Poudre Fire Authority Driver/Operator Manual Third Edition March 2006

Transcription

1 Poudre Fire Authority Driver/Operator Manual Third Edition March 2006 Copyright 2006 Poudre Fire Authority Fort Collins, Colorado

2 Introduction ii

3 Introduction Table of Contents Introduction v Driving Poudre Fire Authority Apparatus Driving Poudre Fire Authority Apparatus Driving Conditions Opticoms Vehicle Accidents Hydraulics Poudre Fire Authority Hydraulics History Formulas History of Friction Loss by Rule-of Thumb Calculating Friction Loss by Rule-of-Thumb Quick Reference Charts More Rule-of-Thumb Tender Shuttle Calculations Drafting Calculating Class B Foam by Rule-of-Thumb Relay Pumping Operations Calculating Back Pressure Calculating Additional Water Availabe from Hydrant Solid Stream Nozzles Master Streams Danger Signals When Operating Pumps Pump Gauges Tell You More Than Meets The Eye Hydrants Bresnan Distributor Automatic Fog Nozzles Buildings Equipped With Fire Pumps Fire Department Connections Fire Hydraulics Data Apparatus Inspection Policy Operations Policy 1 Apparatus Inspections Equipment Maintenance Vehicle Fluids iii

4 Introduction Driver/Operator Rodeo Course Driver/Operator Rodeo Course Layout Driver/Operatpr Rodeo Course Instructions Rodeo Course Scoring and Rules Special Provisions Straight Line Offset Alley Serpentine Alley Dock Parallel Park Diminishing Clearance Appendix Note Appendix is only available with station copies and PFA intranet version of this manual. Individual issued manuals do not include appendix. PFA Apparatus Specifics Websites to Visit NFPA 1002 Standard on Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications (2003 Edition) Liability of Public Employees Operating Fire and Medical Emergency Vehciles (Revised December 2005) Jacobs Engine Brake Operating Detroit Diesel Electronic Fire Commander Task Force Tip Automatic Handline Nozzles Task Force Tip In-Line Foam Eductor Manual Task Force Tip Using Automatic Nozzles with Foam Eductors Task Force Tip Blitzfire Monitor Operators Manual TurboDraft Operators Manual iv

5 Driver Operator Introduction Introduction The fire service is a dynamic environment that is influenced by many factors including technology, law, equipment, and science. As the environment changes, so will our own practices relating to the art of the Driver/Operator (D/O). This book will need to be updated periodically as our department adopts new technology and practices that improve our ability to meet the challenges of the job. Maintaining the high quality of PFA s D/Os requires participation from PFA s D/Os, Captains, the Training Division, and the Operations Team. The PFA Operations Division is responsible to set policies pertaining to D/Os and to develop acceptable and expected practices for D/Os operating on or off the fire scene. Changes in apparatus or equipment must be addressed, particularly in terms of how these changes will impact the work of the D/O. The Operations Division should also be able to identify trends or changes in standards that affect the work of the D/O. PFA Training Policy #1 Certification for Firefighter, Driver/Operator and Company Officer PFA Training Policy #2 Driver/ hoperator Certification and Acting Driver/Operator Program Note PFA Policies and OD s can only be accessed from the internal PFA network The PFA Training Division is responsible for keeping D/O s updated on important and pertinent changes in the technology, equipment, laws, and practices as PFA adopts them. Additionally, it will continue to offer training and test firefighters who wish to become D/Os. The Training Division will provide the standards and expectations to the candidates and assist in developing study materials and practice sessions for D/O candidates. This manual is also available as part of a computer-based training program with links to web sites to provide numerous resources for continuing education. DO candidates are responsible for attending appropriate classes and to thoroughly prepare themselves for testing through the use of written materials and other resources, as well as through personal and company practice. Finally, PFA D/Os are in the best position to impact their jobs and create an atmosphere of excellence. The material in this book is the baseline of PFA operations. Those who perform at this level will do a good job. Beyond this book are vast resources and experiences which can enhance every D/O s performance. It is the responsibility of the D/O to seek those opportunities and to apply them to this job and to seek changes in existing practices where he or she sees a benefit to the department. This latest version of the Poudre Fire Authority Driver/Operator Manual has significant changes. First the certification process has been removed from the manual and will be available from the Poudre Fire Authority (PFA) Intranet. Second, this manual will reference NFPA 1002 Standard on Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations (2003 edition) when applicable. It will also reference PFA Operational Directives (OD s) and Policies in existence at the time of this writing. v

6 Introduction vi

7 Chapter One Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 1.4 and 4.2 Driving Poudre Fire Authority Apparatus

8 Driving Poudre Fire Authority Apparatus 2

9 Chapter One Driving Poudre Fire Authority Apparatus The objective of this chapter is to educate PFA D/Os on the details of driving PFA fire apparatus and related issues during both emergent and non-emergent conditions. The fire apparatus driver/operator is responsible for safely transporting firefighters, apparatus, and equipment to and from the scene of an emergency. 1 Individual maturity and common sense, along with laws, NFPA standards, PFA departmental policies and ODs, assist with determining what a safe and efficient manner is. Laws are rules that are legally binding and enforceable. Of particular interest to pump operators are laws enacted at the state and local level. These laws can affect pump operators on an almost daily basis. A major focus of these laws tends to be on emergency-vehicle driving regulations. Standards are guidelines that are not legally binding or enforceable by law unless they are adopted as such by a governing body. 2 PFA departmental policies and OD s reflect current laws and standards. Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 1.4 and 4.2 PFA Occupational Health and Safety Policy Manual PFA Operational Directive Apparatus Backing Note PFA Policies and OD s can only be accessed from the internal PFA network The PFA D/O is faced with many challenges while driving a fire apparatus These challenges are amplified during inclement weather, heavy traffic, or mountain driving. Add the element of emergenency driving and the associated risks are exponential. To limit the risk associated with these challenges, PFA uses a systematic approach to D/O training, and vehicle inspection. The individual D/O must have extensive knowledge of PFA Policies, OD s, and apparatus/equipment. The PFA sponsors an Acting Driver/Operator Academy for future PFA D/Os. This is the first step to becoming a PFA Acting D/O. After successfully completing this training, the next step is to become an Acting D/O. During this period, the Acting D/O may function as a D/O and if he/she chooses, prepare to become a regular D/O. All D/Os (acting or regular) are required to inspect their vehicle when reporting to duty, after incidents, and after repairs. Additionally, a daily inspection form is to be completed for all first-line equipment. The objectives of these inspection forms are; to complete the requirement of NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications (2003 Edition), 3 to document needed repairs, and to protect the safety of the driver and crew assigned to the apparatus. Finally, a proper inspection and completed inspection form protects both the PFA and the individual D/O from exposure to unnecessary liabilities. 3

10 Driving Poudre Fire Authority Apparatus The PFA D/O is not only responsible for safely transporting fire firefighters, apparatus, and equipment to and from an emergency scene, but also, for routine daily operations. While the D/O is responsible for the operation of the apparatus, his/her officer is responsible for the actions of the D/O. Guidelines for emergency/non-emergency driving have been established by the PFA. These guidelines reflect NFPA 1500 Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program and can be found in the Poudre Fire Authority Occupational Health and Safety Policy Manual, chapter 3. 4 It is important for the PFA D/O or acting D/O to be familiar with the information in chapter three of the above mentioned manual. See the PFA Intranet site for complete details regarding this chapter. Driving Conditions PFA D/Os are expected to drive in all types of driving conditions. These conditions include city, mountain, and winter driving. While city driving is the most common, occasionally PFA D/Os respond to mountain areas. Road conditions in mountain areas vary greatly and the D/O needs to know the limitations of his/her apparatus prior to encountering these situations. The PFA D/O is also expected to be skilled at driving in winter conditions. Tire chains are provided for most apparatus. D/Os should be proficient at installing chains on tires and driving with the same. Don t wait for the snow to fall to learn this skill. Most PFA apparatus are also equipped with Jake Brakes. 5 It s important to know that the Jake Brake works best on dry roads. Also, most PFA apparatus now have ABS. Jake Brakes are designed to automatically turn off if the ABS sensor detects a skid. Finally, wheel chocks are carried on all apparatus and should be used when conditions warrant such as when parked on grades or when a PFA engine is in pump mode. NFPA 1901 Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus (2003 Edition), requires two wheel chocks, mounted in readily accessible locations, each designed to hold the apparatus, when loaded to its maximum in-service weight, on a 10 percent grade with the transmission in neutral and the parking brake released. It also also states when the fire apparatus is loaded to its maximum in-service weight, the parking brake system shall hold the apparatus on at least a 20 percent grade. 4

11 Opticoms PFA Engines, Trucks, and Battalion 1 are equipped with opticoms manufactured by 3M. 7 In June of 2006 Poudre Valley Hospital Ambulance Service will also begin utilizing this system. The opticom consists of an emitter (mounted on the apparatus and a detector (usually mounted on the traffic signal cross arm). The intent of this device is to optimize traffic flow during an emergency response. In the PFA district, PFA apparatus are given the right-of-way by controlling traffic lights. When the opticom is activated, the emitter transmits an infrared signal to the detector which captures control of the traffic light and turns it green for the direction of the emergency response vehicle. All other directions for the intersection will show a red light. Chapter One Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 1.4 and 4.2 The following instructions refer to opticoms: Each opticom is assigned to the apparatus it is installed on. The City of Fort Collins Traffic Department tracks opticom activations by apparatus with a day/time stamp. Opticoms operate from a range of 500' to 1000' depending upon; 1) how clean the emitter is, 2) how clean the detector is, 3) obstructions between emitter and detector (i.e. tree branches). At speeds above 45 mph, the opticom may not be able to trigger a green light before the apparatus reaches the intersection. As the traffic light is captured the opposing lanes get a yellow signal. The length of the signal is dependent on the size of the intersection. If trafficf light is captured just after it turns red, or pedestrian button is activated, the light will take time to cycle, thus allowing for pedestrians to exit walkway. If you cannot capture and turn a traffic light green for your direction, assume a pedestrian has activated the crosswalk button, or another emergency response vehicle has captured the traffic light from another direction. The opticom will only hold an intersection for 90 seconds before it recycles. Opticoms are wired to turn off when the parking brake is set. Not all intersections have opticom detectors and new detectors are being installed as funds allow. D/Os need to learn which intersections are epuipped with opticom detectors. If an opticom fails notify the PFA Special Operations Chief. 5

12 Driving Poudre Fire Authority Apparatus Vehicle Accidents All accidents are investigated at PFA. Vehicle accident rates are low but they do occur. Table 1-1 represents a cause of accidents involving PFA vehicles over a 10-year average. 8 Table 1-1 Poudre Fire Authority Causes of Vehicle Accidents over 10-year average Misjudgments 12 Equipment Failure.7 Backing 4.3 Failure to Yield to Emergency Vehicle.3 Fault of other Driver 2.8 Other 2.8 Total 17.3 Although PFA has not experienced a fatal vehicle accident, they do happen in the fire service. According to a Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) report titled Safe Operation of Fire Tankers (April 2003) excessive speed and lack of seat belt use is cited in a majority of fire tanker fatality accidents. 9 This report examines 38 case studies involving fatal fire tanker crashes from 1990 to Of these 38 case studies, excessive speed was a contributing factor in 21 incidents and lack of seat belt use was an contributing factor in 28 of the incidents. This report also states: 1) Three out of four people who are ejected from a vehicle will die. 2) Eight out of ten fatalities in rollover accident involve occupant ejection from the vehicle. 3) Occupants are 22 times more likely to be thrown from the vehicle in a rollover accident when they are not wearing their seatbelts. 6

13 Chapter One The Poudre Fire Authority Occupational Health and Safety Policy Manual, chapter III, section II, states Drivers will not move a vehicle until such time all persons on the vehcile are seated and properly secured. Personnel will not dismount a vehicle until it has come to a complete stop. 10 Finally, The most important safety tool you have is your own judgement. While driving a fire apparatus, there are many dangerslike hazardous weather, dangerous road conditions and/or routes to the scene of an incident, reckless driving by the publicthat you can t control. But human error causes the vast majority of accidents in the PFA. The dangers that a member of the fire service can t control make it all the more important to be aware of the factors you can control. The most crucial, though deceptively simple, precaution you can take as a D/O for yourself, your crew members, and the family you go home to, is to make sure you and your riders fasten your seatbelts. Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 1.4 and 4.2 7

14 Driving Poudre Fire Authority Apparatus Notes 1 Michael Wieder et al. IFSTA Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, Fire Protection Publications, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, p.3. 2 Thomas Sturtevant, Introduction to Fire Pump Operations, 2 nd ed., Delmar Publisher, Albany, NY, p National Fire Protection Association 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications, 2003 ed., section Poudre Fire Authority Occupational Health and Safety Policy Manual, Fort Collins, Colorado, pp For more information on Jake Brakes, see 6 National Fire Protection Association 1901 Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, 2003 ed., section and For more information on 3M Opticoms, see 8 Data from PFA Health and Safety Officer, Federal Emergency Management Agency Publication Safe Operation of Fire Tankers, 2003 ed Poudre Fire Authority Occupational Health and Safety Policy Manual, Fort Collins, Colorado, pp

15 Chapter Two Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 5.1 to and 10.2 Hydraulics

16 Hydraulics 10

17 Chapter Two Poudre Fire Authority Hydraulics Once fire apparatus have arrived on the scene of a fire, the primary goal of the PFA D/O is to provide an effective and safe stream for each hose line he/she is charged with. Understanding the PFA hydraulic system is a key factor in attaining this goal. History Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 5.1 to and 10.2 During the late 1970 s and early 1980 s, PFA existed as two different fire departments. Both departments operated with similar hydraulic systems. Hose streams consisted of 1½-inch and 2½-inch hose with Akron Brass variable gallonage nozzles for attack lines, master streams and 5-inch supply line. Fireground hydraulics were calculated from formulas. In the early 1980 s these two departments merged and the PFA was born. Un- der the direction of one administration, PFA made several changes regarding hydraulic equipment and procedures for PFA D/Os. The first PFA Driver/Operator Study Guide was written in 1982 by Kevin Wilson who was the training officer at that time. This comprehensive manual has provided the framework for other manuals up to and including this one. Additional changes also occurred during the 1980 s. For example rule-of-thumb fireground calculations replaced formulas. The drop ten rule-of- thumb method was introduced. Soon after 1¾-inch hose with nozzles made by Task Force Tip (TFT) were added to the PFA arsenal. TFT assisted the PFA with modification of the rule-of-thumb by dividing the final 1½-inch calculation by two. Around the late 1990 s PFA also adopted the use of three-inch hose. Presently, the PFA hydraulics system uses a combination of formulas, ruleof-thumb calculations, and quick reference charts to determine water delivery rates and pressures. The methods of water delivery are as follows: 1) Water Supply Lines: This includes hose lines that supply water coming into the engine from a hydrant, tender, or draft as well as water supplied to another engine via relay pumping operations. It also includes, the extension of hose lines that exceed the limits defined in the PFA quick reference charts. 2) Solid Stream Nozzles: These include all solid stream nozzle tips for 2½-inch nozzles and straight tips for Blitz Fire nozzles or master streams. 11

18 Hydraulics 3) PFA Quick Reference Charts: These charts were derived from actual flow measurements conducted by the PFA Hose and Nozzle Committee. They are limited to friction losses from TFT automatic fog nozzles, 1-inch straightbore nozzles on 1¾-inch highrise hose, and 5-inch hose friction loss. These test were conducted in the late 1990 s. Formulas Formulas are tools for determining just what has occurred or will occur in water-moving evolutions. Each time any one condition in a hose layout with water flowing is changed, nearly every other condition changes also. Formulas provide a means of calculating these changing conditions. Questions brought up by actual water use may be answered by using these formulas. Their greatest value is in pre-fire planning and determining the means of getting the most from the available water supply and pumpers. While computations by other than a few simple formulas are not practical on the fireground, the D/O who knows how to solve hydraulic equations and who understands the principles involved, can mitigate problems and estimate fairly accurately the pumping requirements at a fire. The formulas used here have all been derived from actual water-flow tests. To simplify the formulas, some minor items (such as extended decimals) which would have a slight effect on the outcome of the problem, have been dropped. Also constants have been rounded off. In working formulas, details of units are important. Some of these details are listed below: Measure all pressures and pressure losses is in pounds per square inch (psi). Some formulas refer to hose in 100' lengths. Others refer to 50' lengths. Be sure to use the correct variable Gallons per minute sometimes refers to hundreds of gpm and other times in total gallons. Be sure which is needed. When finding the capacity of containers, keep dimensions either in cubic inches or in cubic feet. Do not mix. Choose the correct formula for the problem at hand. When more than one formula is involved, be sure to work each in proper sequence. 12

19 Chapter Two Required Formulas Friction Loss Formula: FL = CQ 2 L Where: FL = Friction Loss in PSI C = Friction Loss Coefficient (From Table) Q = Flow rate in hundreds of GPM L = Hose length in hundreds of feet Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 5.1 to and 10.2 Q = GPM 100 Q = Fow rate in hundreds of GPM GPM = Actual flow through hose 100 = A constant L = Hose Length 100 L = Hose length in hundreds of feet Hose Length = Actual length of hose 100 = A constant Friction Loss Coefficients for a Single Line Hose Diameter and Type Coefficient (C) 1½" rubber-lined ¾" rubber-lined with 1½"couplings ½" rubber-lined " rubber-lined with 2½" couplings 0.8 5" rubber-lined

20 Hydraulics Gallons Per Minute GPM = 29.7D 2 NP (GPM from Diameter and Pressure) Q =.5 2FL -.25 (Flow from Friction Loss) Nozzle Diameter ND = GPM 29.7 NP (Nozzle Diameter from Flow) Nozzle Pressure NP =( GPM )2 29.7D 2 (Nozzle Pressure From Flow) Nozzle Reaction NR = 1.5D 2 NP NR =.5GPM (For Solid Stream Nozzles) (For Fog Nozzles) Conversions P =.434 X H H = 2.31 X P (P = pressure in psi.) (H = height in feet.) 1 Cubic Foot Of Water 1728 Cubic Inches 1 Cubic Foot Of Water 62.5 Pounds 1 Cubic Foot Of Water Gallons 1 Gallon Of Water Pounds 14

21 Chapter Two History of Friction Loss by Rule-of-Thumb - PFA uses the drop-ten method of rule-of-thumb calculations. This method is derived from the friction loss formula 2Q 2 +Q established in This formula worked only for 2½-inch hose. The drop-ten method was developed as a conversion factor for use with other size fire hoses. While there was always a margin of error with this method, it was within acceptable limits. During the 1970 s, fire hose technology improved significantly. Due to these improvments, the fire servi ce developed a new friction loss formula of CQ 2 L. This new formula for calculating friction loss decreased the resulting error to acceptable limits. However, because rule-of-thumb friction loss, was still derived from the old formula (2Q 2 +Q), its error margin continued to increase. Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 5.1 to and 10.2 Previous D/O manuals describe the rule-of-thumb friction loss calcualtions as acceptable for all fire hose handlines. For reasons discussed above and later in this chapter, rule-of-thu- mb friction loss calculations are now only acceptable for two of the three PFA water delivery systems. These two systems are water supply lines and solid stream nozzles, 2½-inch or larger. In 1999, PFA purchased new handline nozzles from Task Force Tips (TFT). The technology in these new automatic nozzles increased the friction loss error to an unacceptable level when using the rule-of-thumb method. The PFA Hose and Nozzle Committee conducted flow tests with the new nozzles. They determined with the increased available flow these nozzles provide, the rule-of-thumb formula had a higher than acceptable margin of error. The committee developed quick reference charts for these nozzles which determine the pump pressure needed to deliver various gpm flows with different hose lengths. The PFA Operations Team approved these changes. The quick reference charts will be discussed later in this chapter. Another factor that increases the margin of error for the rule-of-thumb calculations is the increased flows through hose lines. For example until recently there were three distinct and separated gpm flow rates (figure 2-1). 1½" Hand Line 60 to 125 GPM 2½" Hand Line 200 to 300 GPM Master Stream 400 GPM and higher fi gure

22 Hydraulics Presently the fire service is flowing more gpm through equal or similar size hose lines. Today at PFA, including 1½-inch hose carried on wildland apparatus, there are five overlaping gpm flow rates. These increased options for flow also add to greater r margin of error resulting from rule-of-thumb calculations (figure 2-2). 1½" Hand Line 60 to 125 GPM 1¾" Hand Line 100 to 200 GPM 2½" Hand Line 200 to 350 GPM Blitz Fire 300 to 500 GPM Master Stream 300 GPM and higher fi gure 2-2 The reason for this increased margin of error can be found with an understanding of the principles of friction loss. Principles of Friction Loss There are four basic principles of friction loss. 1 These principles are as follows: 1) If all other conditions are the same, friction loss varies directly with the length of the hose or pipe. 2) When hoses are the same size, friction loss varies approximately with the square of the increase in the velocity of the flow. 3) For the same discharge, friction loss varies inversely as the fifth power of the diameter of the hose. 4) For a given flow velocity, friction loss is approximately the same, regardless of the pressure on the water. These principles are explained completely in most fire service hydraulics books. These books can be obtained from the PFA Training Division Library. 16

23 Chapter Two The following rule-of-thumb method allows the D/O to calculate friction loss from the gpm flow and is applicable to water supply lines and, solid stream nozzles (except for the 1-inch straight tip on highrise hose). The rule-of-thumb method can be modified to apply to other hose sizes as well. Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 5.1 to and 10.2 Calculating Friction Loss By Rule-of-thumb Rule-of-Thumb for 2½-inch fire hose: An application of the rule-of-thumb method is made for 100' of 2½-inch fire hose. A firefighter needs to know only the flow in gpm from a nozzle (see table 2-1). In this case, 250 gpm, the zero is dropped leaving 25. Then by subtracting 10 from 25, a sufficiently accurate friction loss of 15 psi per 100' of 2½-inch fire hose can be obtained. A study of Table 2-1 further reveals that friction loss increases as flow increases. 2 For example: 250 GPM are flowing Drop the last zero, leaving 25 Subtract 10, leaving 15 Table 2-1 Friction Loss Relative to Flow Rate in 2½ Hose" GPM Flowing 2½" Hose Friction Loss per 100' Hose psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi GPM Flowing 2½" Hose Friction Loss per 100' Hose psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi 17

24 Hydraulics Rule-of-Thumb for 1½-inch Fire Hose: An application of the rule-of-thumb method is made to 1½-inch fire hose. This section is designed to show that friction loss in 1½-inch fire hose is equal to friction loss in 2½-inch fire hose when four times as much water is flowing through the 2½-inch fire hose. For example: 70 GPM are flowing Multiply 70 x 4 = 280 Drop the last zero, leaving 28 Subtract 10, leaving 18 At 70 gpm, the result is 18 psi friction loss per 100 feet of 1½-inch fire hose. (see table 2-2) 3. GPM Flowing 1½" Hose Table 2-2 Relationship of GPM and Friction Loss in 1½" and 2½" Hose GPM Flowing 2½ Hose" Friction Loss per 100' Hose psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi 18

25 Chapter Two Rule-of-Thumb for 1¾-inch fire hose: Another modification of the ruleof-thumb for 2½-inch fire hose will apply to 1¾-inch fire hose. Use the method described earlier for 1½-inch fire hose, then divide the answer by two. For example: Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 5.1 to and GPM are flowing Multiply 150 x 4 = 600 Drop the last zero, leaving 60 Subtract 10, leaving 50 Divide by 2, making 25 At flow rate of 150 gpm, you have a friction loss of 25 psi per 100' in 1¾-inch fire hose (see table 2-3) 4. GPM Flowing 1¾" Hose Table 2-3 Relationship of GPM and Friction Loss in 100' of 1¾" Hose Friction Loss per 100' Hose psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi GPM Flowing 1¾" Hose Friction Loss per 100' Hose psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi psi 19

26 Hydraulics Rule-of-Thumb for 3-inch fire hose: Another modification of the gpm rule-of-thumb for 2½-inch fire hose will apply to 3-inch fire hose. Calculate the friction loss as though 2½-inch fire hose was used, then divide that figure by two. For example: 600 GPM flowing Drop the last zero, leaving 60 Subtract 10, leaving 50 Divide by 2, leaving 25 At a flow rate of 600 gpm you have a friction loss of 25 psi per l00' of 3-inch fire hose (see table 2-4). 5 GPM Flowing Table 2-4 Relationship of GPM and Friction Loss in 2½" and 3" Hose Friction Loss per 100' 2½" Hose" Friction Loss per 100' 3" Hose psi 1 psi psi 5 psi psi 10 psi psi 15 psi psi 20 psi psi 25 psi Rule-of-Thumb Formula: The equation NP + FL + AP +/- EL = EP is used to determine rule-of-thumb calculations. Where: NP = Nozzle Pressure FL = Friction Loss AP = Appliance EL = Elevation (add or subtract) EP = Engine Pressure 20

