extreme temperatures Types of hazards burns, air conditioning o Noise loud noise from construction, music o Radiation ultra-violet, X-rays, microwaves o Biological micro-organisms (hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, legionnaires) allergies (dust, smells) o Psychosocial work-related stress, bullying, violence, work-related fatigue (Safe Work Australia 2011, p. 9) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 27

28 How to find the hazards o Communicate with staff What tasks do they find physically difficult or awkward? How do they work around problems? o Analyse work practices Look at every task e.g. is pushing, pulling, lifting, twisting involved Think about chains of little events that can lead to an accident Think about long term exposure to substances Make a list o Inspect the workplace Look at the physical nature of the workplace Think about what could possibly cause harm and make a list (Safe Work Australia 2011, p. 10) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 28

29 How to find the hazards o Review incident-accident reports See if there are any recurring accidents or patterns of accidents o Review near miss incidents and damaged equipment reports See if there are any recurring near misses (keep a record of these too) or recurring damage to equipment o Compare notes What types of accidents happen in your industry Share experiences with others in your industry o Get advice/ help to find hazards Manufacturers and suppliers information Regulators, industry associations, unions Free safety consultancy service for small businesses (Safe Work Australia 2011, p. 10) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 29

30 Risk Assessment o Risk is the possibility that harm (death, injury, illness) might occur when exposed to a hazard (Safe Work Australia 2011, p.6) o Risk assessment is a process for developing knowledge and understanding about hazards and risks so that sound decisions can be taken about control o Helps determine how severe a risk is whether any existing control measures are effective what action should be taken to control the risk how urgently the action needs to be taken (Safe Work Australia 2011, p.11) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 30

31 Assess & Prioritise the Risks o Make a judgment about the seriousness of each hazard and decide which hazard requires the most urgent attention o Assessing the risks What can happen/ how many ways? How likely is it to happen/ how soon? How often is it likely to happen/ for how long? How many people could be harmed/ how severely? o Prioritise the risks High priority to those that have the greatest potential to cause injury or disease have the greatest risk to public safety o Review Regularly review and update the list Add potential new hazards as soon as identified Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 31

32 Risk control o Risk control means taking action to eliminate health and safety risks so far as is reasonably practicable, and if that is not possible, minimizing the risks so far as is reasonably practicable (Safe Work Australia 2011, p.6) o Some controls are more effective than others o Control options will depend on the type of the hazard and the level of the risk o Sometimes a number of different controls together are required to provide protection against a risk o Control options have to be practicable Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 32

33 Hierarchy of risk control o Methods of risk control are ranked from highest level of protection and reliability to the lowest o WHS Regulations require duty holders to work through the hierarchy when managing risk o Level 1 eliminate the hazards and associated risk o Level 2 substitute the hazard with something safer isolate the hazard from people (e.g. use of barriers) use engineering controls (e.g. mechanical equipment) o Level 3 reduce exposure using administrative actions use personal protective equipment (PPE) (Safe Work Australia 2011, p.13) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 33

34 Hierarchy of risk control Safe Work Australia 2011, p.13) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 34

35 Risk Control Elimination o Removal of the hazard by eliminating the process will also eliminate the risks associated with the hazard o Preferred option if possible - as most effective o Example Stop providing the treatment option where e.g. deep pressure using your thumbs is required Substitution o Substitute the process / substance with one less harmful o Done when the process cannot be eliminated o Example Using a non toxic chemical in place of a more hazardous substance - cleaning products Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 35

36 Risk Control Engineering Controls o Control the hazard / hazardous situation guarding, isolating, enclosing, ventilating and using mechanical aids. o Example Use of mechanical aids to minimise manual handling injuries Administrative Controls o Introducing and maintaining work practices that reduce risk by limiting the exposure of the employee to the hazard o Example Reducing time of exposure to an activity e.g. word processing Limiting the number of employees exposed to a hazard Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 36