27 Chapter Two Quick Reference Charts As discussed earlier, the following quick reference charts are derived from actual flow measurements conducted by the PFA Hose and Nozzle Committee. These charts are limited to TFT automatic fog nozzles, 1-inch straight bore nozzles on 1¾-inch highrise hose, and 5-inch hose friction loss. These charts are carried on all PFA engines. Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 5.1 to and 10.2 Quick Reference Chart 1: Engine pressure needed for 2½-inch hose with a 6 Task Force Tip Fog Nozzle with varying gpm flow rates and hose lengths. Quick Reference Chart 1 150'-300' w/tft Fog Nozzle Length of 2½" Hose GPM 150' 200' 250' 300' Engine Pressure Engine Pressure Engine Pressure Engine Pressure 200 GPM 125 PSI 125 PSI 130 PSI 135 PSI 250 GPM 140 PSI 145 PSI 150 PSI 155 PSI 300 GPM 155 PSI 165 PSI 175 PSI 185 PSI 350 GPM 175 PSI 195 PSI 220 PSI 250 PSI Quick Reference Chart 2: Engine pressure (low and standard) needed to attain various flow rates when using 1¾-inch preconnected and highrise hose with a Task Force Tip Fog nozzle. 7 Quick Reference Chart 2 1¾" Preconnect & Highrise w/tft Fog Nozzle Engine Pressure Low Pressure GPM Engine Pressure Standard Pressure 100 PSI PSI 150 PSI PSI 200 PSI PSI Note Back pressure is dramatic on 200 gpm fl ow. Adequate personnel must be availabe to safely handle the hose at this flow. 21

28 Hydraulics Quick Reference Chart 3: Engine pressure needed for 1-inch solid stream nozzle with 1¾-inch highrise hose. 8 Quick Reference Chart 3 1" Highrise Solid Stream Nozzle w/1¾" Hose 1-Inch Highrise Solid Stream Nozzle 100 GPM 75 PSI on fi re fl oor 150 GPM 100 PSI on fi re fl oor 200 GPM 150 PSI on fi re fl oor Quick Reference Chart 4: Engine pressure needed for a Blitz Fire Nozzle at 500 gpm and varying lengths of 3-inch hose. 9 Quick Reference Chart 4 Blitz Fire/Max-Force Fog 3-inch Hose at 500 GPM Length Engine Pressure 100' 200' 150 PSI 300' 175 PSI 400' 200 PSI 500' 225 PSI Note Maxium hose length is 500' of 3-inch hose. Maximum inlet pressure at the nozzle is 175 psi. Quick Reference Chart 4: Friction loss in 5-inch hose at varying gpm flow rates. 10 Quick Reference Chart 5 5-inch Hose Friction Loss GPM Friction Loss Per 100' psi psi psi psi 22

29 Chapter Two More Rules-Of-Thumb 2½-INCH FIRE HOSE FRICTION LOSS TAKE GPM FLOW DROP THE LAST ZERO SUBTRACT TEN FROM REMAINING NUMBER Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 5.1 to and INCH FIRE HOSE FRICTION LOSS TAKE GPM FLOW DROP THE LAST ZERO SUBTRACT TEN FROM REMAINING NUMBER DIVIDE BY TWO 1½-INCH FIRE HOSE FRICTION LOSS MULTIPLY GPM BY FOUR DROP THE LAST ZERO SUBTRACT TEN FROM REMAINING NUMBER 1¾-INCH FIRE HOSE FRICTION LOSS MULTIPLY GPM BY FOUR DROP THE LAST ZERO SUBTRACT TEN FROM REMAINING NUMBER DIVIDE BY TWO PRESSURE LOSS FOR ELEVATION DETERMINE VERTICAL DIFFERENCE IN FEET DIVIDE BY TWO THE ANSWER IS PRES- SURE IN PSI ADD IF PUMPING TO HIGHTER ELEVATION SUBTRACT IF PUMPING TO LOWER ELEVATION ESTIMATE TEN FEET PER STORY 23

30 Hydraulics SPRINKLER SYSTEM (2½", 3", OR 5" HOSE LINES) PUMPS AT 150 PSI FLOWING 20 GPM PER HEAD, A 1500 GPM PUMPER CAN SUP- PLY APPROXIMATELY 75 HEADS SIAMESE FIRE HOSE FRICTION LOSS TWO HOSE LINES DIVIDE FLOW BY TWO AND FIGURE FRICTION LOSS FOR ONE HOSE LINE. THREE HOSE LINES DIVIDE FLOW BY THREE AND FIGURE FRICTION LOSS FOR ONE HOSE LINE. ADDITIONAL HOSE LINES DIVIDE FLOW BY NUM- BER OF HOSE LINES AND FIGURE FRICTION LOSS FOR ONE HOSE LINE. STANDPIPE SYSTEMS FIGURE PRESURE NEEDED FOR HANDLINE(S). IF MORE THAN ONE HANDLINE, USE LINE REQUIRING THE HIGHEST PRES- SURE FOR CALCULA- TION AND HAVE OTHER HANDLINE GATE BACK. ADD 25 PSI FOR FRICTION LOSS IN SYSTEM PIPING. ADD FRICTION LOSS FOR SUPPLY LINE(S) TO FIRE DPEARTMENT CONNECTION. 24

31 Chapter Two BUILDING EQUIPPED WITH FIRE PUMPS CONNECT TO FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNEC- TION. DETERMINE IF FIRE PUMP IS OPERATING. Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 5.1 to and 10.2 IF FIRE PUMP IS OPERATING DETER- MINE IF PUMPER IS FLOWING WATER OR IF FIRE PUMP IS DOING ALL THE WORK. FOAM EDUCTORS The PFA foam system is dynamic. Visit the PFA intranet for current foam types and application rates. Visit for more information on foam eductors. DETERMINE NEEDED APPLICATION RATE 1% AT 100 PSI NP MAXIMUM OF 300' 1¾" HOSE WITH 95 GPM JS-10 FOAM NOZZLE OR TFT AUTO MATIC FOG NOZZLE. 3% - 6% AT 100 PSI NP MAXIMUM OF 200' 1¾" HOSE WITH 95 GPM JS-10 FOAM NOZZLE OR TFT AUTO- MATIC FOG NOZZLE. BRESNAN CELLAR NOZZLE SIZE NUMBER OF HOLES GPM AT 100 PSI SPREAD AT 100 PSI 2½" ft. dia. 1½" ft. dia. 25

32 Hydraulics TRUCK 1 Friction loss in Truck 1 waterway is 65 psi at 1000 GPM,, and 115 psi at 2000 GPM.. These friction loss figures are inclusive of all piping and elbows from the tailboard to the nozzle. Truck 1 carries 125' (two 50' sections and one 25' section) of 5-inch high pressure supply line that is tested to 300 psi. It also carries a 5-inch to 5-inch gated siamese so two engines can supply it. Consider a foward lay when supplying this truck for aerial operations. Truck 1 is a 100' platform aerial. FOG NOZZLE 1000 GPM PUMP AT 165 PSI TO THE TAILBOARD, PLUS ELEVATION 2000 GPM PUMP AT 215 PSI TO THE TAILBOARD, PLUS ELEVATION. SOLID STREAM TIPS DETERMINE GPM FLOWING FROM TIP SIZE AND FIGURE FRICTION LOSS FROM NOZZLE BACK. USE FIGURES IN LEFT COLUMN FOR WATER- WAY FRICTION LOSS. WHEN SUPPLYING WITH TWO ENGINES, DIVIDE FLOW BY TWO AND FIGURE FRICTION LOSS FOR ONE ENGINE. TRUCK 2 Friction loss in Truck 2 waterway is 35 psi at 500 GPM,, and 65 psi at 1000 GPM.. These friction loss figures are inclusive of all piping and elbows from the tailboard to the nozzle. Truck 2 does not carry any high pressure supply line. It does carry a 5-inch to 5-inch clappered siamese. Truck 2 is a 85' platform aerial. FOG NOZZLE 500 GPM PUMP AT 135 PSI TO THE TAIL- BOARD, PLUS ELEVA- TION 1000 PUMP AT 165 PSI TO THE TAIL- BOARD, PLUS ELEVA- TION SOLID STREAM TIPS USE SAME CALCULA- TIONS AS TRUCK 1 26

33 Chapter Two TRUCK 5 Friction loss in Truck 5 waterway is 65 psi at 1250 GPM. These friction loss fi gures are inclusive of all piping and elbows from the tailboard to the nozzles. Truck 5 does 50' of 5-inch high pressure supply line that is tested to 300 psi. It does not carry a 5-inch to 5- inch siamese. Truck 5 is a 100' straight stick ladder FOG NOZZLE 1250 GPM PUMP AT 185 PSI TO THE TAILBOARD, PLUSE ELEVATION. SOLID STREAM TIPS USE SAME CALCULA- TIONS AS TRUCK 1 Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 5.1 to and 10.2 ENGINE 5 (SNOZZLE) Engine 5 is a 50' articulating boom snozzle. USE FLOW METER TO DETERMINE PROPER GPM APPLIANCE FRICTION LOSS 10 PSI TURBO DRAFT Visit t for more information. 200' 5-INCH HOSE WITH 20' LIFT PUMP AT 190 PSI FOR 280 GPM 200' 5-INCH HOSE WITH 10' LIFT PUMP AT 190 PSI FOR 480 GPM 100' 5-INCH HOSE WITH 20' LIFT PUMP AT 180 PSI FOR 400 GPM 100' 5-INCH HOSE WITH 10' LIFT PUMP AT 180 PSI FOR 570 GPM 27

34 Hydraulics BLITZ-FIRE Visit for more information. PUMP FOG NOZZLE FROM QUICK REFER- ENCE CHART WITH 3" HOSE MAXIMUM NOZZLE INLET PRESSURE IS 175 PSI AND MAXI- MUM GPM IS 500 WHEN USING STRAIGHT TIPS DONʼT EXCEED MAXIMUM PRESSURE OR GPM RELAY PUMPING IF GPM FLOWING IS KNOWN, FIGURE FRICTION LOSS IN SINGLE LINE OR SIA- MESE LINES AND ADD 20 PSI FOR RESIDUAL AT NEXT PUMPER WITH UNKNOWN GPM FLOWING WHEN RELAY PUMPING WITH A SINGLE 2½" HOSE, START AT 200 PSI, AND MAINTAIN 20 PSI RESIDUAL WITH UNKNOWN GPM FLOWING WHEN RELAY PUMPING WITH A SINGLE 3" HOSE, START AT 150 PSI, AND MAINTAIN 20 PSI RESIDUAL WITH UNKNOWN GPM FLOWING WHEN RELAY PUMPING WITH A 5" HOSE, START AT 130 PSI AND MAINTAIN 20 PSI RESIDUAL 28

35 Chapter Two RESIDUAL PRESSURE MINIMUM RESIDUAL PRESSURE FOR ALL PUMPING OPERATION IS 20 PSI Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 5.1 to and 10.2 DRAFTING FOR EACH INCH OF VACUUM, WATER WILL RISE ONE FOOT IN THE INTAKE HOSE AND PUMP ELECTRIC TRANSFER VALVE See Waterous Manual or visit for more information. MAY BE SWITCHED AT PRESSURES BE- LOW 250 PSI. KEEP IN MIND THE EFFECT SWITCHING WILL HAVE ON HOSE LINES, PARTICULARLY WHEN SWITCHING FROM VOLUME TO PRESSURE PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES See Waterous Manual or visit for more information OPERATES BETWEEN 75 PSI AND 300 PSI GOVERNORS Visit for more information. RPM MODE RPM IS INCREASED OR DECREASED VIA PRESET MODE OR IN 25 RPM INCRE- MENTS PRESSURE MODE PUMP PRESSURE IS INCREASED OR DE- CREASED VIA PRESET MODE OR IN 4 PSI INCREMENTS 29

36 Hydraulics ELECTRIC DISCHARGE VALVES REQUIRED ON DIS- CHARGES 3-INCH" AND LARGER. CAN BE USED FOR SMALLER DISCHARGES 5-INCH INTAKE VALVES Visit or for more information. NOT ON FRONT SUC- TIONS BUILT IN RELIEF VALVE SET FROM 100 TO 200 PSI RELIEF VALVE CAN BE ADJUSTED Tender Shuttle Calculations The following two factors are used to determine the number of tenders required or the gpm that can be delivered at a tender shuttle incident: 1) Cycle Time 2) Total Tender Capacity Available (in gallons) Total Tender Capacity Cycle Time = Available GPM Cycle Time x Required Flow = Tenders Required Cycle Time = Off Load Time+ Travel to Supply Time + Onload Time + Travel to Scene Time 30

37 Chapter Two Drafting Mechanics of Dratfing The process of drafting is used as a primary water supply during three distinctly different applications; each with similarities and differences. Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 5.1 to and ) Pump Service tests: This is an annual test carried out to measure pump performance. This test requires 6-inch threaded draft tubes that attach directly to the pump. Any restriction of valves or couplings reduces the performance of the pump. While efficient for pump tests, this process is not efficient, nor utilized, for fire ground operations. 2) D/O Training: Pumping at draft utilizing hypothetical problems may exceed the designed pump capacity, especially if rural water supply drafting equipment and techniques are employed. It is imperative that actual hydraulic flows are considered when flowing hypothetical fire problems to avoid cavitation problems. 3) Rural Water Supply: Pumping at draft from a porta-tank utilizing the low profile strainer, the front suction, and/or a 5-inch valve may reduce the draft capability of the engine by as much as 40%. Since most rural water supply operations can deliver a maximum of 500 gpm, the reduction of pump capacity is not a serious concern. The pump system must be free of air leaks. Common sources of air leaks include discharge valves, drain valves, the 5-inch intake valve, the swivel joint on the front intake, and dry gaskets. To avoid these common problems, the following is recommended: Test the engine for leaks by attaching a section of capped suction hose to the pump and pulling a vacuum. The vacuum gauge should register a negative reading and hold it for at least one minute. If the truck does not hold a vacuum, identify the source of the leak and correct the problem. If unable to correct the problem, contact the PFA mechanic. It is best to wet any gaskets prior to hooking up the draft tubes. Dry gaskets tend to leak air. Flat pressure gaskets will not provide a consistent seal. Replace any pressure gaskets with draft gaskets. In most cases initiate draft in volume mode. 31

38 Hydraulics The chicksan pivot valve on the front intake should be greased at least once a year. This is accomplished by removing the threaded Lock down bolt and inserting the grease gun into the opening. Add grease until evident around the edge of the swivel. A faulty tank to pump valve that does not fully close will also contribute to draft failures. Equipment for Drafting 5-inch Storz couplings on 6-inch semi-transparent flexible Kocheck draft tube is the PFA operations standard. Draft gaskets are required on all storz couplings used in the drafting process. A draft gasket may be differentiated from a pressure gasket by the elevated ridge on the outside edge of the gasket. A flat strainer is the strainer of choice when drafting from a porta-tank. By using a flat strainer over a barrel strainer, the water level in a portatank can be reduced to several inches, especially when a sump hole is incorporated under the porta-tank. The jet siphon feature of the flat strainer is used to transfer water from one porta-tank into another when multiple porta-tanks are used. To effectively transfer water between the two porta-tanks, use a second strainer and draft tube with a section of 1¾-inch hose pumped at 100 psi. Drafting without an operable intake valve should not be done on the fireground. Engine tank water is not usable without the capability to shut off the draft tube. Signs of Pump Cavitation Engine pressure will not increase but the RPMS will increase You hear a popping or cracking sound in the pump. The engine, pump and hose will start to jump, ultimately the Electronic Fire Commander (EFC) governor should shut down and go back to idle. 32

39 Chapter Two Computing Maximum Lift Lift is measured from the surface of the static source to the centerline of the pump. The height of possible lift is not affected by the angle of the intake hose. It is affected by the vacuum the pump can produce and by atmospheric pressure. Theoretically, with a perfect vaccuum at sea level, a pump can lift water 33.8 feet (14.7 psi multiplied by 2.3 feet per pound). A perfect vacuum is impossible with a fire pump and friction loss and atmospheric pressure need to be considered, so a maximum lift of 20 to 25 feet would be more likely. Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 5.1 to and 10.2 The height that water can be lifted decreases with the altitude by about 1 foot for each 1,000 feet of elevation. The weather also affects drafting, but to a smaller degree. To determine the height to which water can be drafted, the vacuum reading in inches of mercury at the compound gauge of the pumper is read and multiplied by The result is then multiplied by 2.3 because water rises 2.3 feet for each psi removed. The formula for determining lift is: where: H= Hg H = height of lift (in feet) Hg = inches of vacuum A good rule-of-thumb is that for each inch of indicated vacuum, water will rise one foot in the intake hose and pump. PFA Foam System The PFA foam system is dynamic and reevaluated often as new products are introduced. Currently, PFA engines carry five gallons of enviromentally friendly Micro- Blaze Out as their class B firefighting solution. 11 Engine 10 and Foam 10 are equiped for larger incidents. It is important to request assistance immediately when dealing with flammable liquid incidents larger than an Engine Company can handle. Additionally, most PFA engines have a FoamPro delivery system for class A foam delivery. 33

40 Hydraulics Calculating Class B Foam by Rule-of-Thumb Class B foam usage requires that enough foam concentrate is on hand prior to fire attack. An estimate of total foam usage can be done using the following formula: Step 1) Estimate the surface area of the spill or fire To estimate the surface area of a circular spill, first estimate the diameter of the spill then figure as if a square (i.e. 20 x 20 spill = 400 sq ft). Step 2) Step 3) Multiply the surface area by 0.10 gpm/square foot to get application rate of foam solution. Estimate time of application. spill requires a 5 minute application rate spill fire requires a 10 minute application rate tank fire requires a 60 minutes application rate (any product over 6 deep is considered a tank fire) Step 4) Step 5) Multiply required gpm by estimate of time to obtain total foam solution. Total foam solution multiplied by percentage of foam concentrate show total foam concentrate required to be on scene prior to initiating fire attack. Class B fuels must be stationary for foam to remain on the surface. On areas where grade would allow foam to run off of fuel, foam solution must be continually reapplied. If the fire is three dimensional, dry chemical extinguishers should be used to extinguish the fire. Every attempt should be made to contain fuel in as small an area as possible. 34

41 Chapter Two Example foam Calculations Gasoline Spill (20 x 20 diameter) Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 5.1 to and ) gasoline = non-polar 2) 20 x 20 = 400 square foot spill 3) 400 square foot x 0.10 gpm/square foot = 40 gpm foam solution 4) spill requires a 5 minute application rate 5) 40 gpm foam solution x 5 minutes = 200 gallons of total foam solution needed 6) 200 gallons of foam solution x 1% concentrate = 2 gallons of foam concentrate needed Gasoline Spill Fire (20 x 20 ) 1) gasoline = non-polar 2) 20 x 20 = 400 square foot spill fire 3) 400 square foot x 0.10 gpm/square foot = 40 gpm foam solution 4) spill requires a 10 minute application rate 5) 40 gpm foam solution x 10 minutes =400 gallons of total foam solution needed 6) 400 gallons of foam solution x 1% concentrate = 4 gallons of foam concentrate needed Application rates for polar solvent spills and fires are not included in this manual because of unresolved changes at press time. For the most up-todate polar solvent application information contact your shift hazmat team. 35

42 Hydraulics Relay Pumping Operations An effective method for balancing fire flow needs, distance, type of hose lay, and number of pumpers, is the Maximum Distance Relay Method To determine the number of pumpers and the distance between them, the water supply officer needs to determine the following information: the distance between the water source and the attack engine, the gpm needs at the fire, and the maximum distance that the gpm can be flowed with the determined relay line. Relay line may be a 5", 3" or 2 ½". The 3" or 2 ½" may also be doubled (see table 2-5). 12 Flow in GPM Table 2-5 Maximum Distance Relay Lengths in Feet One 2½" Line One 3" Line One 4" Line One 5" Line Two 2½" Lines One 2½" & One 3" Line 250 1,440 3,600 13,200 33,000 5,760 9,600 Two 3" Lines ,300 8,250 1,440 2,400 3, ,450 3, ,050 1, , , Once the size of hose is selected and the needed gpm found, the chart determines the maximum length between pumpers. The distance from the source to the attack pumper is now divided by maximum hose length. That number, plus one is the number of apparatus required to supply the fire. This number includes the source pumper as well as the attack pumper. During these pump operations, D/Os must maintain 20 psi residual over the required psi to support the next engine in the relay. The 20 psi is to prevent cavitation. 36

43 Chapter Two Calculating Back Pressure Friction loss is only one of the variables encountered in determining correct engine pressure. Whenever a nozzle is higher than the pump, back pressure exists and needs to be included in hydraulic calculations. Back pressure is the pressure exerted by a column of water as a result of gravity. It is independent of the twisting and turning of the hose or diameter of the line. Back pressure has a constant measurement of psi per foot of height. If a nozzle is 100 feet above the pump, then the back pressure the pump has to overcome is 100 X or 43.4 psi. Back pressure is added into the formula. Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 5.1 to and 10.2 For ease of fireground calculations, we can regard back pressure as 0.5 psi per vertical foot, or 5 psi per story in buildings. If the nozzle is lower than the pump, the back pressure becomes negative and is subtracted from the engine pressure. To recap, NP + FL + BP = Engine Pressure. Calculating Additional Water Available From A Hydrant One of the most important operations in pumping at a hydrant is pressure drop as an indicator of hydrant capacity (see table 2-6). 13 Table 2-6 Additional Water Available from Hydrant Percent Decrease of Pumper Intake Pressure Additional Water Available times amount being delivered times amount being delivered Same to amount being delivered 25 + More water might be available, but not as much as is being delivered A drop of about 0-10% from the static pressure to the residual pressure indicates that three equal parts equivalent to the amount being delivered is available to be supplied. A drop of ll-15% indicates that twice as much water as is currently being delivered is available. A drop of about 16-25% indicates that only one more equal part can be delivered from the system Even after all lines are charged, the operator must watch the compound gauge closely to assure that immediate action can be taken if other pumpers operating nearby cause the residual pressure to decrease below the minimum operating level. 37

44 Hydraulics Solid Stream Nozzles Solid stream nozzles are carried on all PFA Engines. These nozzles are equipped with three different tip sizes (1", 1 1 " 8, 1¼") for 2½-inch nozzles. When supplying a 2½-inch nozzle with straight tips, supply the nozzle at 50 psi and use rule-ofthumb friction loss calculations.each tip size represents a different gpm flow (see table 2-7). 14 Table 2-7 Handline Solid Stream Nozzle Tips Tip Size GPM at 50 psi 3 4" " 150 1" " 250 1¼" 300 Master Streams Currently, most PFA engines are equipped with Akron automatic fog nozzles used as a deck gun for master streams. The flow range for most of these nozzles is between 500 gpm and 2000 gpm. While most fire department hydraulic books state that master stream fog nozzles are pumped at 100 psi, the manufacturer rating for most Akron automatic nozzles is 80 psi. The D/O should know the brand nozzle that is equipped on his/her engine and the manufacturers operating requirements. Some of the older reserve engines and truck companies are also equipped with straight tips. When supplying a master stream with straight tips, supply the nozzle at 80 psi and use rule-of-thumb friction loss calculations. As stated above, each tip size represents a different gpm flow (see table 2-8). 15 Table 2-8 Master Stream Solid Stream Nozzle Tips Tip Size GPM at 80 psi 1¼" " 500 1½" " 700 1¾" " 900 2"

45 Chapter Two Danger Signals When Operating Pumps When the pump is taking water from a hydrant and the compound gauge shows a drop in the residual pressure and eventually goes into a vacuum reading, it indicates that one of two things is happening. The pump may be demanding more water than the hydrant can supply, and the condition known as cavitation is beginning to occur, or the suction strainer is becoming clogged with scale or other foreign matter, which also leads to cavitation. In each case, the effect on the pump and the suction gauge is the same. The difference between the two situations lies in the causes. It is up to the pump operator to determine the cause at the first warning from the suction gauge. Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 5.1 to and 10.2 The first situation (the pump demanding more water than the hydrant can supply) arises either when adding hose lines to the pump or when another pumper hooks up to another hydrant and robs water headed for the first hydrant. The second condition, when scale or other debris clogs a suction strainer, is more apt to develop gradually and is reflected by a gradual drop in the residual pressure. Breaking down the suction line and cleaning the strainer is the only way to correct this condition. Keep your eyes and ears open. Confirmation of the fact that the pump is not getting enough water is indicated by the tachometer and by listening. As you try to increase the pump pressure by increasing the speed of the motor, the tachometer shows more revolutions per minute; however, the pressure gauge fails to show any higher pressure. During any pumping operation, you should dedicate at least one ear to the sound of the motor so you will be aware of the motor racing as you increase the throttle without obtaining the expected increase in pump pressure. When drafting, the compound gauge needle will be on the vacuum arc informing you about the condition of the drafting operation. When the pump is primed, and during actual pumping, the vacuum reading will indicate the height of the lift (the vertical distance from the water surface to the center of the pump). One inch of mercury is equal to 1.13 feet of water column. For practical use, you can regard an inch of mercury equal to one foot of water column. Thus, if the lift is12 feet, the vacuum gauge should show a reading of about 12 inches of mercury. We say about because you can t read the usual pump compound gauge to an accuracy of better than two or three inches of mercury. Pump Gauges Can Tell You More Than Meets The Eye Pump suction and pressure gauges can tell you more than what they are recording at any one moment. It is your job to interpret their full meaning. All gauges should be read head-on at eye level for accuracy. You can get two different readings by looking at a gauge from two different directions. Under fireground operating 39

46 Hydraulics conditions, reading a pump gauge to the nearest 5 psi is close enough for anything you need to calculate. The vacuum side of compound gauges is calibrated in inches of mercury, usually with markings at 10 inch intervals, with a maximum reading of 30 inches of mercury. The experienced pump operator frequently looks at the gauges when the pumper is in quarters to determine whether the needles are at zero; as the D/O starts to hook-up on the fireground, he/she takes a glance at the gauges for the same reason. If the pressure gauge reads 5 psi when the pump is motionless and no water is entering it, then this error must be compensated for in later readings. Sometimes the compound gauge is off, and the needle may erroneously indicate a few pounds of pressure or inches of mercury. Again, this indicated error should be taken into consideration. Hydrants The PFA hydrant system is composed of at least six different water districts. Hydrants are maintained by the district responsible for them. The water source for these hydrants is primarily a gravity system supplied from reservoirs. Some water districts also have electric pumps to assist with water delivery. Hydrant mains that a D/O would use can be from 4-inches to 12-inches in diameter. They are a dynamic in nature. As main get older they flow less, old 4-inch mains are being replaced with larger mains, repairs are made to one part of the system that can increase flows to another, and flows can be affected by normal daily citizen usage. The primary purpose of a water system is to supply water to the population. Modern water systems are built with a reserve capacity for large fires. Hydrants are part of the water system. Fire departments need to remember they are guests using the hydrant system. They do not own the water or the hydrant system. PFA is fortunate. Most of the time when a D/O connects to a hydrant, it works well. Do not fall into complacency. Sometimes for various reasons the hydrant a D/O is attempting to operate from will not work. This can be due to a multitude of reason such as rusted on caps, broken valves, frozen hydrants, or broken mains. Due to possible hydrant failures, when the PFA D/O connects to a hydrant anticipate problems and have a back-up plan. Once the connection is made and water is flowing, the D/O needs to consently evaluate the flow from the hydrant by monitoring the pump panel. Other engines can connect to the same water main and decrease flow, or a water main can break during pumping operations. When these problems do happen, the D/O needs to notify command of a water supply deficiency and begin actions to correct the situation. 40

47 Chapter Two Bresnan Distributor While the Bresnan Distributor is used mostly in basement and cellar fires, it also can be used advantageously in attic fires. The distributor might be classed as a large sprinkler head, particularly in its method of distributing water and the results obtained from it. The maximum range and direction may be considered to be about 36 feet in diameter for a 9- hole, 2½-inch nozzle. A 1½-inch nozzle has 6 holes and covers a circle about 20 feet in diameter. Due to the small range of the distributor nozzle, it is necessary to move this equipment quite frequently to minimize water damage. Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 5.1 to and 10.2 The Bresnan Distributor is a rotating nozzle. The base end has a 1½-inch, or 2½-inch female connection with a gasket. The rotating portion of the appliance revolves on ball bearings and has 6 or 9 orifices. The 9 orifice has 3 openings which distribute water upward, 3 which distribute it straight out, and 3 which deliver water downward. The 6 orifice has 3 upward and 3 downward. The angle at which the orifices are set in the distributor gives it its rotating motion, and the centrifugal force of the 6 or 9 streams keeps the distributor in balance. The distributor is connected to the male end of a 1¾-inch or 2½-inch hose and inserted through the floor, roof, or in a shaft. If the basement inlet pipes or pipe hole casings are available at the proper point, they may be used. If not, a hole approximately 8 to 10 inches square should be cut as near over the fire as possible. Since there is no shut-off on the Bresnan, it is necessary to use a hose clamp or a short section of hose with a gate valve to control the water. The clamp or gate should be conveniently located, but far enough back on the line that it will not interfere with the operation of the distributor. The clamp or gate valve should be in place before the distributor is attached, and the water should not be turned on until the distributor has been inserted into the hole. Shut off the water before the appliance is withdrawn. Extra hose needs be taken into the building so the nozzle location can be moved without waiting for additional hose to be brought to the fire area. When the distributor has been inserted into the hole and the water is turned on, it is lowered to the floor below and pulled back about halfway if a hose clamp has been used. If a short section and a gate valve is used, lower the hose to where the gate is at the hole. It is important to center the distributor between the floor and ceiling. The distributor is then pumped by raising and lowering the nozzle 4 to 5 feet. This action will thoroughly distribute water to all areas. One hundred pounds of nozzle pressure needs to be maintained for effective action. After use, carefully inspected the distributor to see that it has not been damaged, that all orifices are open, and that the gasket is in place and in good shape. It may be necessary from time to time to apply a few drops of oil to the bearings to keep the head operating freely. During operations, the water will act as a lubricant. 41

48 Hydraulics Automatic Fog Nozzles PFA uses Task Force Tip (TFT) Automatic Fog Nozzles. These nozzles are used with 1¾-inch, 2½-inch, and Blitz Fire operations. 16 Most of these nozzles (2½-inch excluded) have two different pressure settings. These settings are Standard Pressure and Low Pressure. In earlier versions of these automatic nozzles, the low pressure setting was designated as Emergency Pressure. These two terms are interchangable. The reason for these two different terms is because of NPFA 1964 Standard for Spary Nozzles (Shutoff and Tip). Older verisons of this standard would not allow the term Low Pressure. The manfacturers, wanting to use Low Pressure, lobbied the NPFA standard committee until wording was changed to allow for its use. With automatic nozzles in the standard pressure mode, within a predetermined flow range, the gpm can vary while the nozzle pressure remains constant at 100 psi. It is important to understand that this automatic component of these nozzles is only true for the standard pressure mode. When operating in the low pressure mode, as the gpm increases or decreases, the nozzle pressure corresponds accordingly. Because of this it is essental the D/O knows what mode the nozzle is set in prior to charging the line. The TFT automatic nozzles also have a series of six indents on the bail. Each of these detents represents a gpm increase or decrease depending on if the bail is being opened further or closed down (see table 2-9). 16 Length of Hose PSI Table 2-9 Performance at Detent Postions 1¾-inch hose 100 PSI nozzle pressure 6 GPM 5 GPM 4 GPM 3 GPM 2 GPM 1 GPM 200' ' ' ' Automatic nozzles, within a predetemined flow range, also adjust the stream quality. This means the efficacy of gpm flow cannot be evauated visually. Stream charicteristic for an automatic nozzle flowing 100 gpm will be visually similiar to an automatic nozzle flowing 200 gpm. The D/O must know what the maximum desired gpm is and be careful to pump accordingly. 42

49 Chapter Two Buildings Equipped with Fire Pumps Current fire codes require standpipes in buildings four-stories or higher. In the late 1980 s fire codes were amended to increase minimum operating pressures on the top floor of buildings with standpipes from 65 psi to 100 psi. Because of this increased pressure requirement, many buildings four-stories and higher are equipped with stationary fire pumps. Fire pumps can also be expected in some large horizontal commercial buildings that have special fire protection requirements. Currently, there are approximately 35 buildings in the PFA district equipped with stationary fire pumps. Stationary fire pumps are designed for a rated capacity and rated pressure. This rate is determined by fire protection engineers and N NFPA 20 Installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps. The capacity rate and pressure rate determines the pressure the fire pump will operate at. Buildings with stationary fire pumps are also required to have a test header. This test header resembles a fire department connection (FDC) except for the male threads at the connection. It is intended as a discharge for annual stationary pump testing. Valves are required for this test header. They will be located either externally on the building or internally. The size of the stationary fire pump can be determined by multiplying the number of discharges at the test header by 250. It is important to understand the difference between a FDC and a stationary fire pump test header as one is for water intake and the other is for water discharge (see figures 1 to 3). «figure 1 test header with external valves siamese FDC figure 2» figure 3 test header with internal valves 43 Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications 2003 Edition. Sec. 5.1 to and 10.2

50 Hydraulics Stationary fire pump systems also have a clapper valve that separates the stationary fire pumps from the fire department connection (FDC). The pump operating at the highest pressure will control this clapper valve. During fireground operations, if the stationary fire pump is operating at a higher pressure than the PFA engine connected to the FDC, the water from the PFA engine will not flow. The result will be an overheated pump on the PFA engine. To determine which pump is in control of the clapper valve, the D/O can, cautiously, partially or completely close the discharge gate(s) of the pumper supplying the siamese. If pressure at the discharge gauge(s) drop, the pumper is supplying the water. If the pressure remain the same, the stationary fire pump is supplying the water. Fire Department Connections Many buildings in the PFA district have FDCs. When the D/O is supplying a FDC the following points should be taken into consideration. Supply the system slowly. The older the system is, the more fragile it is. Some FDC caps are breakable and others are screw type. Don t place your fingers into a FDC. They can contain foreign objects. If the FDC fails, place a siamese on one of the standpipe system discharg es and pump into the siamese to supply the system. Finally, the following figures represent some different FDC configurations in the PFA district. siamese FDC 5-inch FDC with fire pump test header quadruple FDC triple FDC 44

51 Chapter Two Fire Hydraulics Data Mercury is times heavier than water. Atmospheric pressure at sea level is 14.7 psi. Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 5.1 to and 10.2 Practical considerations such as length of suction line, quantity of water involved, lift involved, atmospheric pressure, temperature of water and state of repair of pumper limit the actual maximum lift that is attainable in the field. A perfect vacuum is impossible with a fire pump and there will be friction loss, so the maximum lift at sea level would be approximately 20 to 25 feet. Vacuum pressure is considered negative pressure. Friction loss of unlined hose is approximately 2.2 times greater than for lined hose. Friction loss in zig-zag hose is approximately 6 % more than in a straight line. Friction loss in standpipes, regardless of diameter, is taken as 25 pounds. Deckgun friction loss is 10 pounds and this allows for loss due to elevation. Friction loss in deluge sets, siamese connections and gate connections is allowed for in the K-values of the engine pressure equation (EP= KL). Separate allowances should NOT be made when solving hydraulics problems. The key to the solution of many draft problems lies in the friction loss of the suction diameter used. A good solid stream fire stream should not have a spread of more than 15- inches in diameter before it strikes its target. Deckpipes are considered to be 9 feet above street level. Pumps in fire pumpers are approximately 3 feet above street level. 45

52 Hydraulics The discharge coefficient for open butts is This is used to calculate the gpm for a given diameter hose without a nozzle. Optimum nozzle pressure on 1 1 /8-inch and 1¼-inch handline nozzles is 50 psi. Optimum nozzle pressure on 1¼-inch to 2-inch solid stream masterstream nozzles is 80 psi. Optimum angle of nozzle for the attainment of maximum horizontal reach is theoretically 45 degrees. Under actual field conditions which allow for weather, wind and other extraneous factors, the optimum angle is closer to 32 degrees. For nozzles at street level, the third story is generally the highest point of effective reach. For effective streams, the distance of nozzle from building should be equal to the distance above the street at the point of penetration. Deckpipes lose their effectiveness above the third floor. Unextended water towers are used to penetrate from the fourth to the seventh floors inclusive. Extended water towers are used to penetrate the seventh, eighth and ninth floors. Water towers should be 15 to 20 feet from buildings for work involving the fourth to seventh floors inclusive. Water towers should be a distance of 50 feet from building for work involving the seventh, eighth and ninth floors or at opposite street curb if this distance is not possible. The area of coverage of one sprinkler head is approximately 100 square feet. Practically speaking, the factors determining the range of a fire stream are nozzle diameter, nozzle pressure, and nozzle angle. 46

53 Chapter Two Notes 1 Michael Wieder et al. IFSTA Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, Fire Protection Publications, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, p Kevin Wilson, Driver/Operator r/ Study Guide ( study guide written for the Poudre Fire Authority, 1982) p. 24 Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 5.1 to and Ibid, p Ibid, p Ibid, p Poudre Fire Authority Hose and Nozzle Committee, Quick Reference Charts. 7 Ibid, Quick Reference Charts. 8 Ibid, Quick Reference Charts. 9 Ibid, Quick Reference Charts. 10 Ibid, Quick Reference Charts. 11 For more information on MicroBlaze, see 12 Michael Wieder et al. IFSTA Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, Fire Protection Publications, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, p Ibid, p Kevin Wilson, Driver/Operator Study Guide ( study guide written for the Poudre Fire Authority, 1982) p Ibid, p For more information on Task Force Tip, see 17 J. D. Wiseman and John E. Bertrand, The Safe and Effective Use of Fog Nozzles: Research and Practice, PennWell, p

54 Hydraulics 48

55 Chapter Three Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec. 4.2 Apparatus Inspection Policy

56 Apparatus Inspection Policy POUDRE FIRE AUTHORITY Operations Policy 1 - Apparatus Inspections Scope: This policy explains the procedures for vehicle maintenance checks. General 1. Poudre Fire Authority apparatus will be inspected using the daily or weekly checklists, whichever is applicable, on the appropriate Apparatus Inspection Record. 2. Daily inspections should be conducted in the morning and results recorded on the Apparatus Inspection Record at the time of the inspection. Front-Line, Primary Vehicle Inspections 3. The following front-line, primary apparatus must be inspected every shift: A. Engines B. Trucks C. Fire Inspection Coordinator vehicles Front-Line, Secondary Vehicle Inspections 4. These front-line, secondary vehicles require inspection the first day of every crew s set and anytime they were used the previous day: A. Water tenders B. Brush units C. Hazardous materials squad D. Shift Battalion Chief vehicle 5. Daily inspections for front-line, secondary apparatus include starting the vehicle and checking fuel level, fluid levels, emergency lights, headlights, turn signals and radio operation, and ensuring tires are not flat. 50

57 Chapter Three Apparatus Inspection Policy Continued: Weekly Inspections Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec All apparatus will undergo the weekly checks every Saturday. 7. Reserve engines will be checked weekly by the engine company where the reserve apparatus is stationed. Reserve apparatus also will be checked at the time they are placed in service, by the crew that is going to use them. 8. Truck 2 will be checked weekly by Truck 1 or Truck 5 crew. 9. Air/Light 1 will be checked weekly by qualified Breathing Apparatus Technicians. 10. All apparatus housed in volunteer stations will be checked weekly. PFA Operations Policy Apparatus Inspections PFA Operations Policy Quarterly Apparatus Audits Note PFA Policies and OD s can only be accessed from the internal PFA network Monthly Inspections 11. Emergency response trailers will be checked the first Saturday of every month by the personnel at the station where the trailer is assigned. DATE ISSUED: May 23, 1984 DATE REVISED: February 1, 2000 DATE REVISED: August 17, 2001 DATE REVISED: December 21, 2004 DATE REVISED: June 24, 2005 John Mulligan, Chief 51

58 Apparatus Inspection Policy Equipment Maintenance Driver/Operators will be responsible for properly checking all fluid levels, including, but not limited to, engine oils, power steering, automatic transmission, coolant, etc. D/Os will know the proper fluids that are used. D/Os will know how to properly add fluid to the level of the operating range. D/Os will be responsible for minor maintenance repairs including, but not limited to, replacing light bulbs; replacing wiper blades; tightening loose nuts, bolts, screws; etc. D/Os will be responsible for performing the daily, weekly and monthly checks, and will fill out service requests and describe mechanical problems. Vehicle Fluids Vehicle fluids change as new vehicles arrive or new suppliers are used. Contact the PFA Mechanic to ensure proper fluilds are being used for the vehicles the D/O is responsible for. 52

59 Chapter 4 Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec to Driver/Operator Rodeo Course

60 Rodeo Course Driver Operator Rodeo Course Layout 54

61 Chapter 4 Driver Operator Rodeo Course Instructions 1. Starting west of the south lane of cones in front of the OEM and Training buildings, back through the straight-line exercise until the front bumper clears the last cone. Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec to After backing through the straight-line exercise, drive forward through the exercise. 3. Proceed to the west side of the tower and drive forward through the offset alley. Engine may leave the concrete pavement when making the turn to set up for the exercise. 4. Drive past the barrels for the serpentine. Back through the serpentine passing the first barrel on the driver s side. 5. Drive forward through the serpentine passing the first barrel on the passenger side. 6. Back into the alley dock on the east side of the cul-de-sac. 7. Position the engine and back into the parallel park exercise located on the west side of the cul-de-sac in front of the manufactured home. 8. Drive through the street passing to the north and then to the east of the tower and position for the diminishing clearance exercise. Contacting a curb while driving past the tower will invoke a point penalty as in hitting any curb in the exercise. Drive forward through the diminishing clearance exercise stopping with the front bumper at the finish line. Time starts when the engine starts moving backwards for the straight-line exercise and stops when the air brake is set at the end of the diminishing clearance exercise. Passing time will be six minutes and 45 seconds. (6:45) 55

62 Rodeo Course Rodeo Course Scoring & Rules The rodeo course will consist of six parts: 1. Straight Line 2. Offset Alley 3. Serpentine 4. Alley Dock 5. Parallel Parking 6. Diminishing in Clearance & Stopping at a Line Each part will be worth 50 points, for a total of 300 points overall. Each part must be completed prior to moving on. A backer may be used (only at the rear of the engine) any time the engine is in reverse. A spotter (one person) may be used front and rear for parallel parking. Having a backer is strictly the driver s option. The driver is ultimately responsible. The backer must remain outside the barricaded area in all events. Failure will occur in the following three (3) situations: 1. Exceeding 10 mph on any part of the course. 2. Losing more than 50 points in any one part. 3. A total score of less than 70% (210 points). If any portion of a cone or base is contacted, a 10-point penalty will be assesed. Cones will be reset after being hit if the apparatus will be passing that point again. Contacting a barrel is also a 10-point penalty. Contacting a barricade will account for a 10-point loss if there is 3 or less movement. Measurement will be taken from the end that is moved the greatest distance. If movement is greater than 3 inches, points assessed will be as follows: 4 13 points points 5 16 points points 6 19 points points 7 22 points points 8 25 points points 9 28 points points points 17 failure 56

63 Chapter 4 Special Provisions 1. Parallel Parking Having both right-side tires within 24 of curb constitutes being parked, as measured from the center widest portion of the tire. For this exercise, the tailboard can swing over cones or other object representing the curb. It is not satisfactory to park with a wheel or wheels on the curb. Distance will be measured from the wheel farthest from the curb. Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec to to 12 > 12 to 24 0 points off 3 points off If measurement is greater than 24 inches the exercise is not considered complete. 2. Alley Dock stopping 18 or more from rear barricade pts. stopping 12 to 17 from rear barricade --6 pts. stopping 6 to 11 from rear barricade 3 pts. You must be within 24 to have completed the exercise 3. Stop Line After Diminishing Clearance Crossing line - 10 pts. Stopping 18 or more before line 10 pts. Stopping 12 to 17 short of line -- 6 pts. Stopping 6 to 11 short of line 3 pts. 4. Going over the allowed time will not constitute an automatic failure as before. Penalty points will be assessed at the rate of 1 point per sec - ond over the allowed time. Example: 12 seconds over the time will be as sessed a 12-point penalty. 57

64 Rodeo Course Straight Line The straight line exercise is the first on the rodeo course. The candidate will line up the apparatus as he/she chooses before the entry cones. The candidate will indicate to the evaluator that they are ready. After this point, the evaluator will start the time for the course when the candidate begins backward movement of the engine. The straight line exercise measures a driver s ability to travel continuously in a direction without weaving. The driver must steer the apparatus between two rows of cones that are spaced every 10 feet. The distance between the barriers shall be 6 inches wider than the width of the apparatus wheels. A minimum distance of 150 feet will be traveled. The candidate will first drive the 150 feet backwards and clear the final cone with the front bumper. The candidate will then reverse direction and travel the 150 feet forward. The candidate will be allowed the use of a backer during the reverse direction of travel if he/she chooses. Backers must stay outside the driving area. Cones that are hit during the forward travel will be repositioned for the reverse travel manuever. See rules sheet for penalty point assesment. Solid line indicates forward direction of travel Dashed line indicates reverse direction of travel 58

65 Chapter 4 Offset Alley After the candidate completes the straight line exercise, he/she will proceed to the west side of the tower and drive forward through the offset alley. Engine may leave the concrete pavement when making the turn to set up for the exercise. Two alley gates have been set up at a distance of 10 feet wide; the distance between the gates is 34 feet. The driver will enter the first gate and maneuver the apparatus in a forward direction through the second gate. No set speed has been established. The driver may stop and reposition if he/she chooses. The use of a backer will be allowed only when the engine is repositioning and in reverse. The backer must stay outside the driving area. See rules sheet for assesment of penalty points for striking the barricades. Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec to Solid line indicates forward direction of travel Dashed line indicates reverse direction of travel 59

66 Rodeo Course Serpentine As the candidate exits the offset alley he/she proceeds down the left side of the serpentine exercise. This exercise measures the driver s ability to steer the apparatus in close limits. The exercise will be conducted with the apparatus moving first backwards, then forward. Barrels have been placed 34 feet apart. Adequate space has been established on either side of the barrels. The driver is required to drive the apparatus in reverse between the barrels by passing to the right of barrel 1, to the left of barrel 2, to the right of barrel 3, position the apparatus and drive forward to the left of barrel 3, to the right of barrel 2, to the left of barrel 1 and exit the course around the building and prepare to enter the off set alley. Solid line indicates forward direction of travel Dashed line indicates reverse direction of travel 60

67 Chapter 4 Alley Dock The alley dock exercise measures a driver s ability to back the apparatus into the space provided. The dimensions are 10 feet wide by 30 feet deep. As the candidate exits the serpentine exercise in a reverse direction, he/she will back into the alley dock on the east side of the cul-de-sac and stop when they feel they are within 6 inches of the back barricade. When the driver stops, a measurement is taken and the appropriate penalty is given if necessary (see rules sheet). If the driver wishes, a backer will be allowed for this event. Backer must stay outside the driving area. The driver then proceeds forward exiting the alley dock and makes a sweeping left hand turn and prepares to enter the serpentine exercise. Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec to Solid line indicates forward direction of travel Dashed line indicates reverse direction of travel 61

68 Rodeo Course Parallel Park The parallel park exercise is done from the blind side, and the driver will be asked to position the apparatus in the space provided. The parking space dimensions are 8 feet deep and 34 feet long. The driver must have both tires within 24 inches of the back line to have qualified for this event. Reasonable objects such as cones or a 4x4 will be used to represent a curb, and the bumper is allowed to swing over the objects. Tires may not contact the simulated curb, cones, or curb line. A 10 point penalty will be assessed for each occurrence. The barricades at each end represent buildings or cars. The bumpers cannot hit the barricades, or penalty points will be assessed. See rules sheet for penalty point assessment criteria. Stopping and repositioning of the apparatus will be allowed if the driver chooses. A single backer or spotter will be allowed to assist the driver at the front or rear of the apparatus. The backer must stay outside the driving area. After completing the parallel park exercise, the driver will proceed to the diminishing clearance exercise. 62

69 Chapter 4 Diminishing Clearance After completing the parallel park exercise, the candidate will position the apparatus for diminishing clearance. The entrance to this exercise measures 9 6 and the exit cones measure 8 2 apart. The candidate will maneuver the apparatus in a forward direction. After exiting through the last cones, proceed as close as possible to the finish line, without the front bumper passing the line. See rules sheet for assessment of penalty points for this exercise. Reference: NFPA 1002 Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifi cations 2003 Edition. Sec to Solid line indicates forward direction of travel Dashed line indicates reverse direction of travel It is very important for the candidate to set the air brake when they have stopped at the finish line. This signals the evaluator to stop the watch for the candidate s time. 63