37 Risk Control o Personal protective equipment (PPE) and training o PPE should be used when other measures have not been able to protect the employee against the hazard or risk of exposure to the hazard Equipment must fit the employee correctly be maintained - serviced regularly Employee must undergo training in its need and use follow instructions to use it o Appropriate training also needs to be given when an employee is still required to carry out a task that remains hazardous despite all possible control measures being put in place Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 37

38 Risk Control - Summary Preventative Protective Elimination Substitution Isolation Engineering controls Administrative controls PPE Training Design controls Add-on controls Behaviour controls Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 38

39 Implementing control measures o Control measures may require changes to work processes o Measures include: development of safe work procedures (describes the task, identifies the hazard, documents how the task is to be performed) training, instruction and information (workers required to demonstrate competency) supervision (level of supervision dependent upon level of risk and experience of the worker) (Safe Work Australia 2011, p.18) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 39

40 Monitoring Control Measures o Accountability for health and safety allocation to appropriate personnel to ensure procedures are followed and maintained o Maintenance of plant and equipment regular inspection, testing, repair or replacement of damaged equipment o Up-to-date training and competency training to be provided to maintain competency o Up-to-date hazard information allows for up dating of control measures o Regular review and consultation regular review of work procedures Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 40

41 Example of a Safety Action Plan Hazard (find) Priority (assess) Action required (fix) Person responsible Due date Review date/ comments Electrical cord across floor in doorway Carrying stock from reception to store room No emergency procedures document Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 41

42 Ergonomics (human factors) o An applied science concerned with designing and arranging things people use so that the people and things interact most efficiently and safely (Merriam-Webster 2015) o Mismatch between human characteristics and their environment can create stresses on the human anatomical, physiological and psychological systems which can result in: acute/chronic health problems soft tissue injuries/myofascial syndromes Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 42

43 Areas of Concern o The main areas of concern for workplaces and employees relate to: workstations (sitting and standing) equipment layout and operation computer systems noise lighting thermal comfort maintenance tasks performed on plant items (Comcare 2014) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 43

44 Ergonomic Principles o When analysing a product or space, an ergonomic approach will address the following elements: User characteristics, including the physical, psychological and behavioural capacities, skills knowledge and abilities Job and task characteristics what the user is required to do or actually does, task demands, capacity to make decisions, work organisation and time requirements Work environment work area, space, lighting, noise, thermal comfort Equipment design and interface with user hardware, electronic/mobile equipment, PPE, furniture, tools Work organisation patterns/timing of work, fluctuations in work load, communication (ASSC 2006, p. 6) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 44

45 o Cost reduction Benefits of Ergonomics to employer, employee, community, government bodies from both direct and indirect causes o Productivity improvement through design modifications workstations can become more efficient o Quality improvement poor ergonomics can result in frustrated/fatigues workers that don t do their best work o Employee engagement improvement decreased absenteeism, decreased turnover, improve morale o Stronger safety culture healthy and safe employees lead to better performance (Ergonomics Plus 2015) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 45

46 Manual Tasks o Manual task is any activity requiring a person to use any part of their musculoskeletal system in performing their work (ASCC 2007 p. 5) o Manual handling involves any task that includes: lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling, carrying or otherwise moving, holding or restraining any person, animal or item repetitive actions sustained work postures exposure to vibration o National Standard for Manual Tasks 2007 outlines the standards for manual handling in Australia (ASCC 2007) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 46

47 Manual Tasks o Because most jobs involve some form of manual handling, most workers are at risk of manual handling injuries o In , 41.9% of work-related injuries were due to sprains/strains of joints and adjacent muscles as a result of manual tasks (Safe Work Australia 2013 p. 10) o Unsafe manual handling may result in Muscle strains Back injuries to muscles, ligaments, intervertebral discs, other back structures Soft tissue injuries nerves, ligaments, tendons in wrists, arms, shoulders, neck, legs Abdominal hernias Chronic pain Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 47