70 Rodeo Course 64

71 Appendix Appendix

72 The Poudre Fire Authority Driver/Operator 66

73 UNIT ID COMMON NAME MODEL YEAR VEHICLE WEIGHT PUMP GPM TWO STAGE H20 TANK SIZE (GAL) FOAM TANK SIZE (GAL) 276 Engine 1 AM LAFRANCE , Yes Truck 1 SIMON LTI , Air/Light Truck CHEVROLET , Engine 2 AM LAFRANCE , Yes Engine 3 SIMON-DUPLEX , Yes Tender 3 FORD , No 1800 N/A 281 Engine 4 HME , Yes Brush 4 Ford-550 XL , No Engine 5 (Snozzle) AM LAFRANCE , Yes Truck 5 (Squad) SPARTAN , Engine 6 AM LAFRANCE , Yes Tender 6 FORD , No 1800 N/A 251 Engine 24 SPARTAN , No 750 N/A 265 Engine 25 SPARTAN/General , Yes 750 N/A 258 Engine 26 SPARTAN , Yes 750 N/A 450 Truck 2 LTI , Brush 7 FORD - SuperDuty , No Engine 7 HME , Yes / CSU Forestry Rig INTERNATIONAL , No 900 N/A 277 Engine 8 FORD , No Tender 8 INTERNATIONAL , No 3,550 Unbaffeled 269 Engine 9 HME , No Brush 9 FORD - SuperDuty , No Foam 10 FORD-SuperDuty , No None 300 microblaze 272 Engine 10 AM LAFRANCE , Yes / 20 microblaze 453 Hazmat 10 (Squad) PFA Apparatus Specifics Spring 2006 INTERNATIONAL , Brush 11 GMC , No Engine 11 REO , No Engine 12 AM LAFRANCE , Yes A / 10-B 755 Tender 12 HME , No (CAFS) 282 Engine 14 SPARTAN/General Yes Brush 14 FORD F , No Engine 27 AM LAFRANCE , Yes Engine 13 (Squrt) SPARTAN , Yes 500 N/A Note See PFA intranet for complete apparatus specifi cs 67

74 Websites to Visit Rules and Regulations, Policies, ODʼs Waterous Fire Pumps Task Force Tips Blitz Fire portable monitors handline nozzles master stream nozzles foam eductors intake valves Micro Blaze Turbo Draft Jacobs Braking Systems 3M Opticom Harrington Intake Valves Foam pro Governors Command Lights PFA Intranet (can only be accessed from the internal PFA network)

75 NFPA 1002 Standard on Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications 2003 Edition Copyright 2003, National Fire Protection Association, All Rights Reserved This edition of NFPA 1002, Standard on Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications, was prepared by the Technical Committee on Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications, released by the Technical Correlating Committee on Professional Qualifications, and acted on by NFPA at its May Association Technical Meeting held May 18 21, 2003, in Dallas, TX. It was issued by the Standards Council on July 18, 2003, with an effective date of August 7, 2003, and supersedes all previous editions. This edition of NFPA 1002 was approved as an American National Standard on July 18, Copyright NFPA Origin and Development of NFPA 1002 In 1972, the Joint Council of National Fire Service Organizations (JCNFSO) created the National Professional Qualifications Board (NPQB) for the fire service to facilitate the development of nationally applicable performance standards for uniformed fire service personnel. On December 14, 1972, the board established four technical committees to develop those standards, using the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards-making system. The initial committees addressed the following career areas: fire fighter, fire officer, fire service instructor, and fire inspector and investigator. The Technical Committee on Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications met regularly after the adoption of NFPA 1001 to produce the first edition of this document, which was adopted by the NFPA in NFPA 1002 was the second in the series of fire fighter professional qualifications standards. Additional editions were adopted and issued by the NFPA under the auspices of the NPQB in 1982 and The original concept of the professional qualifications standards, as directed by the JCNFSO and the NPQB, was to develop an interrelated set of performance standards specifically for the uniformed fire service. The various levels of achievement in the standards were to build upon each other within a strictly defined career ladder. In the late 1980s, revisions of the standards 69

76 recognized that the documents should stand on their own merit in terms of job performance requirements (JPRs) for a given field. Accordingly, the strict career ladder concept was revised, except for the progression from fire fighter to fire officer, in order to allow civilian entry into many of the fields. These revisions facilitated the use of the documents by other than the uniformed fire services. In 1990, responsibility for the appointment of professional qualifications committees and the development of the professional qualifications standards were assumed by the NFPA. The Professional Qualifications Correlating Committee, appointed by the NFPA Standards Council in 1990, assumed responsibility for coordinating the requirements of all of the professional qualifications documents. The JPR format of this document is consistent with the other standards in the professional qualifications project. Each JPR consists of the task to be performed; the tools, equipment, or materials that must be provided to successfully complete the task; evaluation parameters and/or performance outcomes; and lists of requisite knowledge and skills one must have to be able to perform the task. The intent of the Technical Committee on Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications is to provide clear and concise job performance requirements that can be used to determine that an individual, when measured to the standard, possesses the skills and knowledge to perform as a fire fighter. In the 2003 edition of the document, the technical committee made changes to bring it into conformance with the new NFPA Manual of Style and several small additions. In Memoriam, September 11, 2001 We pay tribute to the 343 members of FDNY who gave their lives to save civilian victims on September 11, 2001, at the World Trade Center. They are true American heroes in death, but they were also American heroes in life. We will keep them in our memory and in our hearts. They are the embodiment of courage, bravery, and dedication. May they rest in peace. Copyright NFPA Technical Correlating Committee on Professional Qualifications Fred G. Allinson, Seattle, WA [L] Rep. National Volunteer Fire Council Douglas P. Forsman, Chair Union Colony Fire & Rescue Authority, CO [E] Stephen P. Austin, State Farm Insurance Company, DE [I] Rep. International Association of Arson Investigators Inc. Timothy L. Bradley, North Carolina Fire Commission, NC [E] Rep. TC on Fire Service Instructor Professional Qualifications (Vote Limited to Professional Qualifications System Management) 70

77 Boyd F. Cole, SunnyCor Incorporated/SmartCoat Inc., CA [M] Rep. TC on Emergency Vehicle Mechanic Technicians Professional Qualifications (Vote Limited to Professional Qualifications System Management) Yves Desjardins, Ecole nationale des pompiers du Quebec, Canada [U] David T. Endicott, Stevensville, MD [U] Rep. TC on Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications (Vote Limited to Professional Qualifications System Management) Gerald C. Evans, Salt Lake City Fire Department, UT [L] Rep. TC on Public Safety Telecommunicator Professional Qualifications (Vote Limited to Professional Qualifications System Management) Kelly Fox, Washington State Council of Fire Fighters, WA [L] Rep. International Association of Fire Fighters Jon C. Jones, Jon Jones & Associates, MA [SE] Rep. TC on Industrial Fire Brigades Professional Qualifications (Vote Limited to Professional Qualifications System Management) Alan E. Joos, Utah Fire and Rescue Academy, UT [E] Rep. International Fire Service Accreditation Congress Charles E. Kirtley, City of Guymon, Oklahoma, Fire Department, OK [U] Rep. TC on Public Fire Educator Professional Qualifications (Vote Limited to Professional Qualifications System Management) Barbara L. Koffron, Phoenix Fire Department, AZ [U] Rep. TC on Fire Inspector Professional Qualifications (Vote Limited to Professional Qualifications System Management) Michael J. McGovern, Lakewood Fire Department, WA [U] Gerard J. Naylis, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, NY [C] Rep. TC on Fire Investigator Professional Qualifications (Vote Limited to Professional Qualifications System Management) Chris Neal, Fire Protection Publications, OK [M] Rep. TC on Fire Officer Professional Qualifications (Vote Limited to Professional Qualifications System Management) David K. Nelson, David K. Nelson Consultants, CA [SE] Copyright NFPA 71

78 Rep. TC on Wildfire Suppression Professional Qualifications (Vote Limited to Professional Qualifications System Management) William E. Peterson, Plano Fire Department, TX [M] Rep. International Fire Service Training Association Hugh A. Pike, U.S. Air Force Fire Protection, FL [E] Rep. TC on Rescue Technician Professional Qualifications (Vote Limited to Professional Qualifications System Management) Richard Powell, Saginaw Township Fire Department, MI [L] Rep. TC on Accreditation and Certification (Vote Limited to Professional Qualifications System Management) Johnny G. Wilson, Georgia Firefighter Standards and Training Council, GA [E] Rep. National Board on Fire Service Professional Qualification Alternates Jack R. Reed, Iowa Professional Fire Fighters, IA [L] (Alt. to K. Fox) Michael W. Robinson, Baltimore County Fire Department, MD [E] (Alt. to J. G. Wilson) Frank E. Florence, NFPA Staff Liaison This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the final text of this edition. Since that time, changes in the membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the back of the document. NOTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or any document developed by the committee on which the member serves. Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for the management of the NFPA Professional Qualifications Project and documents related to professional qualifications for fire service, public safety, and related personnel. Copyright NFPA Technical Committee on Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications David T. Endicott, Chair Stevensville, MD [U] Steve Willis, Secretary MFTE/SMTC, ME [SE] 72

79 Rep. International Society of Fire Service Instructors William Anderson, Carlsbad Fire Department, CA [L] Salvator Camasi, Lil Lectric Incorporated, WA [E] Jack Casner, The Great American Insurance Company, CT [I] Yves Desjardins, Ecole nationale des pompiers du Quebec, Canada [U] Collin J. DeWitt, Town of Gilbert Fire Department, AZ [U] David R. Fischer, State Fire Marshal, NV [SE] C. Gordon Henderson, City of Rome Fire Department, GA [E] Rep. Georgia State Firefighter s Association, Inc. Marcia S. Holtz, City of Madison Fire Department, WI [L] Rep. Women in the Fire Service F. Patrick Marlatt, Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute, MD [SE] Henry Morse, Fire Service Testing Company, Inc., FL [RT] Hugh A. Pike, U.S. Air Force Fire Protection, FL [E] Mickey Pophin, Texas Commission on Fire Protection, TX [E] Thomas P. Ruane, Fire Service Training Consultant, AZ [SE] Michael A. Wieder, Oklahoma State University, OK [M] Rep. Oklahoma State University Fire Programs Michael L. Young, Volunteer Firemen s Insurance Services, Inc., PA [I] Rep. Volunteer Firemen s Insurance Services, Inc. Alternates Scott L. Davidson, Volunteer Firemen s Insurance Services, Inc., PA [I] (Alt. to M. L. Young) Terese M. Floren, Women in the Fire Service, WI [L] (Alt. to M. S. Holtz) Copyright NFPA 73

80 Robert H. Noll, Yukon Fire Department, OK [M] (Alt. to M. A. Wieder) Ted J. Pagels, City of DePere, WI [SE] (Alt. to S. Willis) Robert Singletary, City of Warner Robins Fire Department, GA [E] (Alt. to C. G. Henderson) Frank E. Florence, NFPA Staff Liaison This list represents the membership at the time the Committee was balloted on the final text of this edition. Since that time, changes in the membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the back of the document. NOTE: Membership on a committee shall not in and of itself constitute an endorsement of the Association or any document developed by the committee on which the member serves. Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary responsibility for documents on professional competence required of fire fighters. Copyright NFPA NFPA 1002 Standard on Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications 2003 Edition IMPORTANT NOTE: This NFPA document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning NFPA Documents. They can also be obtained on request from NFPA or viewed at NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter designating a paragraph indicates that explanatory material on the paragraph can be found in Annex A. Changes other than editorial are indicated by a vertical rule beside the paragraph, table, or figure in which the change occurred. These rules are included as an aid to the user in identifying changes from the previous edition. Where one or more complete paragraphs have been deleted, the deletion is indicated by a bullet ( ) between the paragraphs that remain. A reference in brackets [ ] following a section or paragraph indicates material that has been extracted from another NFPA document. As an aid to the user, Annex C lists the complete title and edition of the source documents for both mandatory and nonmandatory extracts. Editorial changes to extracted material consist of revising references to an appropriate division in this document or the inclusion of the document number with the division number when the reference is to the original document. Requests for interpretations or revisions of extracted text 74

81 shall be sent to the technical committee responsible for the source document. Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter 2 and Annex C. Chapter 1 Administration 1.1 Scope. This standard shall identify the minimum job performance requirements for fire fighters who drive and operate fire apparatus, in both emergency and nonemergency situations. 1.2* Purpose. The purpose of this standard shall be to specify the minimum job performance requirements for service as a fire department emergency vehicle driver, pump operator, aerial operator, tiller operator, wildland apparatus operator, aircraft rescue and fire-fighting apparatus operator, and mobile water supply apparatus operator. 1.3 Exceeding Minimum Requirements. It is not the intent of this standard to restrict any jurisdiction from exceeding these minimum requirements. 1.4 General The fire department vehicle driver/operators shall be licensed to drive all vehicles they are expected to operate * The fire department driver/operator shall be subject to periodic medical evaluation, as required by NFPA 1500, Section 10.1, Medical Requirements, to determine that the driver/operator is medically fit to perform the duties of a fire department vehicle driver/operator * All driver/operators who drive fire apparatus shall meet the objectives of Chapter 4 for each type of apparatus they will be expected to operate The fire apparatus driver who is required to operate an apparatus equipped with an attack or fire pump shall meet the requirements of Chapter The fire apparatus driver who is required to operate an apparatus equipped with an aerial device shall meet the requirements of Chapter The fire apparatus driver who is required to function in the tiller position shall meet the requirements of Chapter The fire apparatus driver who is required to operate wildland fire apparatus shall meet the requirements of Chapter 8. Copyright NFPA 75

82 1.4.8 The fire apparatus driver who is required to operate aircraft rescue and fire-fighting apparatus shall meet the requirements of Chapter The mobile water supply apparatus driver shall meet the requirements of Chapter * Job performance requirements defined by this standard shall be evaluated by individuals approved by the authority having jurisdiction The job performance requirements need not be mastered in the order in which they appear. The local, state/provincial, or federal training programs shall establish the instructional priority and the training program content to prepare individuals to meet the job performance requirements of this standard The job performance requirements of Chapters 4 through 10 shall be performed utilizing vehicles of similar weight, wheelbase, and function as those expected to be operated in the performance of the driver/operator s normal duties * Fire apparatus drivers who are expected to operate vehicles off-road shall meet the requirements of 8.1.2, in addition to the applicable requirements of Chapters 4 through 7. Chapter 2 Referenced Publications 2.1 General. The documents or portions thereof listed in this chapter are referenced within this standard and shall be considered part of the requirements of this document. 2.2 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems, 2002 edition. NFPA 13D, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, 2002 edition. NFPA 13E, Recommended Practice for Fire Department Operations in Properties Protected by Sprinkler and Standpipe Systems, 2000 edition. NFPA 13R, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Residential Occupancies up to and Including Four Stories in Height, 2002 edition. NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems, 2003 edition. NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications, 2002 edition. NFPA 1003, Standard for Airport Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications, 2000 edition. Copyright NFPA 76

83 NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program, 2002 edition. NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, 2003 edition. 2.3 Other Publications. (Reserved) Chapter 3 Definitions 3.1* General. The definitions contained in this chapter shall apply to the terms used in this standard. Where terms are not included, common usage of the terms shall apply. 3.2 NFPA Official Definitions * Approved. Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction * Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). An organization, office, or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements of a code or standard, or for approving equipment, materials, an installation, or a procedure Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement Standard. A document, the main text of which contains only mandatory provisions using the word shall to indicate requirements and which is in a form generally suitable for mandatory reference by another standard or code or for adoption into law. Nonmandatory provisions shall be located in an appendix or annex, footnote, or fine-print note and are not to be considered a part of the requirements of a standard. 3.3 General Definitions Aerial Apparatus. A piece of fire apparatus with a permanently mounted, power-operated elevating device, including aerial ladders, aerial ladder platforms, telescoping aerial platforms, articulating aerial platforms, and elevating water delivery systems Aerial Device. An aerial ladder, elevating platform, aerial ladder platform, or water tower that is designed to position personnel, handle materials, provide egress, and discharge water Aerial Operator. The fire apparatus driver who has met the requirements of Chapter 6 for the operation of apparatus equipped with aerial devices Aircraft Rescue and Fire-Fighting (ARFF) Vehicle. A vehicle intended to carry rescue and fire-fighting equipment for rescuing occupants and combating fires in aircraft at, or in the vicinity of, an airport. Copyright NFPA 77

84 3.3.5 Angle of Approach. The smallest angle made between the road surface and a line drawn from the front point of ground contact of the front tire to any projection of the apparatus in front of the front axle Angle of Departure. The smallest angle made between the road surface and the line drawn from the rear point of ground contact of the rear tire to any projection of the apparatus behind the rear axle Fire Apparatus. A fire department emergency vehicle used for rescue, fire suppression, or other specialized functions. [1710:3.3] Fire Apparatus Driver. The fire fighter who has met the requirements defined in Chapter Fire Department. An organization providing rescue, fire suppression, and related activities, including any public, governmental, private, industrial, or military organization engaging in this type of activity Fire Department Pumper. A piece of fire apparatus with a permanently mounted fire pump that has a rated discharge capacity of 750 gpm (2850 L/min) or greater as defined in NFPA Fire Department Vehicle. Any vehicle, including fire apparatus, operated by a fire department Fire Pump. A water pump with a rated capacity of 1000 L/min (250 gpm) or greater at 1000 kpa (150 psi) net pump pressure that is mounted on a fire apparatus and used for fire fighting. [1901:3.3] Foam System. A system provided on fire apparatus for the delivery of a proportioned foam and water mixture for use in fire extinguishment. The system includes a concentrate tank, a method for removing the concentrate from the tank, a foam-liquid proportioning system, and a method (e.g., hand lines or fixed turret nozzles) of delivering the proportioned foam to the fire Job Performance Requirement. A statement that describes a specific job task, lists the items necessary to complete the task, and defines measurable or observable outcomes and evaluation areas for the specific task. [1000:3.3] Liquid Surge. The force imposed upon a fire apparatus by the contents of a partially filled water or foam concentrate tank when the vehicle is accelerated, decelerated, or turned Mobile Water Supply Apparatus (Tanker, Tender). A vehicle designed primarily for transporting (pickup, transporting, and delivering) water to fire emergency scenes to be applied by other vehicles or pumping equipment. [1901:3.3] Off-Road Use. Use of fire department vehicles in areas where there is a need to traverse Copyright NFPA 78

85 steep terrain or to cross natural hazards on or protruding from the ground Pump Operator. The fire apparatus driver/operator who has met the requirements of Chapter 5 for the operation of apparatus equipped with an attack or fire pump Pumping System. A pump, the piping, and associated devices mounted permanently on a piece of fire apparatus for the purpose of delivering a fire stream Requisite Knowledge. Fundamental knowledge one must have in order to perform a specific task. [1031:3.3] Requisite Skills. The essential skills one must have in order to perform a specific task. [1031:3.3] Task. A specific job behavior or activity Tiller Aerial Apparatus. A tractor-trailer aerial apparatus with a steering wheel connected to the rear axle for maneuvering the rear portion of the apparatus Tiller Operator. The fire apparatus driver/operator who has met the requirements of Chapter * Wildland Fire Apparatus. Fire apparatus designed for fighting wildland fires that is equipped with a pump having a capacity normally between 38 L/min and 1900 L/min (10 gpm and 500 gpm), a water tank, limited hose and equipment, and that has pump and roll capability. [1906:3.3] Chapter 4 General Requirements 4.1 General. Prior to operating fire department vehicles, the fire apparatus driver/operator shall meet the job performance requirements defined in Sections 4.2 and Preventive Maintenance * Perform routine tests, inspections, and servicing functions on the systems and components specified in the following list, given a fire department vehicle and its manufacturer s specifications, so that the operational status of the vehicle is verified: (1) Battery(ies) (2) Braking system (3) Coolant system (4) Electrical system (5) Fuel Copyright NFPA 79

86 (6) Hydraulic fluids (7) Oil (8) Tires (9) Steering system (10) Belts (11) Tools, appliances, and equipment (A) Requisite Knowledge. Manufacturer specifications and requirements, policies, and procedures of the jurisdiction. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to use hand tools, recognize system problems, and correct any deficiency noted according to policies and procedures Document the routine tests, inspections, and servicing functions, given maintenance and inspection forms, so that all items are checked for operation and deficiencies are reported. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Departmental requirements for documenting maintenance performed and the importance of keeping accurate records. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to use tools and equipment and complete all related departmental forms. 4.3 Driving/Operating * Operate a fire department vehicle, given a vehicle and a predetermined route on a public way that incorporates the maneuvers and features, specified in the following list, that the driver/operator is expected to encounter during normal operations, so that the vehicle is operated in compliance with all applicable state and local laws, departmental rules and regulations, and the requirements of NFPA 1500, Section 4.2: (1) Four left turns and four right turns (2) A straight section of urban business street or a two-lane rural road at least 1.6 km (1 mile) in length (3) One through-intersection and two intersections where a stop has to be made (4) One railroad crossing (5) One curve, either left or right (6) A section of limited-access highway that includes a conventional ramp entrance and exit and a section of road long enough to allow two lane changes (7) A downgrade steep enough and long enough to require down-shifting and braking (8) An upgrade steep enough and long enough to require gear changing to maintain speed Copyright NFPA 80

87 (9) One underpass or a low clearance or bridge (A) Requisite Knowledge. The effects on vehicle control of liquid surge, braking reaction time, and load factors; effects of high center of gravity on roll-over potential, general steering reactions, speed, and centrifugal force; applicable laws and regulations; principles of skid avoidance, night driving, shifting, and gear patterns; negotiating intersections, railroad crossings, and bridges; weight and height limitations for both roads and bridges; identification and operation of automotive gauges; and operational limits. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to operate passenger restraint devices; maintain safe following distances; maintain control of the vehicle while accelerating, decelerating, and turning, given road, weather, and traffic conditions; operate under adverse environmental or driving surface conditions; and use automotive gauges and controls * Back a vehicle from a roadway into restricted spaces on both the right and left sides of the vehicle, given a fire department vehicle, a spotter, and restricted spaces 3.7 m (12 ft) in width, requiring 90-degree right-hand and left-hand turns from the roadway, so that the vehicle is parked within the restricted areas without having to stop and pull forward and without striking obstructions. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Vehicle dimensions, turning characteristics, spotter signaling, and principles of safe vehicle operation. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to use mirrors and judge vehicle clearance * Maneuver a vehicle around obstructions on a roadway while moving forward and in reverse, given a fire department vehicle, a spotter for backing, and a roadway with obstructions, so that the vehicle is maneuvered through the obstructions without stopping to change the direction of travel and without striking the obstructions. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Vehicle dimensions, turning characteristics, the effects of liquid surge, spotter signaling, and principles of safe vehicle operation. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to use mirrors and judge vehicle clearance * Turn a fire department vehicle 180 degrees within a confined space, given a fire department vehicle, a spotter for backing up, and an area in which the vehicle cannot perform a U-turn without stopping and backing up, so that the vehicle is turned 180 degrees without striking obstructions within the given space. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Vehicle dimensions, turning characteristics, the effects of liquid surge, spotter signaling, and principles of safe vehicle operation. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to use mirrors and judge vehicle clearance * Maneuver a fire department vehicle in areas with restricted horizontal and vertical clearances, given a fire department vehicle and a course that requires the operator to move through areas of restricted horizontal and vertical clearances, so that the operator accurately Copyright NFPA 81

88 judges the ability of the vehicle to pass through the openings and so that no obstructions are struck. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Vehicle dimensions, turning characteristics, the effects of liquid surge, spotter signaling, and principles of safe vehicle operation. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to use mirrors and judge vehicle clearance * Operate a vehicle using defensive driving techniques under emergency conditions, given a fire department vehicle and emergency conditions, so that control of the vehicle is maintained. (A) Requisite Knowledge. The effects on vehicle control of liquid surge, braking reaction time, and load factors; the effects of high center of gravity on roll-over potential, general steering reactions, speed, and centrifugal force; applicable laws and regulations; principles of skid avoidance, night driving, shifting, and gear patterns; negotiation of intersections, railroad crossings, and bridges; weight and height limitations for both roads and bridges; identification and operation of automotive gauges; and operational limits. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to operate passenger restraint devices; maintain safe following distances; maintain control of the vehicle while accelerating, decelerating, and turning, given road, weather, and traffic conditions; operate under adverse environmental or driving surface conditions; and use automotive gauges and controls * Operate all fixed systems and equipment on the vehicle not specifically addressed elsewhere in this standard, given systems and equipment, manufacturer s specifications and instructions, and departmental policies and procedures for the systems and equipment, so that each system or piece of equipment is operated in accordance with the applicable instructions and policies. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Manufacturer's specifications and operating procedures, and policies and procedures of the jurisdiction. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to deploy, energize, and monitor the system or equipment and to recognize and correct system problems. Chapter 5 Apparatus Equipped with Fire Pump 5.1* General. The requirements of Fire Fighter I as specified in NFPA 1001, and the job performance requirements defined in Sections 5.1 and 5.2 shall be met prior to certification as a fire department driver/operator pumper Perform the routine tests, inspections, and servicing functions specified in the following list in addition to those in 4.2.1, given a fire department pumper and its manufacturer s Copyright NFPA 82

89 specifications, so that the operational status of the pumper is verified: (1) Water tank and other extinguishing agent levels (if applicable) (2) Pumping systems (3) Foam systems (A) Requisite Knowledge. Manufacturer's specifications and requirements, and policies and procedures of the jurisdiction. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to use hand tools, recognize system problems, and correct any deficiency noted according to policies and procedures. 5.2 Operations Produce effective hand or master streams, given the sources specified in the following list, so that the pump is engaged, all pressure control and vehicle safety devices are set, the rated flow of the nozzle is achieved and maintained, and the apparatus is continuously monitored for potential problems: (1) Internal tank (2)* Pressurized source (3) Static source (4) Transfer from internal tank to external source (A) Requisite Knowledge. Hydraulic calculations for friction loss and flow using both written formulas and estimation methods, safe operation of the pump, problems related to small-diameter or dead-end mains, low-pressure and private water supply systems, hydrant coding systems, and reliability of static sources. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to position a fire department pumper to operate at a fire hydrant and at a static water source, power transfer from vehicle engine to pump, draft, operate pumper pressure control systems, operate the volume/pressure transfer valve (multistage pumps only), operate auxiliary cooling systems, make the transition between internal and external water sources, and assemble hose lines, nozzles, valves, and appliances Pump a supply line of 65 mm (2½ in.) or larger, given a relay pumping evolution the length and size of the line and the desired flow and intake pressure, so that the correct pressure and flow are provided to the next pumper in the relay. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Hydraulic calculations for friction loss and flow using both written formulas and estimation methods, safe operation of the pump, problems related to small-diameter or dead-end mains, low-pressure and private water supply systems, hydrant coding systems, and reliability of static sources. Copyright NFPA 83

90 (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to position a fire department pumper to operate at a fire hydrant and at a static water source, power transfer from vehicle engine to pump, draft, operate pumper pressure control systems, operate the volume/pressure transfer valve (multistage pumps only), operate auxiliary cooling systems, make the transition between internal and external water sources, and assemble hose lines, nozzles, valves, and appliances Produce a foam fire stream, given foam-producing equipment, so that properly proportioned foam is provided. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Proportioning rates and concentrations, equipment assembly procedures, foam system limitations, and manufacturer's specifications. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to operate foam proportioning equipment and connect foam stream equipment Supply water to fire sprinkler and standpipe systems, given specific system information and a fire department pumper, so that water is supplied to the system at the correct volume and pressure. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Calculation of pump discharge pressure; hose layouts; location of fire department connection; alternative supply procedures if fire department connection is not usable; operating principles of sprinkler systems as defined in NFPA 13, NFPA 13D, and NFPA 13R; fire department operations in sprinklered properties as defined in NFPA 13E; and operating principles of standpipe systems as defined in NFPA 14. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to position a fire department pumper to operate at a fire hydrant and at a static water source, power transfer from vehicle engine to pump, draft, operate pumper pressure control systems, operate the volume/pressure transfer valve (multistage pumps only), operate auxiliary cooling systems, make the transition between internal and external water sources, and assemble hose line, nozzles, valves, and appliances. Chapter 6 Apparatus Equipped with an Aerial Device 6.1* General. The requirements of Fire Fighter I as specified in NFPA 1001, and the job performance requirements defined in Sections 6.1 and 6.2 shall be met prior to certification as a fire department driver/operator aerial Perform the routine tests, inspections, and servicing functions specified in the following list in addition to those specified in 4.2.1, given a fire department aerial apparatus, so that the operational readiness of the aerial apparatus is verified: (1) Cable systems (if applicable) (2) Aerial device hydraulic systems Copyright NFPA 84

91 (3) Slides and rollers (4) Stabilizing systems (5) Aerial device safety systems (6) Breathing air systems (7) Communication systems (A) Requisite Knowledge. Manufacturer's specifications and requirements, and policies and procedures of the jurisdiction. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to use hand tools, recognize system problems, and correct any deficiency noted according to policies and procedures. 6.2 Operations Maneuver and position an aerial apparatus, given an aerial apparatus, an incident location, a situation description, and an assignment, so that the apparatus is positioned for correct aerial device deployment. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Capabilities and limitations of aerial devices related to reach, tip load, angle of inclination, and angle from chassis axis; effects of topography, ground, and weather conditions on deployment; and use of the aerial device. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to determine a correct position for the apparatus, maneuver apparatus into that position, and avoid obstacles to operations Stabilize an aerial apparatus, given a positioned vehicle and the manufacturer s recommendations, so that power can be transferred to the aerial device hydraulic system and the device can be deployed. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Aerial apparatus hydraulic systems, manufacturer s specifications for stabilization, stabilization requirements, and effects of topography and ground conditions on stabilization. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to transfer power from the vehicle s engine to the hydraulic system and operate vehicle stabilization devices Maneuver and position the aerial device from each control station, given an incident location, a situation description, and an assignment, so that the aerial device is positioned to accomplish the assignment. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Aerial device hydraulic systems, hydraulic pressure relief systems, gauges and controls, cable systems, communications systems, electrical systems, emergency operating systems, locking systems, manual rotation and lowering systems, stabilizing systems, aerial device safety systems, system overrides and the hazards of using overrides, safe operational limitations of the given aerial device, safety procedures specific to the device, and Copyright NFPA 85

92 operations near electrical hazards and overhead obstructions. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to raise, rotate, extend, and position to a specified location, as well as lock, unlock, retract, lower, and bed the aerial device Lower an aerial device using the emergency operating system, given an aerial device, so that the aerial device is lowered to its bedded position. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Aerial device hydraulic systems, hydraulic pressure relief systems, gauges and controls, cable systems, communications systems, electrical systems, emergency operating systems, locking systems, manual rotation and lowering systems, stabilizing systems, aerial device safety systems, system overrides and the hazards of using overrides, safe operational limitations of the given aerial device, safety procedures specific to the device, and operations near electrical hazards and overhead obstructions. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to rotate and position to center, unlock, retract, lower, and bed the aerial device using the emergency operating system Deploy and operate an elevated master stream, given an aerial device, a master stream device, and a desired flow so that the stream is effective and the aerial and master stream devices are operated correctly. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Nozzle reaction, range of operation, and weight limitations. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to connect a water supply to a master stream device and control an elevated nozzle manually or remotely. Chapter 7 Apparatus Equipped with a Tiller 7.1* General. The requirements of Fire Fighter I as specified in NFPA 1001, and the job performance requirements defined in Chapter 6 and Section 7.2 shall be met prior to certification as a fire department driver/operator tiller. 7.2 Operations * Perform the practical driving exercises specified in through from the tiller position, given a qualified driver, a fire department aerial apparatus equipped with a tiller, and a spotter for backing up, so that each exercise is performed without striking the vehicle or obstructions. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Capabilities and limitations of tiller aerial devices related to reach, tip load, angle of inclination, and angle from chassis axis; effects of topography, ground, and weather conditions on safe deployment; and use of a tiller aerial device. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to determine a correct position for the tiller, maneuver the Copyright NFPA 86

93 tiller into that position, and avoid obstacles to operations Operate a fire department aerial apparatus equipped with a tiller from the tiller position over a predetermined route on a public way, using the maneuvers specified in 4.3.1, given a qualified driver, a fire department aerial apparatus equipped with a tiller, and a spotter for backing up, so that the vehicle is operated in compliance with all applicable state and local laws, departmental rules and regulations, and the requirements of NFPA 1500, Section 4.2. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Principles of tiller operation, methods of communication with the driver, the effects on vehicle control of general steering reactions, night driving, negotiating intersections, and manufacturer operation limitations. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to operate the communication system between the tiller operator s position and the driver s compartment; operate passenger restraint devices; maintain control of the tiller while accelerating, decelerating, and turning; operate the vehicle during nonemergency conditions; and operate under adverse environmental or driving surface conditions Position a fire department aerial apparatus equipped with a tiller from the tiller position, given the apparatus operating instructions, an incident location, a situation description, and an assignment, so that the aerial device is positioned and stabilized to accomplish the assignment. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Principles of positioning and stabilizing the aerial apparatus from the tiller position. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to determine a correct position for the tiller, maneuver the tiller into that position, and avoid obstacles to operations. Chapter 8 Wildland Fire Apparatus 8.1 General. The job performance requirements defined in Sections 8.1 and 8.2 shall be met prior to certification as a driver/operator wildland fire apparatus Perform the routine tests, inspections, and servicing functions specified in the following list, in addition to those in 4.2.1, given a wildland fire apparatus and its manufacturer s specifications, so that the operational status is verified: (1) Water tank and/or other extinguishing agent levels (if applicable) (2) Pumping systems (3) Foam systems (A) Requisite Knowledge. Manufacturer's specifications and requirements, and policies and procedures of the jurisdiction. Copyright NFPA 87

94 (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to use hand tools, recognize system problems, and correct any deficiency noted according to policies and procedures * Operate a wildland fire apparatus, given a predetermined route off of a public way that incorporates the maneuvers and features specified in the following list that the driver/operator is expected to encounter during normal operations, so that the vehicle is operated in compliance with all applicable departmental rules and regulations, the requirements of NFPA 1500, Section 6.2, and the design limitations of the vehicle: (1) Loose or wet soil (2) Steep grades (30 percent fore and aft) (3) Limited sight distance (4) Blind curve (5) Vehicle clearance obstacles (height, width, undercarriage, angle of approach, angle of departure) (6) Limited space for turnaround (7) Side slopes (20 percent side to side) (A) Requisite Knowledge. The effects on vehicle control of braking reaction time and load factors; effects of high center of gravity on roll-over potential, general steering reactions, speed, and centrifugal force; applicable laws and regulations; principles of skid avoidance, night driving, shifting, and gear patterns; negotiating intersections, railroad crossings, and bridges; weight and height limitations for both roads and bridges; identification and operation of automotive gauges; and operational limits. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to operate passenger restraint devices; maintain safe following distances; maintain control of the vehicle while accelerating, decelerating, and turning, given road, weather, and traffic conditions; operate during nonemergency conditions; operate under adverse environmental or driving surface conditions; and use automotive gauges and controls. 8.2 Operations Produce effective fire streams, utilizing the sources specified in the following list, so that the pump is engaged, all pressure-control and vehicle safety devices are set, the rated flow of the nozzle is achieved, and the apparatus is continuously monitored for potential problems: (1) Water tank (2)* Pressurized source (3) Static source (A) Requisite Knowledge. Hydraulic calculations for friction loss and flow using both written Copyright NFPA 88

95 formulas and estimation methods, safe operation of the pump, correct apparatus placement, personal safety considerations, problems related to small-diameter or dead-end mains and low-pressure and private water supply systems, hydrant cooling systems, and reliability of static sources. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to position a wildland fire apparatus to operate at a fire hydrant and at a static water source, correctly place apparatus for fire attack, transfer power from vehicle engine to pump, draft, operate pumper pressure control systems, operate the volume/pressure transfer valve (multistage pumps only), operate auxiliary cooling systems, make the transition between internal and external water sources, and assemble hose lines, nozzles, valves, and appliances Pump a supply line, given a relay pumping evolution the length and size of the line and pumping flow and desired intake pressure, so that correct intake pressures and flow are provided to the next pumper in the relay. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Hydraulic calculations for friction loss and flow using both written formulas and estimation methods, safe operation of the pump, problems related to small-diameter or dead-end main and low-pressure and private water supply systems, hydrant cooling systems, and reliability of static sources. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to position a wildland apparatus to operate at a fire hydrant and at a static water source, transfer power from vehicle engine to pump, draft, operate pumper pressure control systems, operate the volume/pressure transfer valve (multistage pumps only), operate auxiliary cooling systems, make the transition between internal and external water sources, and assemble hose lines, nozzles, valves, and appliances Produce a foam fire stream, given foam-producing equipment, so that the correct proportion of foam is provided. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Proportioning rates and concentrations, equipment assembly procedures, foam systems limitations, and manufacturer's specifications. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to operate foam proportioning equipment and connect foam stream equipment. Chapter 9 Aircraft Rescue and Fire-Fighting Apparatus 9.1* General. The requirements of Fire Fighter II as specified in NFPA 1001, the requirements of Airport Fire Fighter as specified in NFPA 1003, and the job performance requirements defined in Sections 9.1 and 9.2 shall be met prior to certification as a fire department driver/operator aircraft rescue and fire-fighting (ARFF) apparatus Perform the routine tests, inspections, and servicing functions specified in the following Copyright NFPA 89

96 list in addition to those in 4.2.1, given an ARFF vehicle and the manufacturer s servicing, testing, and inspection criteria, so that the operational status of the vehicle is verified: (1)* Agent dispensing systems (2)* Secondary extinguishing systems (3) Vehicle-mounted breathing air systems (A) Requisite Knowledge. Manufacturer's specifications and requirements, and policies and procedures of the jurisdiction. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to use hand tools, recognize system problems, and correct any deficiency noted according to policies and procedures Operate an ARFF vehicle, given a predetermined route on an airport that includes the maneuvers listed in 4.3.1, and operation in all aircraft movement areas, so that the vehicle is operated in compliance with all applicable federal, state/provincial, and local laws, departmental rules and regulations, and the requirements of NFPA 1500, Section 6.2. (A) Requisite Knowledge. The effects on vehicle control of liquid surge, braking reaction time, and load factors; effects of high center of gravity on roll-over potential, general steering reactions, speed, and centrifugal force; applicable laws and regulations; principles of skid avoidance, night driving, shifting, and gear patterns; negotiating intersections, railroad crossings, and bridges; weight and height limitations for both roads and bridges; identification and operation of automotive gauges; operational limits; hazards of driving through smoke; control tower light signals; airfield markings; runway and taxiway designations; air and vehicle traffic patterns; and all aircraft movements areas. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to operate passenger restraint devices; maintain safe following distances; maintain control of the vehicle while accelerating, decelerating, and turning, given road, weather, and traffic conditions; operate under adverse environmental or driving surface conditions; and use automotive gauges and controls * Operate an ARFF apparatus, given a predetermined route, off of an improved surface that incorporates the maneuvers and features specified in the following list that the driver/operator is expected to encounter during normal operations, so that the vehicle is operated in compliance with all applicable departmental rules and regulations, the requirements of NFPA 1500, Section 6.2, and the design limitations of the vehicle: (1) Loose or wet soil (2) Steep grades (30 percent fore and aft) (3) Limited sight distance (4) Vehicle clearance obstacles (height, width, undercarriage) Copyright NFPA 90

97 (5) Limited space for turnaround (6) Side slopes (20 percent side to side) (A) Requisite Knowledge. The effects on vehicle control of braking reaction time and load factors; effects of high center of gravity on roll-over potential, general steering reactions, speed, and centrifugal force; applicable laws and regulations; principles of skid avoidance, night driving, shifting, and gear patterns; negotiating intersections, railroad crossings, and bridges; weight and height limitations for both roads and bridges; identification and operation of automotive gauges; and operational limits. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to operate passenger restraint devices; maintain safe following distances; maintain control of the vehicle while accelerating, decelerating, and turning, given road, weather, and traffic conditions; operate during nonemergency conditions; operate under adverse environmental or driving surface conditions; and use automotive gauges and controls. 9.2 Operations Maneuver and position an ARFF vehicle, given an incident location and description that involves the largest aircraft that routinely uses the airport, so that the vehicle is positioned for correct operation at each operational position for the aircraft. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Vehicle positioning for fire-fighting and rescue operations; capabilities and limitations of turret devices related to reach; and effects of topography, ground, and weather conditions on agent application, distribution rates, and density. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to determine a correct position for the apparatus, maneuver apparatus into that position, and avoid obstacles to operations Produce a fire stream while the vehicle is in both forward and reverse power modulation, given a discharge rate and intended target, so that the pump is engaged, the turrets are deployed, the agent is delivered to the intended target at the correct rate, and the apparatus is moved and continuously monitored for potential problems. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Principles of agent management and application, effects of terrain and wind on agent application, turret capabilities and limitations, tower light signals, airport markings, aircraft recognition, aircraft danger areas, theoretical critical fire area and practical critical fire area, aircraft entry and egress points, and correct apparatus placement. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to provide power to the pump, determine a correct position for the apparatus, maneuver apparatus into that position, avoid obstacles to operations, apply agent, and determine the length of time an extinguishing agent will be available Produce a fire stream, given a rate of discharge and water supplied from the sources specified in the following list, so that the pump is engaged, the turrets are deployed, the agent is delivered to the intended target at the correct rate, and the apparatus is continuously monitored for potential problems: Copyright NFPA 91

98 (1) The internal tank (2)* Pressurized source (3) Static source (A) Requisite Knowledge. Principles of agent management and application, effects of terrain and wind on agent application, turret capabilities and limitations, tower light signals, airport markings, aircraft recognition, aircraft danger areas, theoretical critical fire area and practical critical fire area, aircraft entry and egress points, and correct apparatus placement. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to provide power to the pump, determine a correct position for the apparatus, maneuver apparatus into that position, avoid obstacles to operations, apply agent, and determine the length of time an extinguishing agent will be available. Chapter 10 Mobile Water Supply Apparatus 10.1* General. The requirements of Fire Fighter I as specified in NFPA 1001 and the job performance requirements defined in Sections 10.1 and 10.2 shall be met prior to certification as a fire department driver/operator mobile water supply apparatus Perform routine tests, inspections, and servicing functions specified in the following list, in addition to those specified in 4.2.1, given a fire department mobile water supply apparatus, so that the operational readiness of the mobile water supply apparatus is verified: (1) Water tank and other extinguishing agent levels (if applicable) (2) Pumping system (if applicable) (3) Rapid dump system (if applicable) (4) Foam system (if applicable) (A) Requisite Knowledge. Manufacturer's specifications and requirements, and policies and procedures of the jurisdiction. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to use hand tools, recognize system problems, and correct any deficiency noted according to policies and procedures Operations * Maneuver and position a mobile water supply apparatus at a water shuttle fill site, given a fill site location and one or more supply hose, so that the apparatus is correctly positioned, supply hose are attached to the intake connections without having to stretch additional hose, and no objects are struck at the fill site. Copyright NFPA 92

99 (A) Requisite Knowledge. Local procedures for establishing a water shuttle fill site, method for marking the stopping position of the apparatus, and location of the water tank intakes on the apparatus. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to determine a correct position for the apparatus, maneuver apparatus into that position, and avoid obstacles to operations * Maneuver and position a mobile water supply apparatus at a water shuttle dump site, given a dump site and a portable water tank, so that all of the water being discharged from the apparatus enters the portable tank and no objects are struck at the dump site. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Local procedures for operating a water shuttle dump site and location of the water tank discharges on the apparatus. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to determine a correct position for the apparatus, maneuver apparatus into that position, avoid obstacles to operations, and operate the fire pump or rapid water dump system * Establish a water shuttle dump site, given two or more portable water tanks, low-level strainers, water transfer equipment, fire hose, and a fire apparatus equipped with a fire pump, so that the tank being drafted from is kept full at all times, the tank being dumped into is emptied first, and the water is transferred efficiently from one tank to the next. (A) Requisite Knowledge. Local procedures for establishing a water shuttle dump site and principles of water transfer between multiple portable water tanks. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to deploy portable water tanks, connect and operate water transfer equipment, and connect a strainer and suction hose to the fire pump. Copyright NFPA Annex A Explanatory Material Annex A is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes only. This annex contains explanatory material, numbered to correspond with the applicable text paragraphs. A.1.2 The purpose of this standard is not to mandate that all fire apparatus driver/operators meet the requirements of all chapters of this standard. Personnel should meet only those provisions that pertain to the types of apparatus they will be expected to drive and operate. A Although the frequency of the medical evaluation is not specified, it is recommended that the medical evaluation be made on at least an annual basis. A It is the committee s intent that this standard be applied to all fire department vehicles. Drivers of vehicles not specifically addressed in Chapters 5 through 10 (e.g., staff or command vehicles, rescue or utility vehicles, and buses) are expected to meet the requirements of Chapter 4. Agencies operating unique or special vehicles (e.g., tractors, bulldozers, cranes, and graders) 93

100 should develop job performance requirements and training programs for those vehicles. A It is recommended that evaluators be individuals who were not directly involved as instructors for the requirement being evaluated. A The maneuvers and features specified for this job performance requirement include driving situations that the committee has determined to be essential. The committee recognizes that each of these situations might not exist in all areas. Where this occurs, those specific requirements can be omitted. It should not be assumed that all these vehicles are wheel drive. A.3.1 Action verbs used in the job performance requirements in this document are based on the first definition of the verb found in Webster s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language. A Approved. The National Fire Protection Association does not approve, inspect, or certify any installations, procedures, equipment, or materials; nor does it approve or evaluate testing laboratories. In determining the acceptability of installations, procedures, equipment, or materials, the authority having jurisdiction may base acceptance on compliance with NFPA or other appropriate standards. In the absence of such standards, said authority may require evidence of proper installation, procedure, or use. The authority having jurisdiction may also refer to the listings or labeling practices of an organization that is concerned with product evaluations and is thus in a position to determine compliance with appropriate standards for the current production of listed items. A Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ). The phrase authority having jurisdiction, or its acronym AHJ, is used in NFPA documents in a broad manner, since jurisdictions and approval agencies vary, as do their responsibilities. Where public safety is primary, the authority having jurisdiction may be a federal, state, local, or other regional department or individual such as a fire chief; fire marshal; chief of a fire prevention bureau, labor department, or health department; building official; electrical inspector; or others having statutory authority. For insurance purposes, an insurance inspection department, rating bureau, or other insurance company representative may be the authority having jurisdiction. In many circumstances, the property owner or his or her designated agent assumes the role of the authority having jurisdiction; at government installations, the commanding officer or departmental official may be the authority having jurisdiction. A Wildland Fire Apparatus. These vehicles are expected to operate on a wide variety of surfaces, including off-road. They are equipped with fixed or portable pumps used to supply attack lines; however, these pumps are generally of a capacity that does not put the vehicle into the classification of attack or fire pump. A Routine tests, inspections, and servicing functions should be performed on a daily, weekly, monthly, or other periodic basis as determined by departmental policy. The specifications provided by the manufacturer for these functions should be followed. A The maneuvers and features specified for this job performance requirement include driving situations that the committee has determined to be essential. The committee recognizes Copyright NFPA 94

101 that each of these situations might not exist in all areas. Where this occurs, those specific requirements can be omitted. A The alley dock exercise can be used as practice for meeting or in the evaluation of this requirement. This exercise measures a driver s ability to drive past a simulated dock or stall, back the apparatus into the space provided, and stop smoothly. A dock or stall can be simulated by arranging barricades 12.2 m (40 ft) from a boundary line. These barricades should be 3.7 m (12 ft) apart, and the length should be approximately 6.1 m (20 ft). The driver should pass the barricades with the dock on the left and then back the apparatus, using a left turn, into the stall. The exercise should then be repeated with the dock on the right side, using a right turn. [See Figure A.4.3.2(a).] FIGURE A.4.3.2(a) Alley Dock Exercise. The apparatus station parking maneuver can also be used as practice for meeting or in the evaluation of this requirement. This exercise measures the driver s ability to back the apparatus into a fire station to park or to back the apparatus down a street to reverse the direction of travel. An engine bay can be simulated by allowing for a 6.1-m (20-ft) minimum setback from a street 9 m (30 ft) wide, with a set of barricades at the end of the setback, spaced 3.7 m (12 ft) apart to simulate the garage door. The setback from the street should be determined by the testing agency to ensure that the distances reflect those encountered by the apparatus driver during the normal course of duties. A marker placed on the ground should indicate to the operator the proper position of the left front tire of the vehicle once stopped and parked. A straight line can be provided to assist the operator while backing the apparatus, facilitating the use of vehicle mirrors. The minimum depth distance is determined by the total length of the vehicle. [See Figure A.4.3.2(b).] Note that for large vehicles, such as ARFF apparatus, this course might need to be modified. Copyright NFPA 95

102 FIGURE A.4.3.2(b) Station Parking Procedure Drill. A The serpentine exercise can be used as practice for meeting or in the evaluation of this requirement. This exercise measures a driver s ability to steer the apparatus in close limits without stopping. The exercise should be conducted with the apparatus moving first backward, then forward. The course or path of travel for this exercise can be established by placing a minimum of three markers, each spaced between 9 m (30 ft) and 12 m (38 ft) apart, in a line. The spacing of the markers should be based on the wheel base of the vehicle used. Adequate space must be provided on each side of the markers for the apparatus to move freely. The driver should drive the apparatus along the left side of the markers in a straight line and stop just beyond the last marker. The driver then should begin the exercise by backing the apparatus between the markers by passing to the left of marker No. 1, to the right of marker No. 2, and to the left of marker No. 3. At this point, the driver should stop the vehicle and then drive it forward between the markers by passing to the right of marker No. 3, to the left of marker No. 2, and to the right of marker No. 1. (See Figure A ) Note that for large vehicles, such as ARFF apparatus, this course might need to be modified. Copyright NFPA 96