48 Hazardous Manual Tasks o A hazardous manual task is defined as a task that requires a person to lift, lower, push, pull, carry or otherwise move, hold or restrain any person, animal or thing involving one or more of the following: repetitive or sustained force high or sudden force repetitive movement sustained or awkward posture exposure to vibration (Safe Work Australia 2011a p. 6) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 48

49 Risk Management Hazardous Manual Tasks o Steps involved in risk management: Identify What is the hazardous task? Assess What is the risk of musculoskeletal disorders What are the sources of risk? Control the risk Is the task necessary, can the source be eliminated or minimise? Review controls monitor and evaluate (Comcare 2015) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 49

50 Identify Hazardous Manual Tasks o Hazards that arise from manual tasks generally involve interaction between a worker and: the work tasks and how they are performed the tools, equipment and objects handled the physical work environment o How to identify hazardous manual tasks consult the workers review available information look for trends observe manual tasks (Comcare 2011, pp. 7-8) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 50

51 Risk Assessment Hazardous Manual Tasks o A risk assessment should be conducted for any manual task that has been identified as being hazardous. o A risk assessment can help determine: which postures, movements and forces of the task pose a risk where during the task they pose a risk how frequently they are occurring why they are occurring what needs to be fixed (Safe Work Australia 2011a p. 12) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 51

52 Risk Assessment Hazardous Manual Tasks o Determining the risk factors: 1. Does the task involve any of the following: repetitive movement (performed > twice/minute) sustained (held for > 30 seconds at a time) or awkward posture repetitive or sustained (held for > 30 seconds at a time) forces 2. Does the task involve long duration? task is done for > total of 2 hours over a whole shift or continuously for > 30 minutes at a time is classified as long duration 3. Does the task involve high or sudden force? Need to consider: intensity of the force speed involved jerky or sudden Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 52

53 Risk Assessment Hazardous Manual Tasks o Determining the risk factors: 4. Does the task involve vibration? degree of risk increases as the duration of exposure increases 5. Is there a risk? task involves a risk of a musculoskeletal disorder if yes has been answered to either: Question 1 and Question 2 The task involves repetitive or sustained postures, movements or forces and it involves long duration Question 3 Question 4 The task involves high force or sudden force The task involves vibration (Safe Work Australia 2011a, p ) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 53

54 Source of the risk Manual Handling Tasks o The main sources of risk are: work area design and layout the nature, size, weight or number of things handled in performing the manual task systems of work environment in which the manual task is performed o For each risk factor consider: where in the task the risk is occurring why each of the actions is occurring (Safe Work Australia 2011a, p. 16) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 54

55 Risk Control Hazardous Manual Tasks o WHS Regulations require to work through the hierarchy of risk control to choose the appropriate control: Level 1 elimination Level 2 substitution isolation engineering Level 3 administrative PPE (Safe Work Australia 2011, p. 20) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 55

56 Risk Control Hazardous Manual Tasks o Level 1 eliminate the risk most effective measure (e.g. automate the manual task) easier and cheaper to achieve in the planning or design stage of an item, process or place used for work o Level 2 minimise the risk utilised when eliminating the risk is not practicable substitute with something that gives rise to a lesser risk (e.g. modify the load, tools, equipment) isolate the hazard from anyone exposed to it (e.g. alter the workplace) implement engineering controls (e.g. use mechanical lifting aids, adjustable examination/massage table to minimise excessive bending) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 56

57 Risk Control of Hazardous Manual Handling o Level 3 administrative control measures do not address the risk factors but reduce the risk by reducing exposure job rotation (rotating staff between different tasks) rest breaks (to recover from the effects of fatigue) information, training and instruction (induction training, training in lifting techniques) o Level 3 PPE gloves (used when risk of contact with infectious material) closed in/slip resistant shoes (used when in contact with clients in Clinic and students in practical sessions) (WorkCover Queensland 2015) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 57