103 FIGURE A Serpentine Exercise. A The confined space turnaround can be used as practice for meeting or in the evaluation of this requirement. This exercise measures the driver s ability to turn the vehicle around in a confined space without striking obstacles. The turn is accomplished within an area m 30.5 m (50 ft 100 ft). The driver moves into the area from a 3.7-m (12-ft) opening in the center of one of the m (50-ft) legs, turns the vehicle 180 degrees, and returns through the opening. There is no limitation on the number of times the driver has to maneuver the vehicle to accomplish this exercise, but no portion of the vehicle should extend over the boundary lines of the space. (See Figure A ) Note that for large vehicles, such as ARFF apparatus, this course might need to be modified. Copyright NFPA FIGURE A Confined Space Turnaround. A The diminishing clearance exercise can be used as practice for meeting or in the evaluation of this requirement. This exercise measures a driver s ability to steer the apparatus in a straight line, to judge distances from wheel to object, and to stop at a finish line. The speed 97

104 at which a driver should operate the apparatus is optional, but it should be great enough to necessitate quick judgment. This exercise is to be performed both forward and in reverse with a spotter. The course for this exercise is created by arranging two rows of markers to form a lane 22.9 m (75 ft) long. The lane varies in width from 2.9 m (9 ft 6 in.) to a diminishing clearance of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in.). The driver should maneuver the apparatus through this lane without touching the markers. The vehicle should be stopped at a finish line m (50 ft) beyond the last marker. No portion of the vehicle should protrude beyond this line. Vertical clearance judgment should be evaluated using a prop with a crossbar that is adjustable, based on the vehicle height. During the evaluation, the driver should drive forward and back through the prop with the crossbar at several differing heights, including one that is lower than the top of the vehicle. The prop should not be struck. The intent of the vertical clearance judgment is for proper identification of the furthermost point in the form of the apparatus. In situations where the apparatus is gaining entry to roadways or limited-height areas, the driver/operator must allow appropriate space ahead of the apparatus in order to avoid striking objects or to avoid extending apparatus into traffic lanes. (See Figure A ) Note that for large vehicles, such as ARFF apparatus, this course might need to be modified. Copyright NFPA FIGURE A Diminishing Clearance Exercise. A Emergency driving simulation should be restricted to a driving track or similar controlled area. Emergency driver training should not be conducted on public ways. For more information, see 49 CFR 383. A The committee s intent for this job performance requirement is for the driver/operator to be able to operate all major equipment and mechanical systems that are attached to the apparatus, other than those specifically covered in Chapters 5 through 10 of this standard. These types of equipment and systems include, but are not limited to, electric generation equipment, floodlighting systems, air compressors, air cascade systems, hydraulic rescue tool systems, power reels for air or hydraulic hose, cranes and stabilizers, and A-frames or other lifting equipment. A.5.1 The requirements of Chapter 5 specify that the candidate shall meet the requirements of Fire Fighter I as specified in NFPA 1001, before certification as a fire apparatus driver/operator. This means that the individual applying for certification as a fire apparatus driver/operator has met all of the objectives in Chapters 1, 4, and 5 of NFPA These objectives include further requirements in areas such as fire hose, nozzles, and appliances; fire streams; water supplies; and sprinklers. These requirements are in addition to the requirements of this standard. Any fire fighter who 98

105 has already been certified as a Fire Fighter I should review the requirements of the referenced chapters of NFPA 1001, as the candidate can be tested on the requirements included therein. A.5.2.1(2) Pressurized sources include the following: (1) Connection to a hydrant (2) Supply line from another pumping source A.6.1 The requirements of Chapter 6 specify that the candidate shall meet the requirements of Fire Fighter I as specified in NFPA 1001, before certification as a fire apparatus driver/operator. This means that the individual applying for certification as a fire apparatus driver/operator has met all of the objectives in Chapters 1, 4, and 5 of NFPA These objectives include further requirements in areas such as fire hose, nozzles, and appliances; fire streams; water supplies; and sprinklers. These requirements are in addition to the requirements of this standard. Any fire fighter who has already been certified as a Fire Fighter I should review the requirements of the referenced chapters of NFPA 1001, as the candidate can be tested on the requirements included therein. A.7.1 The requirements of Chapter 7 specify that the candidate shall meet the requirements of Fire Fighter I as specified in NFPA 1001, before certification as a fire apparatus driver/operator. This means that the individual applying for certification as a fire apparatus driver/operator has met all of the objectives in Chapters 1, 4, and 5 of NFPA These objectives include further requirements in areas such as fire hose, nozzles, and appliances; fire streams; water supplies; and sprinklers. These requirements are in addition to the requirements of this standard. Any fire fighter who has already been certified as a Fire Fighter I should review the requirements of the referenced chapters of NFPA 1001, as the candidate can be tested on the requirements included therein. A See A through A A The maneuvers and features specified for this job performance requirement include driving situations that the committee has determined to be essential. The committee recognizes that each of these situations might not exist in all areas. Where this occurs, those specific requirements can be omitted. A.8.2.1(2) Pressurized sources include the following: (1) Connection to a hydrant (2) Supply line from another pumping source A.9.1 The requirements of Chapter 9 specify that the candidate shall meet the requirements of Fire Fighter II as specified in NFPA 1001, before certification as a fire apparatus driver/operator. This means that the individual applying for certification as a fire apparatus driver/operator has met all of the objectives in Chapters 1, 4, and 5 of NFPA These objectives include further requirements in areas such as fire hose, nozzles, and appliances; fire streams; water supplies; and sprinklers. These requirements are in addition to the Copyright NFPA 99

106 requirements of this standard. Any fire fighter who has already been certified as a Fire Fighter II should review the requirements of the referenced chapters of NFPA 1001, as the candidate can be tested on the requirements included therein. A.9.1.1(1) An agent dispensing system is the primary fire suppression agent carried on ARFF vehicles and usually is aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF). A.9.1.1(2) A secondary extinguishing system is a separate system, totally independent of the primary system. It includes Halon 1211 (its future replacement), dry chemical, and other such systems used for specific types of aircraft-associated fires. A The maneuvers and features specified for this job performance requirement include driving situations that the committee has determined to be essential. The committee recognizes that each of these situations might not exist in all areas. Where this occurs, those specific requirements can be omitted. A.9.2.3(2) Pressurized sources include the following: (1) Connection to a hydrant (2) Supply line from another pumping source A.10.1 The requirements of Chapter 10 specify that the candidate shall meet the requirements of Fire Fighter I as specified in NFPA 1001, before certification as a fire apparatus driver/operator. This means that the individual applying for certification as a fire apparatus driver/operator has met all of the objectives in Chapters 1, 4, and 5 of NFPA These objectives include further requirements in areas such as fire hose, nozzles, and appliances; fire streams; water supplies; and sprinklers. These requirements are in addition to the requirements of this standard. Any fire fighter who has already been certified as a Fire Fighter I should review the requirements of the referenced chapters of NFPA 1001, as the candidate can be tested on the requirements included therein. A The intent of this requirement is for the driver/operator to be able to quickly and efficiently position the vehicle at a water shuttle fill site that has been established prior to the vehicle s arrival. Most commonly a fire department pumper will connect to a water supply source and lay hose out that can be quickly attached to the mobile water supply apparatus once it arrives at the fill site. If the jurisdiction operates its fill site operations in a different manner, this requirement might need to be adjusted accordingly. A The intent of this requirement is for the driver/operator to be able to quickly and efficiently position the vehicle at a water shuttle dump site that has been established prior to the vehicle s arrival. The dump site will typically consist of one or more portable tanks that have been deployed on the ground. A fire department pumper drafts water from the portable tanks for use on the incident. The mobile water supply apparatus function is to quickly dump their load into the portable tank and return to the fill site for another load. Depending on the design of the mobile water supply apparatus, one of three methods can be used to discharge water into the portable water tank. These methods include pumping the water off, using a gravity dump, Copyright NFPA 100

107 or using a jet-assisted gravity dump. Depending on the design of the apparatus, water can be discharged from the front, rear, or either side of the vehicle. A A proper dump site involves the use of two or more portable tanks that are connected by a series of water transfer equipment. The water transfer equipment can be supplied by hoselines from the pumper that is supplying the fire scene or a second pumper placed at the drafting tank for the sole purpose of transferring water between the tanks. The goal is to keep the tank from which water is being drafted full at all times and the tank from which water is being dumped empty. This will ensure that mobile water supply apparatus that arrive at the dump site can unload their water and return for more in the shortest time possible. Copyright NFPA Annex B Job Performance Requirements This annex is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document but is included for informational purposes only. B.1 Explanation of the Standard and Concepts of Job Performance Requirements (JPRs). The primary benefit of establishing national professional qualification standards is to provide both public and private sectors with a framework of the job requirements for the fire service. Other benefits include enhancement of the profession, individual as well as organizational growth and development, and standardization of practices. NFPA professional qualification standards identify the minimum JPRs for specific fire service positions. The standards can be used for training design and evaluation, certification, measuring and critiquing on-the-job performance, defining hiring practices, and setting organizational policies, procedures, and goals. (Other applications are encouraged.) Professional qualification standards for a specific job are organized by major areas of responsibility defined as duties. For example, the fire fighter s duties might include fire suppression, rescue, and water supply; the public fire educator s duties might include education, planning and development, and administration. Duties are major functional areas of responsibility within a job. The professional qualifications standards are written as JPRs. JPRs describe the performance required for a specific job. JPRs are grouped according to the duties of a job. The complete list of JPRs for each duty defines what an individual must be able to do in order to successfully perform that duty. Together, the duties and their JPRs define the job parameters; that is, the standard as a whole is a job description. B.2 Breaking Down the Components of a JPR. The JPR is the assembly of three critical components. (See Table B.2.) These components are as follows: (1) Task that is to be performed 101

108 (2) Tools, equipment, or materials that must be provided to successfully complete the task (3) Evaluation parameters and/or performance outcomes Table B.2 Example of a JPR (1) Task (1) Establish a water shuttle dump site (2) Tools, equipment, or (2) Given two or more materials portable water tanks, low-level strainers, water transfer equipment, fire hose, and a fire apparatus equipped with a water pump (3) Evaluation parameters and performance outcomes (3) So that the tank being drafted from is kept full at all times, the tank being dumped into is emptied first, and water is transferred efficiently from one tank to the next B.2.1 The Task to be Performed. The first component is a concise, brief statement of what the person is supposed to do. B.2.2 Tools, Equipment, or Materials that Must be Provided to Successfully Complete the Task. This component ensures that all individuals completing the task are given the same minimal tools, equipment, or materials when being evaluated. By listing these items, the performer and evaluator know what must be provided in order to complete the task. B.2.3 Evaluation Parameters and/or Performance Outcomes. This component defines how well one must perform each task for both the performer and the evaluator. The JPR guides performance toward successful completion by identifying evaluation parameters and/or performance outcomes. This portion of the JPR promotes consistency in evaluation by reducing the variables used to gauge performance. In addition to these three components, the JPR contains requisite knowledge and skills. Just as the term requisite suggests, these are the necessary knowledge and skills one must have to be able to perform the task. Requisite knowledge and skills are the foundation for task performance. Once the components and requisites are put together, the JPR might read as follows. B Example: Establish a water shuttle dump site, given two or more portable water tanks, low-level strainers, water transfer equipment, fire hose, and a fire apparatus equipped with a fire pump, so that the tank being drafted from is kept full at all times, the tank being dumped into is emptied first, and water is transferred efficiently from one tank to the next. Copyright NFPA 102

109 (A) Requisite Knowledge. Local procedures for establishing a water shuttle dump site and principles of water transfer between multiple portable water tanks. (B) Requisite Skills. The ability to deploy portable water tanks, connect and operate water transfer equipment, and connect a strainer and suction hose to the fire pump. B.3 Examples of Potential Uses. B.3.1 Certification. JPRs can be used to establish the evaluation criteria for certification at a specific job level. When used for certification, evaluation must be based on the successful completion of JPRs. First, the evaluator would verify the attainment of requisite knowledge and skills prior to JPR evaluation. This might be through documentation review or testing. Next, the candidate would be evaluated on completing the JPRs. The candidate would perform the task and be evaluated based on the evaluation parameters and/or performance outcomes. This performance-based evaluation can be either practical (for psychomotor skills such as ventilate a roof ) or written (for cognitive skills such as interpret burn patterns ). Note that psychomotor skills are those physical skills that can be demonstrated or observed. Cognitive skills (or mental skills) cannot be observed but are evaluated on how one completes the task (process-oriented) or on the task outcome (product-oriented). Using the previous example, a practical performance-based evaluation would measure the ability to establish a water shuttle dump site. The candidate passes this particular evaluation if the standard was met that is, the tank being drafted from is kept full at all times, the tank being dumped into is emptied first, and water is transferred efficiently from one tank to another. It is important to remember that when a candidate is being evaluated, he or she must be given the tools, equipment, or materials listed in the JPRs (e.g., a portable tank, a low-level strainer, fire hose, and a fire apparatus equipped with a water pump) before he or she can be properly evaluated. B.3.2 Curriculum Development/Training Design and Evaluation. The statements contained in this document that refer to job performance were designed and written as JPRs. While a resemblance to instructional objectives might be present, these statements should not be used in a teaching situation until after they have been modified for instructional use. JPRs state the behaviors required to perform specific skill(s) on the job as opposed to a learning situation. These statements should be converted into instructional objectives with behaviors, conditions, and standards that can be measured within the teaching/learning environment. A JPR that requires a driver/operator to establish a water shuttle dump site should be converted into a measurable instructional objective for use when teaching the skill. [See Figure B.3.2(a).] Copyright NFPA 103

110 Copyright NFPA FIGURE B.3.2(a) Converting JPRs into Instructional Objectives. In the previous example, the JPR requiring a driver/operator to establish a water shuttle dump site should be converted into a measurable instructional objective for use when teaching the task. Using the example, a terminal instructional objective might read as follows. The candidate will establish a water shuttle dump site, given two or more portable water tanks, 104

111 low-level strainers, water transfer equipment, fire hose, and a fire apparatus equipped with a fire pump, so that 100 percent accuracy is attained on a skills checklist. (At a minimum, the skills checklist should include each of the measurement criteria from the JPR.) Figure B.3.2(b) is a sample checklist for use in evaluating this objective. Copyright NFPA FIGURE B.3.2(b) Skills Checklist. While the differences between job performance requirements and instructional objectives are subtle in appearance, the purpose of each statement differs greatly. JPRs state what is necessary to perform the job in the real world. Instructional objectives, however, are used to identify what students must do at the end of a training session and are stated in behavioral terms that are measurable in the training environment. By converting JPRs into instructional objectives, instructors will be able to clarify performance expectations and avoid confusion related to using statements designed for purposes other than teaching. Additionally, instructors will be able to add local/state/regional elements of performance into the standards as intended by the developers. Requisite skills and knowledge should be converted into enabling objectives. The enabling objectives help to define the course content. The course content should include the requisite knowledge and skills. Using Figure B.3.2(b) as an example, the enabling objectives are local procedures for establishing a water shuttle dump site, principles of water transfer between multiple portable water tanks, connection and operation of water transfer equipment, and so forth. These enabling objectives ensure that the course content supports the terminal objective. Note that it is assumed that the reader is familiar with curriculum development or training design and evaluation. B.4 Other Uses. 105

112 While the professional qualifications standards are principally used to guide the development of training and certification programs, there are a number of other potential uses for the documents. Because the documents are written using JPR terms, they lend themselves well to any area of the profession where a level of performance or expertise must be determined. These areas might include the following: (1) Employee Evaluation/Performance Critiquing. The JPRs can be used as a guide by both the supervisor and the employee during an evaluation. The JPRs for a specific job define tasks that are essential to perform on the job as well as the evaluation criteria to measure when those tasks are completed. (2) Establishing Hiring Criteria. The professional qualifications standards can be used in a number of ways to further the establishment of hiring criteria. The AHJ could simply require certification at a specific job level (e.g., driver/operator pumps). The JPRs could also be used as the basis for pre-employment screening by establishing essential minimal tasks and the related evaluation criteria. An added benefit is that individuals interested in employment can work toward the minimal hiring criteria at local colleges. (3) Employee Development. The professional qualifications standards can be useful to both the employee and the employer in developing a plan for an individual s growth within an organization. The JPRs and the associated requisite knowledge and skills can be used as a guide to determine additional training and education required for the employee to master the job or profession. (4) Succession Planning. Succession planning or career pathing addresses the efficient placement of people into jobs in response to current needs and anticipated future needs. A career development path can be established for targeted individuals to prepare them for growth within an organization. The JPRs and requisite knowledge and skills could then be used to develop an educational path to aid in the individual s advancement within the organization or profession. (5) Establishing Organizational Policies, Procedures, and Goals. The JPRs can be incorporated into organizational policies, procedures, and goals where employee performance is addressed. Annex C Informational References C.1 Referenced Publications. The following documents or portions thereof are referenced within this standard for informational purposes only and are thus not part of the requirements of this document unless also listed in Chapter 2. C.1.1 NFPA Publication. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Copyright NFPA 106

113 Box 9101, Quincy, MA NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications, 2002 edition. C.1.2 Other Publications. C U.S. Government Publication. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC Title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 383, Commercial Driver s License Standards: Requirements and Penalties, :29. C Other Publication. Webster s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language. C.2 Informational References. The following documents or portions thereof are listed here as informational resources only. They are not a part of the requirements of this document. The following is a bibliography for Annex B. Boyatzis, R. E., The Competent Manager: A Model For Effective Performance. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Castle, D. K., Management Design: A Competency Approach to Create Exemplar Performers. Performance and Instruction 28: 1989; Cetron, M., and O Toole, T., Encounters with the Future: A Forecast into the 21st Century. New York: McGraw Hill, Elkin, G., Competency-Based Human Resource Development: Making Sense of the Ideas. Industrial & Commercial Training 22: 1990; Furnham, A., The Question of Competency. Personnel Management 22: 1990; 37. Gilley, J. W., and Eggland, S. A., Principles of Human Resource Development. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, Hooton, J., Job Performance = Tasks + Competency Future Forces. Unpublished manuscript, Vanderbilt University, Peabody College, Nashville, TN, McLagan, P. A., Models for HRD Practice. Training & Development Journal. Reprinted, McLagan, P. A., and Suhadolnik, D., The Research Report. Alexandria, VA: American Society for Training and Development, Nadler, L., HRD on the Spaceship Earth. Training and Development Journal, October 1983; Nadler, L., The Handbook of Human Resource Development. New York: Wiley-Interscience, Copyright NFPA 107

114 1984. Naisbitt, J., Megatrends. Chicago: Nightingale-Conant, Spellman, B. P., Future Competencies of the Educational Public Relations Specialist (Doctoral dissertation, University of Houston, 1987). Dissertation Abstracts International 49: 1987; 02A. Springer, J., Job Performance Standards and Measures. A series of research presentations and discussions for the ASTD Second Annual Invitational Research Seminar, Savannah, GA (November 5 8, 1979). Madison, WI: American Society for Training and Development, Tracey, W. R., Designing Training and Development Systems. New York: AMACOM, C.3 References for Extracts. The following documents are listed here to provide reference information, including title and edition, for extracts given throughout this standard as indicated by a reference in brackets [ ] following a section or paragraph. These documents are not a part of the requirements of this document unless also listed in Chapter 2 for other reasons. NFPA 1000, Standard for Fire Service Professional Qualifications Accreditation and Certification Systems, 2000 edition. NFPA 1031, Standard for Professional Qualifications for Fire Inspector and Plan Examiner, 2003 edition. NFPA 1710, Standard for the Organization and Deployment of Fire Suppression Operations, Emergency Medical Operations, and Special Operations to the Public by Career Fire Departments, 2001 edition. NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, 2003 edition. NFPA 1906, Standard for Wildland Fire Apparatus, 2001 edition. Copyright NFPA 108

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132 Contents Introduction...2 Using Your Jacobs Engine Brake... 3 The Controls... 3 Jacobs Engine Brake Operation... 4 Driving with Your Jacobs Engine Brake... 7 Flat, Dry Pavement... 7 Descending a Grade... 8 Slippery Pavement Maintenance and Service vice Recommended Preventive Maintenance Schedule War arranty ranty Coverage and Procedur ocedures es For More Information mation Jacobs Engine Brake Operator s Manual 1

133 Introduction Congratulations! Your vehicle is equipped with the original Jacobs Engine Brake. The Jacobs Engine Brake (also known as the Jake Brake engine brake) is widely recognized throughout the trucking industry for its quality, reliability and performance. This manual contains useful information on the operation and maintenance of your Jacobs Engine Brake. Read this manual thoroughly and fully understand the engine brake system before you drive your Jacobs Engine Brake-equipped vehicle. The Jacobs Engine Brake is a diesel engine retarder that uses the engine to aid in slowing and controlling the vehicle. When activated, the engine brake alters the operation of the engine s exhaust valves so that the engine works as a power-absorbing air compressor. This provides a retarding, or slowing, action to the vehicle s drive wheels, enabling you to have improved vehicle control without using the service brakes. This results in reduced service brake maintenance, shorter trip times, and lower overall operating costs. Statements marked with this symbol indicate potentially dangerous conditions including the possibility of personal injury. Statements marked with this symbol are important for the safe use and care of the Jacobs Engine Brake. Please refer to the operator s manual provided by the manufacturer of your vehicle for additional information and operations that may differ from those described in this manual Jacobs Engine Brake Operator s Manual

134 Using Your Jacobs Engine Brake The Jacobs Engine Brake is a vehicle-slowing device, not a vehicle-stopping device. It is not a substitute for the service braking system. The vehicle s service brakes must be used to bring the vehicle to a complete stop. However, by appropriately using the engine brake for your slowing needs, the service brakes remain cool and ready to provide their maximum stopping power. Driver Controls It is important to familiarize yourself with the Jacobs Engine Brake controls in your vehicle. The controls will vary slightly depending on the engine brake configuration and cab design, as discussed below. However, basic operator controls will be similar for all models. All vehicles with manual transmissions will allow the driver to turn the engine brake on and off and select a level of braking. Below are illustrations of the various types of switches that you may find in your vehicle. Note: Switches supplied by Jacobs Vehicle Systems may be different from the ones installed in your vehicle (physical appearance varies but function should not). The operations tied to these switches are as follows (for a typical in-line 6 cylinder engine): Low/High Switch: The low setting activates three cylinders, yielding approximately 50% braking horsepower. The high setting will activate all six cylinders, providing full braking horsepower. Low/Med/High Switch: The Low setting activates two cylinders, yielding approximately one-third total braking horsepower. The Medium setting activates four cylinders, yielding approximately two thirds braking horsepower. The high setting will activate all six cylinders, providing full braking horsepower. Additionally, a foot-operated switch may be offered to give you control of the on/off function of the Jacobs Engine Brake. Some vehicle manufacturers offer a gear lever selector switch for the engine brake. 128 Jacobs Engine Brake Operator s Manual 3

135 Engine Controls All Jacobs Engine Brakes have two additional controls: one activated by the position of the clutch pedal, and the other by the position of the throttle. The two controls can provide for fully automatic operation of the Jacobs Engine Brake. Jacobs Engine Brake Operation The Jacobs Engine Brake depends on the free flow of engine oil for operation, so be sure to let the engine reach full operating temperature before switching on the engine brake. Normally, the engine brake is then left in the On position whenever you are driving. The exception is when roads are slippery due to bad weather conditions. Refer to the section entitled Slippery Pavement for specific operating instructions. The operation of the Jacobs Engine Brake is fully automatic, once it is turned on. When your foot is off the clutch and you remove your foot completely from the throttle, the engine brake is automatically activated. (There are some systems that will activate only once the brake pedal is depressed.) When you apply pressure to the throttle, the Jacobs Engine Brake is deactivated Jacobs Engine Brake Operator s Manual

136 While shifting gears, the engine brake is automatically deactivated when you depress the clutch pedal. If the engine brake is on, shifting without using the clutch or double-clutching (to use the engine brake to reduce engine rpm--also known as Jake Shifting ) is strongly discouraged. Serious powertrain damage or engine stalling/loss of vehicle control can result. Note that the Jacobs Engine Brake will also remain activated after the brake pedal has been depressed, giving the combined power of both the engine brake and the service brakes to the drive wheels. ABS (Anti-Lock Braking System) equipped vehicles have the ability to turn the engine brake off if a wheel slip condition is detected. The engine brake will automatically be turned back on when wheel slip is no longer detected. On vehicles equipped with electronic engine controls, the controls will deactivate the engine brake when engine speed falls below approximately 1000 rpm or when the vehicle slows down to a pre-set speed, which varies depending on the vehicle and engine configuration. This prevents stalling the engine. On vehicles equipped with mechanical engine controls and manual transmissions, depress the clutch pedal at low speeds to prevent stalling the engine. (Alternatively, a low-speed cutoff control may be installed to ensure deactivation of the engine brake at low vehicle speeds.) Be sure to turn off the engine brake dashboard switch when you shut the engine down. This will prevent the switch from being in the on position at engine cold start. 130 Jacobs Engine Brake Operator s Manual 5

137 Automatic Transmissions If you have an automatic transmission, operation of the Jacobs Engine Brake functions basically in the same manner for vehicles with manual transmissions. The engine brake is activated when you move your foot off the throttle, and deactivated when you apply pressure to the throttle. A pressure-sensing switch (or the electronic engine controls) will deactivate the Jacobs Engine Brake when the engine speed falls below approximately 1000 rpm, or when the transmission shifts from lock-up to converter operation (usually about mph, depnending on the transmission type). NOTE: With Autoshift type transmissions, the engine brake may actuate to help the transmission upshift. This is done automatically through the transmission control module, and can happen even if the engine brake dash switch is in the off position. Cruise Control There are several types of cruise control systems, and operation of the Jacobs Engine Brake in vehicles equipped with cruise control will depend on the engine and options provided by the vehicle manufacturer. Some cruise controls are specifically designed to operate in conjunction with the Jacobs Engine Brake. It may be possible to program activation of the engine brake during cruise control operation. When enabled, the system activates the engine brake when the vehicle exceeds the cruise control set speed. The engine brake will operate until the vehicle has slowed to 1/2 mph above cruise control set speed. Refer to the vehicle operator s manual for additional information Jacobs Engine Brake Operator s Manual

138 Driving with Your Jacobs Engine Brake Since the engine brake is most effective at higher engine speeds, gear selection is very important. You obtain maximum retarding power when you use the lowest possible gear without exceeding the recommended engine speed for engine braking. Best retarding performance is obtained at engine speeds between 1800 rpm and high idle. Below 1700 rpm, retarding power may be significantly reduced. Braking Engine Horsepower RPM Braking Horsepower vs. Engine RPM Braking Engine Horsepower RPM The Jacobs Engine Brake must be turned on at the dash switch in order to operate. Once it is turned on, merely take your foot off the throttle to slow your vehicle. The Jacobs Engine Brake goes into action, providing retarding power to the vehicle. Apply the service brakes when it s time to come to a complete stop. See the sections below for driving procedures for specific conditions. Flat, Dry Pavement If you are driving on flat, open stretches with a light load and greater slowing power isn t required, place the progressive braking switch in the Low position. If you find that you are still using the service brakes, move the switch to a higher position until you do not need to use the service brakes. When you are carrying a heavier load or descending a grade, and the pavement is dry and traction is good, your progressive braking switch should be in the High position. 132 Jacobs Engine Brake Operator s Manual 7

139 Descending a Grade Before beginning a long, steep descent, determine if your Jacobs Engine Brake is operating properly. This can be done by lifting your foot briefly off the throttle. You will feel the Jacobs Engine Brake activate. An explanation of control speed is helpful in understanding how to use the Jacobs Engine Brake while descending a grade. Control speed is the constant speed at which the forces pushing the vehicle forward on a grade are equal to the forces holding it back, without using the service brakes. In other words, the speed the vehicle will maintain without using the service brakes or the throttle. Note: The following road speeds and grades are given as examples only! Actual conditions and engine braking performance will vary. Depending on road and load conditions, without using your service brakes you may be able to descend a 6% grade safely at 10 mph without a Jacobs Engine Brake Jacobs Engine Brake Operator s Manual

140 With the Jacobs Engine Brake set to the High position, you might be able to descend that same grade at 25 mph, and still remain under control without using your service brakes. The engine brake can be kept on for as long as needed without any risk of engine overheating or damage. Under some circumstances, you may want to come down a grade at a faster rate than the control speed. This can be done by selecting a higher gear, or a lower position on the progressive braking switch. However, you may have to apply your service brakes intermittently to prevent overspeeding the engine and to keep the vehicle at a safe speed. 80,000 lbs. Frequent use of the service brakes will cause them to heat up, reducing their stopping ability. The result can be dangerous brake fade. There may be circumstances in which you might want to descend a grade at a rate slower than the control speed. This is done by selecting a lower gear, one that will not overspeed the engine. You may have to apply the service brakes to obtain the desired lower speed. Like any product, the Jacobs Engine Brake can be abused. Take, for instance, the above example of the 6% grade, which you could descend under control only at 10 mph without an engine brake, but at 25 mph with an engine brake. You could not descend that same hill at 50 mph and still expect to remain under control. Get to know how much slowing power your engine brake can provide. Never exceed a safe control speed. 134 Jacobs Engine Brake Operator s Manual 9

141 Slippery Pavement Since the operation of any vehicle under slippery conditions is unpredictable, be sure you have plenty of distance when testing service brakes or your Jacobs Engine Brake. The Jacobs Engine Brake will not affect the operation of ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) on vehicles so equipped. The ABS systems should deactivate the engine brake when wheel slip occurs and traction is lost, and will reactivate the engine brake when the ABS system has disengaged. If the Jacobs Engine Brake is new to you, it is recommended that you do not attempt to use it on slippery roads until you have some experience with it on dry pavement. When you have that experience, you may use the following operation sequence as a guideline. Do not use the Jacobs Engine Brake when bobtailing or pulling an empty trailer on wet or slippery pavement, especially when operating a single drive axle vehicle. Slippery Pavement Driving Procedures When driving on wet or icy pavement, start with the master switch in the Off position and use the same gear you would normally use under these conditions. Before activating the engine brake, be sure that you have plenty of distance between your vehicle and other vehicles and that traffic conditions allow for testing of vehicle braking. Also make sure that the vehicle is maintaining traction and stability using the natural retarding of the engine alone. If the retarding of the engine alone without the engine brake causes any loss of traction, do not attempt to use the engine brake until road conditions improve Jacobs Engine Brake Operator s Manual

142 If the vehicle is maintaining traction, you may then activate the Jacobs Engine Brake by turning the switch to the Low position. If the tractor drive wheels begin to lock or there is a fishtail motion, immediately turn the switch off and don t turn the Jacobs Engine Brake on until road conditions improve. If there was no tendency for the drive wheels to lose traction and you desire greater slowing power, move the braking switch to the next highest position. If the drive wheels tend to lock or there is a fishtail motion, immediately switch the engine brake into the low position. Do not attempt to use a higher position until road conditions improve. Check your progressive braking switch for proper position often, since road conditions can change quickly. Remember: never skip a step when operating the progressive braking switch. Always go from off to low position and then to a higher position. On single trailers or combinations, a light air application of the trailer brakes may be desirable to help keep the trailer stretched out. Follow the manufacturer s recommended operating procedure when using your trailer brakes. If your tractor is equipped with tandem axles and a power divider, the Jacobs Engine Brake will not change the normal usage of this equipment on icy roads. See the manufacturer s recommendations for the proper use of this equipment. 136 Jacobs Engine Brake Operator s Manual 11

143 Maintenance and Service Jacobs Engine Brakes are recognized as one of the most reliable components on today s diesel-powered vehicles. However, inspections and routine maintenance are necessary to ensure proper operation. In addition, periodic service will help reduce maintenance costs, unscheduled service and downtime. With every routine engine maintenance, have your engine brake inspected and serviced. If, for some reason, the engine brake will not shut off when your foot is on the throttle, immediately pull off the road and call for service. Maintain your Jacobs Engine Brake with genuine Jacobs replacement parts. Use of other than Jacobs approved parts may result in reduced performance, serious engine damage and loss of warranty protection Jacobs Engine Brake Operator s Manual

144 Recommended Preventive Maintenance Schedule The service intervals presented here are intended as a guide for establishing a routine of Jacobs Engine Brake inspection and maintenance in conjunction with scheduled engine maintenance. Reference your engine manufacturer s service manual for specific maintenance intervals. 100,000 miles 300,000 miles 500,000 miles Part 3,000 hours 9,000 hours 15,000 hours Wiring, Terminal Connections I I I Clutch/Throttle/Buffer Screw A A/R A/R Lash Adjusting Screw A/I A/I A/R Solenoid Valves I R Crosshead/Bridges/Valve Stem Caps I I Injector/Exhaust Rocker Arms Screws I I I Master Piston/Fork Assembly I I Slave Pistons I External Hose Assembly I I I Housings I I Fuel Pipes I I I Hold Down Bolts I R Accumulator Springs* R Solenoid Harness* R I Solenoid Seal Rings* R I Control Valve Springs* R I Control Valves* R I Oil Seal Rings* I R I Master Piston Return Springs* I R I Terminal Lead Out* I R I Crosshead Pin Assembly* I R I I = Inspect and replace as required A = Adjust R = Replace *contained in tune-up kits Severe driving conditions, types of roads and driving areas will affect the length of time between scheduled maintenance. Engine brakes which are exposed to severe applications and operating environments may require more frequent preventive maintenance. 138 Jacobs Engine Brake Operator s Manual 13

145 Warranty Coverage and Procedures The unrivaled reliability of the Jacobs Engine Brake makes it unlikely that you will need to file a warranty claim. Jacobs Vehicle Systems, Inc. and the engine manufacturers back the Jacobs Engine Brake with limited warranty coverage. Refer to the appropriate section of your engine manufacturer s warranty for specific engine brake warranty information. The Jacobs Engine Brake warranty is administered through vehicle or engine dealers as an engine component. For More Information If you would like more information or have specific questions, please ask your local vehicle dealer or engine dealer, or visit us on the Internet at: Jacobs Engine Brake Operator s Manual

146 Notes 140 Jacobs Engine Brake Operator s Manual 15

147 Operating the Detroit Diesel Electronic Fire Commander (EFC): MODES: There are two modes of operation for the Electronic Fire Commander. The RPM Mode controls the engine speed to a desired RPM and the Pressure Mode controls the engine speed to maintain a desired pump discharge pressure. The operating mode of the Fire Commander can be changed from RPM Mode to Pressure Mode and back without the need to return to idle. When the MODE switch is pressed, the Fire Commander will change from one mode to the other and utilize the RPM or Pump Pressure that is current at the time the change is made for engine control. Unofficial manuals\efc\efc-2.ai 141

148 Operating the Detroit Diesel Electronic Fire Commander: RPM Mode: The EFC must be on and the Throttle Ready LED (interlocks necessary for increased throttle operations are active) must be illuminated before any RPM adjustments can be made. The RPM LED will be on to indicate that the EFC will operate in the RPM mode. Engine speed can be controlled to a predetermined RPM by pressing the PRESET switch. (PROGRAMMABLE FROM THE EFC MENU) Engine speed can be increased in 25 RPM increments using the INC switch. Engine speed can be decreased in 25 RPM increments using the DEC switch. Pressing the IDLE switch will return the engine RPM to it s normal curb idle speed. PSI Mode: The EFC must be on and the PUMP ENGAGED, OKAY TO PUMP and the THROTTLE READY LEDs (safety interlocks for pump operation have been established) must all be illuminated before any PSI adjustments can be made. The PRESSURE LED will be on to indicate that the EFC can be operated in the PSI Mode. Pump Pressure can be controlled to a predetermined PSI by pressing the PRESET switch. Pump Pressure can be increased in 4 PSI increments using the INC switch. Pump Pressure can be decreased in 4 PSI increments using the DEC switch. Pressing the IDLE switch will return the engine to it s normal idle speed. Unofficial Engine Parameters: Engine RPM, Oil Pressure, Temperature, and System Voltage are displayed continuously while the EFC is in operation. In addition to this, any operating parameter that would cause a Check Engine or Stop Engine Condition will be displayed on the EFC s Information Center Message Display and an audible alarm will be activated. 142

149 Programming the Detroit Diesel Electronic Fire Commander: Programming the EFC is simply a matter of selecting items from a menu. To enter the programming menu, Press and hold the MODE and MENU switches at the same time until Press Idle to Exit is displayed on the information center, then release both switches. Moving through the menu is accomplished by pressing the MENU switch. Change to a selection is performed by using the INC and DEC switches. Exiting the programming menu is done in one of two ways. Pressing IDLE will exit the menu and save changes. Pressing MODE will exit the menu without saving changes. Programming Menu Options: RPM Preset Point: (preset engine speed) Pressure Set (PSI): (preset PSI) Engine Hourmeter: (information only) Pump Hourmeter: (information only) Engine Degrees: (oil or coolant) Pump Pressure (PSI): (pressure reading if active) DDEC Software Ver: (ECU revision level) EFC Software Ver: (EFC revision level) Fire Commander I/O Test: (test switches) Press [MODE] Test Lights: (tests display panel) Set Time Clock: (set clock) Units of Measure: (English/Metric) Welcome Message: (enable/disable) Codes Currently Active: (information) Connector Data: (displays connection info.) SAVE? [Idle=Y] [Mode=N] (exit and save options) Unofficial Use the MENU switch to scroll through the menu. Use the INC and DEC switches when the item you want to change is displayed. When changes are complete, press IDLE to exit and save changes. To exit the menu without saving changes, press MODE. 143

150 Troubleshooting the Detroit Diesel Electronic Fire Commander: The DDEC III ECM must be programmed for Pressure Sensor Governing and the Digital I/O s must be configured properly for PSG operation. Additionally the VSS should be turned off in pressure governor operation. You can use the EFC I/O test as an aid in troubleshooting. The INC, DEC, IDLE,MODE and PRESET switches as well as their outputs are tested. DISPLAY SWITCH: OUTPUT: When a switch is pressed (IDLE for instance), it will show up as: SWITCH: IDLE and if the output is grounded with the switch, that will show up as SWITCH: IDLE OUTPUT: IDLE. If an output is grounded, it will show up as OUTPUT: (function name). This can be used to test for a grounded signal wire. The throttle won t increase in RPM Mode. Check: Is the THROTTLE READY LED on? The EFC won t respond in RPM mode unless the OEM safety interlock requirements that enable the throttle are met. Try using both the PRESET and INC switches. Does PSG Disabled display on the information center? If operating with PTO, is VSS enabled? Re-initialize the EFC. (Remove power to the EFC wait 10 seconds and then repower the unit and try again.) NOTE: The EFC performs a self-check when it is powered up. This is indicated on the EFC by a momentary lighting of all the display segments. The throttle won t increase in Pressure Mode. Check: Are all three LED s (PUMP ENGAGED, OKAY TO PUMP, and THROTTLE READY) on? Try both the INC and PRESET Switches to increase pump pressure. Is the VSS enabled? Re-initialize the EFC. Unofficial The THROTTLE READY LED won t turn on. Check: Is the parking brake on? Is the transmission in neutral or the PTO engaged? Check for 12 VDC at pin # 2 of the EFC 12 pin connector. The Engine Data Display is showing all zeroes or dashes. Check: Are the connections at pins # 3 and # 4 of the EFC 4 pin connector attached? 144

151 Troubleshooting the Detroit Diesel Electronic Fire Commander: The PUMP ENGAGED and OKAY to PUMP LED s won t turn on. Check: All OEM safety requirements for pump operation must be fulfilled. Is the Parking Brake on? Is the transmission in the proper range for pump operation? Is the PTO engaged? Is there an OK to PUMP Signal in the cab? Check for 12 VDC at pin #10 of the EFC 12 pin connector. The mode won t change from RPM to Pressure. Check: Are the PUMP ENGAGED and OKAY to PUMP LED s on? Is there a ground at pin #1 of the EFC 12 pin connector? Is there a ground at pin #4 of the EFC 12 pin connector? The PRESET switch doesn t work: Check: Are the proper LED s on for the mode you want to operate? Is there a valid preset programmed into the menu? Does the PRESET switch work in the menu I/O test? The EFC doesn t light up. Check: Are the necessary switches turned on? Is there 12 VDC between pins #1 and #2 at the EFC 4 pin connector. Summary: The DDC Pressure Sensor Governor operates similar to cruise control. It uses the DDEC III digital inputs and outputs (ground) to control the engine and indicators. Digital Inputs Pressure Governor System Enable (ground when enabled) Pressure/RPM Mode Switch (ground Parking Brake Interlock Set/Coast On (Decrease) (ground to decrease) Resume/Acceleration On (Increase) (ground to Increase) Unofficial These inputs are programmed into the DDEC ECU and the configuration may vary, a check should be done at installation to verify which port is configured for what input. Digital Outputs Cruise Control Active Light (ground when active) Pressure Governor Active Light (ground when PSG pressure PSG Pressure Mode Achieved mode is active) These outputs are programmed into the DDEC ECU and the configuration may vary, a check should be done at installation to verify which port is configured for what output. 145

152 ULTIMATIC, INSTRUCTIONS FOR SAFE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE WARNING TFT HAND HELD AUTOMATIC PRESSURE CONTROL NOZZLES MID-MATIC & HANDLINE Read instruction manual before use. Operation of this nozzle without understanding the manual and receiving proper training can be dangerous and is a misuse of this equipment. Call with any questions. WARNING WARNING This instruction manual is intended to familiarize firefighters and maintenance personnel with the operation, servicing and safety procedures associated with the Ultimatic, Mid-Matic and Handline fire fighting nozzles. This manual should be kept available to all operating and maintenance personnel. ULTIMATIC MID-MATIC HANDLINE TASK FORCE TIPS, Inc. MadeinUSA Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc E Evans Ave Valparaiso, IN USA Fax LIN-030 October 5, 2004 Rev06

153 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 MEANING OF SIGNAL WORDS 2.0 GENERAL INFORMATION 2.1 VARIOUS MODELS AND TERMS 2.2 COLOR CODED VALVE HANDLE COVERS - MIDMATIC & HANDLINE ONLY 3.0 FLOW CHARACTERISTICS 4.0 NOZZLE CONTROLS 4.1 FLOW CONTROL LEVER TYPE FLOW CONTROL TWIST SHUTOFF TIP ONLY NOZZLES 4.2 PATTERN AND FLUSH CONTROL PATTERN CONTROL FLUSH CONTROL5 5.0 USE OF ULTIMATIC, MIDMATIC & HANDLINE NOZZLES 6.0 FIELD INSPECTION 7.0 WARRANTY 8.0 ANSWERS TO YOUR QUESTIONS 9.0 NOZZLE FLOW CHARTS 10.0 INSPECTION CHECKLIST 1.0 MEANING OF SIGNAL WORDS A safety related message is identified by a safety alert symbol and a signal word to indicate the level of risk involved with a particular hazard. Per ANSI standard Z the definitions of the three signal words are as follows: DANGER WARNING CAUTION Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc DANGER indicates an imminently hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result in death or serious injury. WARNING indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury. CAUTION indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, may result in minor or moderate injury LIN-030 October 5, 2004 Rev06

154 2.0 GENERAL INFORMATION The Task Force Tips Ultimatic, MID-MATIC and Handline nozzles are designed to provide excellent performance under most fire fighting conditions. Their rugged construction is compatible with the use of fresh water (see section 5.0 for saltwater use) as well as fire fighting foam solutions. Other important operating features are: Slide valve with valve handle detent flow control for excellent stream quality at all valve positions Quick-acting pattern control from straight stream to wide fog "Power fog teeth" for full-fill fog "Gasket grabber" inlet screen to keep large debris from entering nozzle Easily flushable while flowing to clear trapped debris TFT's five-year warranty and unsurpassed customer service 2.1 VARIOUS MODELS AND TERMS SERIES FLOW RANGE NOMINAL PRESSURE STANDARD COUPLING* ULTIMATIC MID-MATIC HANDLINE GPM L/min PSI BAR , 1-1/2 NH or 1-1/4 NPSH or 1-1/2 NH or 1-1/4 NPSH /2 NH /2 NH /2 or 2-1/2 NH /2 or 2-1/2 NH * Other threads, coupling sizes, or connector styles can be specified at time of order. Ultimatic, MID-MATIC and Handline nozzles are available in several models. Some common models are shown in figure 1. CAUTION Nozzle must be mated to a hose line with matched threads. Mismatched or damaged threads may cause nozzle to leak or uncouple from hose under pressure and could cause injury. COUPLING ON FLOW CONTROL OFF STREAM SHAPER BARREL LABEL NAME LABEL RUBBER GASKET PISTOL GRIP NOZZLE WITH VALVE and INTEGRAL PISTOL GRIP TIP ONLY NOZZLE Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc FIGURE 1 COMMON MODELS AND TERMS LIN-030 October 5, 2004 Rev06

155 DETENTS VALVE HANDLE VALVE POSITION LABEL VALVE RING GASKET GRABBER INLET SCREEN NOZZLE WITH VALVE TIP ONLY NOZZLE WITH TWIST SHUTOFF FIGURE 1 COMMON MODELS AND TERMS 2.2 COLOR CODED VALVE HANDLE COVERS MID-MATIC & HANDLINE ONLY The TFT MID-MATIC & HANDLINE with lever type valve handles are supplied with black valve handle covers. The handle covers are available from TFT in various colors for those departments wishing to color code the nozzle to the discharge controls. A colored handle cover set will be sent upon receipt of the warranty card by TFT. Your department's name can also be engraved on the covers (see warranty card for more information). Handle covers are replaceable by removing the four screws that hold the handle covers in place. Use a 3/32" allen wrench when replacing screws. For standardization NFPA 1901 (A-4-9.3) recommends the following color code scheme: Preconnect #1 or Bumper Jump Line Orange Preconnect or discharge #2 Red Preconnect or discharge #3 Yellow Preconnect or discharge #4 White Preconnect or discharge #5 Blue Preconnect or discharge #6 Black Preconnect or discharge #7 Green Foam Lines Red w/ White border (Red/White) 3.0 FLOW CHARACTERISTICS The graphs in figure 2 show the typical performance of ULTIMATIC, MID-MATIC and HANDLINE nozzles. NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI) FLOW (LPM) ULTIMATIC FLOW RANGE ULTIMATIC MID-MATIC FLOW RANGE MID-MATIC HANDLINE FLOW RANGE HANDLINE NOZZLE PRESSURE (BAR) Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc FLOW (GPM) 100 PSI ULTIMATIC, MID-MATIC & HANDLINE LIN-030 October 5, 2004 Rev06

156 140 FLOW (LPM) NOZZLE PRESSURE (PSI) ULTIMATIC FLOW RANGE 75 PSI ULTIMATIC 75 PSI MID-MATIC MID-MATIC FLOW RANGE HANDLINE FLOW RANGE 75 PSI HANDLINE NOZZLE PRESSURE (BAR) FLOW (GPM) 75 PSI ULTIMATIC, MID-MATIC & HANDLINE FIGURE 2 The charts in section 8.0 of this document give specific examples of maximum flow rates for particular situations. Friction losses may vary due to differences in hose construction resulting in flows different than those shown. For situations or lengths of hose not listed on the chart, approximate flows can be calculated using conventional hydraulics. DANGER CAUTION WARNING WARNING An inadequate supply of nozzle pressure and/or flow will cause an ineffective stream and can result in injury, death or loss of property. See flow chart in section 8.0 or call for assistance. Fire streams are capable of injury and damage. Do not direct water stream to cause injury or damage to persons or property. Failure to restrain nozzle reaction can cause firefighter injury from loss of footing and/or stream protection. Nozzle reaction will vary as supply conditions change: such as opening or closing other nozzles, hose line kinks, changes in pump settings, etc. Changes in spray pattern or flushing will also affect nozzle reaction. The nozzle operator must always be positioned to restrain the nozzle reaction in the event of those changes. Injury from whipping can occur. If nozzle gets out of control or away from operator, retreat from nozzle immediately. Do not attempt to regain control of nozzle while flowing water. 4.0 NOZZLE CONTROLS 4.1 FLOW CONTROL LEVER TYPE FLOW CONTROL On models that use a lever type valve handle, the nozzle is shut off when the handle is fully forward. The valve handle has six detent flow positions. These detent positions allow the nozzle operator to regulate the flow of the nozzle depending on the need or what can be safely and effectively handled. TFT recommends the use of a pistol grip for easier handling. For additional stress reduction, a hose rope or strap may also be used. This permits more effective use and ease of advancement, while minimizing strain and fatigue Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIN-030 October 5, 2004 Rev06