58 Review Hazardous Manual Tasks o Control measures that have been implemented need to be reviewed and if necessary revised. o According to Model WHS Regulations (2011) risk control measures should be revised: when the control measure does not minimise the risk so far as is reasonably practicable before a change at the workplace that is likely to give rise to a new or different WHS risk if a new hazard is identified if consultation indicates that a review is necessary if a health & safety representative requests a review (Safe Work Australia 2011, p. 35) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 58

59 Risk Management Manual Tasks (Safe Work Australia 2011, p. 39) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 59

60 General Lifting Guidelines o In general, for tasks that involve lifting, lowering or carrying: the bigger, the heavier, the bulkier the load, the greater effort required to handle it and greater the risk of injury the further the load is from the body, the greater the effort required and greater the risk of injury lifting that requires poor postures puts more stress on the body and greater the risk of injury the higher the load needs to be lifted, the greater the effort required and greater the risk of injury as frequency and duration increase, so does risk of injury lifting or carrying a load with one hand or to one side of the body puts more stress on the body than handling the load with both hands (WorkSafe Victoria 2000) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 60

61 Correct Lifting Technique o Lifting is a common cause of low back injury that is often preventable. Risk can be minimised by: 1. Size up the load assess the load (size, shape and weight), whether mechanical/human assistance is required 2. Move the load as close to the body as possible use the whole hand to ensure a firm grip 3. Always bend the knees maintain balance, keep feet apart and in a comfortable position, minimise lower back bending 4. Raise the load with the legs achieve the lift smoothly and without jerkiness, maintain the normal curvature of the spine 5. Turn the feet in the direction that the load needs to be moved avoid unnecessary bending, twisting and reaching, change direction by turning feet, to set the load down, squat down (RMIT 2011) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 61

62 Correct Lifting Technique (Pryme 2015) Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 62

63 Manual Tasks Resources o Hazardous manual tasks Code of practice (Qld) data/assets/pdf_file/0008/58166/ hazardous-manual-tasks-cop-2011.pdf o Hazardous manual tasks Code of practice (NSW) data/assets/pdf_file/0012/15213 /hazardous-manual-tasks-code-of-practice-3559.pdf o Hazardous manual tasks Code of practice (SA) altasks.pdf o Code of Practice for Manual Handling (Vic) data/assets/pdf_file/0003/9426/c OP25_manualhandling.pdf o National Manual Tasks Code of Practice ges/hazardous-manual-tasks-cop Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 63

64 References ASCC 2006, Guidance on the principles of safe design for work, viewed 8 January 2016, ents/154/guidanceontheprinciplesofsafedesign_2006_pdf.pdf ASCC 2007, National standard for manual tasks, viewed 8 January 2016, ents/273/nationalstandardformanualtasks_2007_pdf.pdf Comcare 2014, Ergonomic hazards, viewed 8 January 2016, Comcare 2015, Risk management prompt for hazardous manual tasks, viewed 8 January 2016, data/assets/pdf_file/0019/120538/risk_m anagement_prompt_for_hazardous_manual_tasks_pdf,_72.7_kb.pdf Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 64

65 References Ergonomics Plus 2015, Workplace ergonomics 101, viewed 8 January 2016, Pryme 2015, Lift assists and worker back support, viewed 11 January 2016, Safe Work Australia 2011, How to manage work health and safety risks: code of practice, viewed 6 January 2016, uments/633/how_to_manage_work_health_and_safety_risks.pdf Safe Work Australia 2011a, Hazardous manual tasks, viewed 8 January 2016, uments/640/cop_hazardous_manual_tasks.pdf RMIT 2011, SMART lifting techniques, viewed 11 January 2016, Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 65

66 References Safe Work Australia 2013, Key work health and safety statistics, Australia, viewed 8 January 2016, uments/758/key-whs-statistics-2013.pdf WorkCover Queensland 2015, Hazardous manual tasks, viewed 11 January 2016, WorkSafe Victoria 2000, Manual handling (Code of Practice no. 25, 2000), viewed 11 January 2016, Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 66