157 4.1.2 TWIST SHUTTOFF On models that use a twist flow control. The valve is opened or closed by rotating the valve ring. Rotating the ring clockwise (as seen from the operating position behind the nozzle) closes the valve, while counterclockwise rotation opens it. Detents are provided at four intermediate positions and the position of the valve is shown by the exposed valve position label TIP ONLY NOZZLES Tip only nozzles have NO shut off valve contained within the nozzle and MUST be used with a separate ball valve attached to the nozzle. 4.2 PATTERN AND FLUSH CONTROL PATTERN CONTROL TFT's ULTIMATIC, MID-MATIC and HANDLINE have full pattern control from straight stream to wide fog. Turning the STREAM SHAPER clockwise (as seen from the operating position behind the nozzle) moves the SHAPER to the straight stream position. Turning the SHAPER counterclockwise will result in an increasingly wider pattern. Since the stream trim point varies with the flow, the stream should be "trimmed" after changing the flow to obtain the straightest and farthest reaching stream. To properly trim a stream, first open the pattern to a narrow fog. Then close the stream to parallel to give maximum reach. NOTE: Turning the shaper further forward will cause stream crossover and reduce the effective reach of the nozzle. The nozzle reaction is greatest when the shaper is in the straight stream position. The nozzle operator must be prepared for a change in reaction as the pattern is changed FLUSH CONTROL Small debris passes through the gasket grabber and may get caught inside the nozzle. This trapped material will cause poor stream quality, shortened reach and reduced flow. To remove this trapped debris the nozzle can be flushed as follows; while still flowing water, turn the SHAPER counterclockwise past the full fog position (increased resistance will be felt on the SHAPER as the nozzle goes into flush). This will open the nozzle allowing debris to pass through. Rotate the SHAPER clockwise and out of flush to continue normal operation. During flush the nozzle reaction will decrease as the pattern becomes wider and the pressure drops. The nozzle operator must be prepared for an increase of nozzle reaction when returning the nozzle from the flush position to retain control of the nozzle. WARNING Large amounts of debris can reduce the flow of the nozzle resulting in an ineffective flow. In the event of a blockage it may be necessary to retreat to a safe area, uncouple nozzle and remove debris. Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc FIGURE 3 - GASKET GRABBER LIN-030 October 5, 2004 Rev06

158 5.0 USE OF ULTIMATIC, MID-MATIC and HANDLINE NOZZLES IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE INDIVIDUAL FIRE DEPARTMENT OR AGENCY TO DETERMINE PHYSICAL CAPABILITIES AND SUITABILITY FOR AN INDIVIDUAL'S USE OF THIS EQUIPMENT. Many factors contribute to the extinguishment of a fire. Among the most important is delivering water at a flow rate sufficient to absorb heat faster than it is being generated. The flow rate depends largely on the pump discharge pressure and hose friction loss. The pump discharge pressure may be found by use of the chart in section 8.0. It can also be calculated using a hydraulic equation such as: PDP = NP+FL+DL+EL For additional information on calculating specific hose layouts, consult an appropriate fire service training manual, A Guide to Automatic Nozzles, or call TFT's "Hydraulics Hotline" at PDP = Pump discharge pressure in PSI NP = Nozzle pressure in PSI FL = Hose friction loss in PSI DL = Device loss in PSI EL = Elevation loss in PSI 6.0 FIELD INSPECTION TFT's ULTIMATIC, MID-MATIC and HANDLINE are designed and manufactured to be damage resistant and require minimal maintenance. However, as the primary fire fighting tools upon which your life depends, they should be treated accordingly. Use with saltwater is permissible provided nozzle is thoroughly cleaned with fresh water after each use. The service life of the nozzle may be shortened due to the effects of corrosion and is not covered under warranty. WARNING Nozzle must be inspected for proper operation and function according to inspection checklist on last page before each use. Any nozzle that fails inspection is dangerous to use and must be repaired before using. Performance tests shall be conducted on the Ultimatic, Mid-Matic and Handline nozzle after a repair, or anytime a problem is reported to verify operation in accordance with TFT test procedures. Consult factory for the procedure that corresponds to the model and serial number of the nozzle. Any equipment which fails the related test criteria should be removed from service immediately. Troubleshooting guides are available with each test procedure or equipment can be returned to the factory for service and testing. Factory service is available with repair time seldom exceeding one day in our facility. Factory serviced nozzles are repaired by experienced technicians to original specifications, fully tested and promptly returned. Any returns should include a note as to the nature of the problem, who to reach in case of questions and if a repair estimate is required. Repair parts and service procedures are available for those wishing to perform their own repairs. Task Force Tips assumes no liability for damage to equipment or injury to personnel that is a result of user service. TFT Item# LIB-020 LHM-020 LIH-020 LDH-020 Title Ultimatic 125 Service Procedure Mid-Matic & Mid-Force Service Procedure Handline Service Procedure Handline & Dual-Force Service Procedure CAUTION Any alterations to the nozzle and its markings could diminish safety and constitutes a misuse of this product. All Task Force Tip nozzles are factory lubricated with high quality silicone grease. This lubricant has excellent washout resistance and long term performance. If your department has unusually hard or sandy water, the moving parts may be affected. Foam agents and water additives contain soaps and chemicals that may break down the factory lubrication. The moving parts of the nozzle should be checked on a regular basis for smooth and free operation, and signs of damage. IF THE NOZZLE IS OPERATING CORRECTLY, THEN NO ADDITIONAL LUBRICATION IS NEEDED. Any nozzle that is not operating correctly should be immediately removed from service and the problem corrected Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIN-030 October 5, 2004 Rev06

159 7.0 WARRANTY Task Force Tips, Inc., 2800 East Evans Avenue, Valparaiso, Indiana ("TFT") warrants to the original purchaser of its Ultimatic, Mid-Matic, and Handline series nozzles ("equipment"), and to anyone to whom it is transferred, that the equipment shall be free from defects in material and workmanship during the five (5) year period from the date of purchase. TFT's obligation under this warranty is specifically limited to replacing or repairing the equipment (or its parts) which are shown by TFT's examination to be in a defective condition attributable to TFT. To qualify for this limited warranty, the claimant must return the equipment to TFT, at 2800 East Evans Avenue, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383, within a reasonable time after discovery of the defect. TFT will examine the equipment. If TFT determines that there is a defect attributable to it, TFT will correct the problem within a reasonable time. If the equipment is covered by this limited warranty, TFT will assume the expenses of repair. If any defect attributable to TFT under this limited warranty cannot be reasonably cured by repair or replacement, TFT may elect to refund the purchase price of the equipment, less reasonable depreciation, in complete discharge of its obligations under this limited warranty. If TFT makes this election, claimant shall return the equipment to TFT free and clear of any liens and encumbrances. This is a limited warranty. The original purchaser of the equipment, any person to whom it is transferred, and any person who is an intended or unintended beneficiary of the equipment, shall not be entitled to recover from TFT any consequential or incidental damages for injury to person and/or property resulting from any defective equipment manufactured or assembled by TFT. It is agreed and understood that the price stated for the equipment is in part consideration for limiting TFT's liability. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so the above may not apply to you. TFT shall have no obligation under this limited warranty if the equipment is, or has been, misused or neglected (including failure to provide reasonable maintenance) or if there have been accidents to the equipment or if it has been repaired or altered by someone else. THIS IS A LIMITED EXPRESS WARRANTY ONLY. TFT EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS WITH RESPECT TO THE EQUIPMENT ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THERE IS NO WARRANTY OF ANY NATURE MADE BY TFT BEYOND THAT STATED IN THIS DOCUMENT. This limited warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state. 8.0 ANSWERS TO YOUR QUESTIONS We appreciate the opportunity of serving you and making your job easier. If you have any problems or questions, our tollfree "Hydraulics Hotline", , is normally available to you 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIN-030 October 5, 2004 Rev06

160 9.0 NOZZLE FLOW CHARTS 100 PSI 7 BAR = 100 PSI ULTIMATIC 75 PSI =75PSIULTIMATIC ULTIMATIC 125 Flow Chart FLOW (GPM) PUMP DISCHARGE PRESSURE (PSI) /4" HOSE 1" HOSE 1 1/2" HOSE 150 ft. 200 ft. 250 ft. 150 ft. 200 ft. 250 ft. 150 ft. 200 ft. 250 ft. 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI (1) Number in each box indicates flow (GPM). (2) Flows may vary with brand or condition of hose. (3) Flows are approximate and do not reflect losses in preconnect piping = 7 BAR ULTIMATIC 6 BAR = 6 BAR ULTIMATIC ULTIMATIC 125 Flow Chart FLOW (LPM) PUMP DISCHARGE PRESSURE (BAR) mm HOSE 25mm HOSE 38mm HOSE 45M 60M 75M 45M. 60M 75M 45M 60M 75M 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR (1) Number in each box indicates flow (LPM). (2) Flows may vary with brand or condition of hose. (3) Flows are approximate and do not reflect losses in preconnect piping. (4) 1 BAR = 100 KPA Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIN-030 October 5, 2004 Rev06

161 FLOW (GPM) REACTION (LBS) PUMP DISCHARGE PRESSURE (PSI) MID-MATIC Flow & Nozzle Reaction Chart ft. 200 ft. 250 ft. 150 ft. 200 ft. 250 ft. 150 ft. 200 ft. 250 ft /2" HOSE 1 3/4" HOSE 2" HOSE 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI PSI = 100 PSI MID-MATIC 75 PSI =75PSIMID-MATIC (1) Number on top in each box indicates flow (GPM), and number on bottom indicates nozzle reaction (LBS). (2) Flows may vary with brand or condition of hose. (3) Flows are approximate and do not reflect losses in preconnect piping FLOW (LPM) REACTION (KG) PUMP DISCHARGE PRESSURE (BAR) MID-MATIC Flow & Nozzle Reaction Chart BAR = 7 BAR MID-MATIC 6 BAR = 6 BAR MID-MATIC 38mm HOSE 45mm HOSE 50mm HOSE 45M 60M 75M 45M 60M 75M 45M 60M 75M 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR (1) Number on top in each box indicates flow (LPM), and number on bottom indicates nozzle reaction (KG). (2) Flows may vary with brand or condition of hose. (3) Flows are approximate and do not reflect losses in preconnect piping Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIN-030 October 5, 2004 Rev06

162 FLOW (GPM) REACTION (LBS) PUMP DISCHARGE PRESSURE (PSI) PSI = 100 PSI HANDLINE 75 PSI =75PSIHANDLINE 1 1/2" HOSE 1 3/4" HOSE 2" HOSE 150 ft. 200 ft. 250 ft. 150 ft. 200 ft. 250 ft. 150 ft. 200 ft. 250 ft. 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI HANDLINE Flow & Nozzle Reaction Chart (1) Number on top in each box indicates flow (GPM), and number on bottom indicates nozzle reaction (LBS). (2) Flows may vary with brand or condition of hose. (3) Flows are approximate and do not reflect losses in preconnect piping Note: For Nozzles with Serial # TFT-H and/or Manufactured after 12/01/ /2" HOSE 150 ft. 200 ft. 250 ft. 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI 100 PSI 75 PSI BAR = 7 BAR HANDLINE 6 BAR = 6 BAR HANDLINE 38mm HOSE 45mm HOSE 50mm HOSE 65mm HOSE FLOW (GPM) REACTION 45M 60M 75M 45M 60M 75M 45M 60M 75M 45M 60M 75M (LBS) 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR 7 BAR 6 BAR (1) Number on top in each box indicates flow (LPM), and number on bottom indicates nozzle reaction (KG). (2) Flows may vary with brand or condition of hose. (3) Flows are approximate and do not reflect losses in preconnect piping. PUMP DISCHARGE PRESSURE (BAR) HANDLINE Flow & Nozzle Reaction Chart Note: For Nozzles with Serial # TFT-H and/or Manufactured after 12/01/2003 Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIN-030 October 5, 2004 Rev06

163 10.0 INSPECTION CHECKLIST Nozzle must be inspected for proper operation and function according to this checklist before each use. Check that: 1) There is no obvious damage such as missing, broken or loose parts, damaged labels etc. 2) Gasket grabber is free of debris. 3) Coupling is tight and leak free. 4) Valve operates freely through full range and regulates flow. 5) "OFF" position does fully shut off and flow is stopped. 6) Nozzle flow is adequate as indicated by pump pressure and nozzle reaction. 7) Shaper turns freely and adjusts pattern through full range. 8) Shaper turns into full flush and out of flush with normal flow and pressure restored. WARNING Any Ultimatic, Mid-Matic or Handline nozzle failing any part of the inspection checklist is unsafe and must have the problem corrected before use. Operating a nozzle that fails any of the above inspections is a misuse of this equipment. TASK FORCE TIPS, Inc. MadeinUSA Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc E Evans Ave Valparaiso, IN USA Fax LIN-030 October 5, 2004 Rev06

164 MANUAL: IN-LINE FOAM EDUCTOR MANUAL FOR SAFE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE WARNING Read instruction manual before use. Operation of this device without understanding the manual and receiving proper training is a misuse of this equipment. Users who have not read and understood all operating and safety instructions are not qualified to operate this eductor. This instruction manual is intended to familiarize firefighters and maintenance personnel with the operation, servicing, and safety procedures associated with the eductor. This manual should be kept available to all operating and maintenance personnel. 95 GPM Eductor UL201 Inlet 200 psi (14 bar) Consult Manual for Hoselay and Nozzle Selection. 95 GPM Eductor WARNING Read manual before use. MODEL UE UL211 Inlet Pressure: 200 PSI (13.8 Bar) Maximum Back Pressure: 130 PSI (8.9 Bar) Models: 125 GPM (475 l/min) 95 GPM (360 l/min) 60 GPM (227 l/min) Concentration Settings Off, 1/4%, 1/2%, 1%, 3%, 6% TASK FORCE TIPS, Inc. MadeinUSA Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc E Evans Ave Valparaiso, IN USA Fax LIU-330 October 22, 2004 Rev01

165 1.0 MEANING OF SIGNAL WORDS 2.0 SAFETY 3.0 GENERAL INFORMATION 3.1 PART IDENTIFICATION 3.2 GENERAL OPERATING INSTRUCTION 3.3 CLEANING EDUCTOR 4.0 FOAM SELECTION 4.1 CLASS A FOAM 4.2 CLASS B FOAM TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.3 FOAM COMPATIBILITY 4.4 FOAM CONSUMPTION 5.0 MAXIMUM HOSE LAY 6.0 NOZZLE SELECTION 7.0 TROUBLE-SHOOTING 8.0 WARRANTY 9.0 DRAWING AND PARTS LIST 10.0 FOAM BUCKET ARRANGEMENT 10.1 FOAM SUPPLY LOGISITICS 11.0 MAINTENANCE 1.0 MEANING OF SIGNAL WORDS A safety related message is identified by a safety alert symbol and a signal word to indicate the level of risk involved with a particular hazard. Per ANSI standard Z the definitions of the three signal words are as follows: DANGER WARNING CAUTION DANGER indicates an imminently hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result in death or serious injury. WARNING indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury. CAUTION indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, may result in minor or moderate injury. 2.0 SAFETY The eductor is designed for Class A and Class B foam concentrates. If you intend to use the eductor for liquids other than Class A and Class B concentrates and water, we urge you to contact the Task Force Tips Engineering Department. The use of other liquids may void the warranty and subject the user to hazards not addressed in this manual. The user assumes all risks for non-intended uses. Make sure there is enough foam concentrate prepared before fighting fire. TFT s eductors are calibrated 15% more than the nominal rate, or half percent point, which ever is less. Per FOAM EQUIPMENT AND LIQUID CONCENTRATES UL 162, the liquid concentrate induction rate of a proportioner, expressed as a percentage of the flow rate of the mixed water plus concentrate solution, shall be minus zero (0) percent, plus thirty (30) percent of the manufacturer s specified induction rate or one percent point, whichever is less. Make sure the meter head set to OFF position and the correct nozzle and hose lay are securely attached to the eductor before the hose line is charged. Make sure the nozzle gallonage matches eductor s gallonage. Make sure the hose lay does not exceed the maximum listed in the operating instruction. Make sure that the meter head is set to the correct concentration for the type of foam being used. Foam concentrates can be ineffective if not used at the correct percentage. DANGER WARNING Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc Lack of foam can place operator at risk of injury or death. Establish foam flow before advancing into hazardous situations. Make sure you do not run out of foam concentrate before the task is complete. Check concentrate level periodically and keep an adequate supply on hand. Do not use Class A foam on Class B fires or Class B foam on Class A fires. Note: Some foam concentrates are universal and can be used on Class B fires and spills and as a wetting agent on Class A fires. (Refer to foam concentrate manufacturer s recommendations for proper foam choice.) LIU-330 October 22, 2004 Rev01

166 WARNING WARNING Improper use of foam can result in injury or damage to the environment. Follow the foam concentrate manufacturer's instructions and fire service training to avoid the following: Using the wrong type of foam on a fire, i.e. Class A foam on Class B flammable liquid fire Mishandling of concentrates Plunging foam into pools of liquid fuels Directing foam onto yourself or other personnel There is a wide variety of foam concentrates. Each user is responsible for verifying that any foam concentrate chosen to be used with this unit has been tested to assure that the foam obtained is suitable for the purpose intended. 3.0 GENERAL INFORMATION Eductor Types: UE-060-NF UE-095-NF UE-125-NF INLINE EDUCTOR 60 GPM 1.5"NH INLINE EDUCTOR 95 GPM 1.5"NH INLINE EDUCTOR 125 GPM 1.5"NH UE-060-IF UE-095-IF UE-125-IF INLINE EDUCTOR 60 GPM 1.5"NPSH INLINE EDUCTOR 95 GPM 1.5"NPSH INLINE EDUCTOR 125 GPM 1.5"NPSH UE-060-NJ UE-095-NJ UE-125-NJ INLINE EDUCTOR 60 GPM 2.5"NH INLINE EDUCTOR 95 GPM 2.5"NH INLINE EDUCTOR 125 GPM 2.5"NH UE-060-IJ UE-095-IJ UE-125-IJ INLINE EDUCTOR 60 GPM 2.5"NPSH INLINE EDUCTOR 95 GPM 2.5"NPSH INLINE EDUCTOR 125 GPM 2.5"NPSH The eductor proportioning rate ranges from 0.25%,0.5%, 1%, 3%, to 6%. TFT s eductors can be used with 0.25% or 0.5% class A foam concentrates for wildland, rural and urban fire suppression on Class A fuels (wood, paper, combustible materials). On Class A materials the eductors are intended to be used for direct extinguishment, overhaul, and wetting of fuels. Some foam concentrates are corrosive, we recommend using only Class A concentrates that have received USDA and USFS approval. On class B materials, the eductors are primarily intended for vapor suppression or extinguishment. They can be used with high viscosity 1%, 3%, 6%, 3x3% and 3x6% Alcohol Resistant Class B concentrates on flammable liquids containing polar solvents. The eductor can also be used with plain AFFF concentrates rated at 1%, 3%, or 6%, with various freeze protected foams, and with FFFP foam types. These foams generally have a lower viscosity than the calibration viscosity of the TFT eductor and will be inducted faster than expected resulting in stronger concentrations. While this does not degrade foam quality, it does reduce the operating time for a given foam supply. Standard inlet operating pressure is 200 psi on all eductors (1400 kpa/14 bar). 3.1 PART IDENTIFICATION PUSH BUTTON TO BACK FLUSH. METERING HEAD TURN KNOB TO SET PROPORTIONING RATE. PROPORTIONING INDICATOR RETRACT THE LOCKER RING TO UNLOCK. RELEASE THE LOCKER RING TO ENGAGE. CHECK DISK 36" LONG 1" ID CLEAR HOSE (Not to Scale) 20" LONG 1" OD WAND (Not to Scale) Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc EDUCTOR BODY EXIT LIU-330 October 22, 2004 Rev01

167 3.1 PART IDENTIFICATION cont. The eductor can be split into two parts by grasping the locking ring and retracting it fully to separate the metering head from the eductor body. All the foam passageways can easily be inspected. The foam passageway into the eductor contains a free-floating check disk with three fins. The check disk is pressure activated to keep water from coming out of the fire hose and back into the foam pail. The metering head contains a red back flush button that can be depressed to open the check disk. The metering head also has a large proportioning knob that can be rotated to align a ball valve to six different detent positions: Off ¼% ½% 1% 3% 6%. Each foam setting has a precision sized metering orifice in the valve ball. The eductor cannot be operated between settings, as the metering orifices will not line up properly. The setting on the proportioning knob lines up with the white indicator ball. 3.2 GENERAL OPERATING INSTRUCTION 1) Choose the right foam concentrate (see section 4) 2) Lay the right hose (see section 5) 3) Connect the right nozzle (see section 6) 4) Charge the hose and open the nozzle fully to establish the water flow. 5) Adjust the pump pressure so the eductor inlet is set at 200 PSI. 6) Put the wand in the bucket and rotate the percentage knob to the desired concentration. 3.3 CLEANING EDUCTOR After use take the wand out of the bucket and turn down the pump pressure below 75 PSI. Shut off the nozzle. Restrain the wand and expect a rapid discharge of water especially at 6% setting. Push the red flush button and run fresh water through the wand and metering head on each setting until there is no visible foam in the flush water. Retract the lock ring to remove the metering head. Turn off the water supply and remove the eductor from the hose so that any remaining foam residue can be washed from the wand, metering head, and eductor. CAUTION Do not back flush above 75 PSI. Rapid back flush discharge from the wand could cause injury. The back flush push button is pressure activated and must not be forced at pressures over 75 PSI (5 bar). 4.0 FOAM SELECTION Actual foam concentrations vary with changes in water flow, foam concentrate temperature and viscosity. The user must verify that the concentrate s performance is suitable for use in their application. In all cases, the manufacturer s recommendations must be followed. CAUTION Class A foam concentrates are generally less viscous than Class B foam concentrates. Using 1% Class B foam percentage setting to educt Class A foam, may cause the actual Class A foam percentage to be more than 1%. 4.1 CLASS A FOAM SOLID FUEL - CLASS A CLASS A FOAM Recommended using Class A foam that meets USDA Forest Service Interim Requirements for Foam for Wildland Fires, Aircraft or Ground Application or NFPA 298 Foam Chemicals for Wildland Fire Control. MOP UP & OVERHAUL OPERATIONS WILDLAND & EXPOSURE PROTECTION Apply as needed for penetration, isolation, cooling, and smothering. Apply with low expansion nozzle for: straight stream nozzle - soaking and penetration of fuel low expansion nozzle - greater stream reach piercing nozzle Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc Apply with medium expansion nozzle for: - greater coverage - longer lasting - insulating medium expansion nozzle LIU-330 October 22, 2004 Rev01

168 4.2 CLASS B FOAM LIQUID FUEL - CLASS B HYDROCARBONS Fuels that are mostly distilled from crude oil or vegetable matter. Will not mix with water. POLAR SOLVENTS A flammable liquid that mixes with water. Examples are alcohol's, amines, ethers, esters, aldehydes, and ketones. In firefighting, any flammable liquid which destroys regular foam is generally referred to as a polar solvent. AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming Foam) AR (Alcohol Resistant Foam) AR (Alcohol Resistant Foam) UNIGNITED UNIGNITED May apply at less than rates for ignited. Be capable of increasing to ignited rates if needed. Application rates: Use foam manufacturer's recommendations for handheld nozzles. Apply with MEDIUM EXPANSION NOZZLE for vapor suppression Apply with MEDIUM EXPANSION NOZZLE for vapor suppression 4.3 FOAM COMPATIBILITY Do not mix different types of foam concentrates or foams of the same type from different CAUTION manufacturers. Mixing of foam concentrates can cause the contents of the foam tank to gel and produce unpredictable results. Clean tank and foam passages thoroughly when changing foam types. Medium Expansion Nozzle produces the greatest expansion ratios. It should be used on Class B fuels for vapor suppression and Class A fuels when a longer lasting insulating layer of drier foam is desired. Low Expansion Nozzle can be used with either Class A or B foam solutions. Reach is slightly less than the smooth bore. It should be used on Class B fires for extinguishment and Class A fuels to soak the fuel with a wet foam solution. Straight Stream Nozzle is for Class A foam solutions. Foam expansion will be negligible. It should be used where maximum reach or penetration is desired. 4.4 FOAM CONSUMPTION The following tables indicate the theoretical foam concentrate flow rate and the time it will take to empty a 5 gallon container of various concentrates with eductors of different ratings. 60 GPM Eductor Setting Foam Time To Empty Foam Class 5 Gallons Flow Rate 1/4% A 33 min 20 sec 0.15 gpm 1/2% A 16 min 40 sec 0.3 gpm 1% B 8 min 20 sec 0.6 gpm 3% B 2 min 47 sec 1.8 gpm 6% B 1 min 23 sec 3.6 gpm Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc GPM Eductor Time To Empty Foam 5 Gallons Flow Rate 20 min 50 sec 0.24 gpm 10 min 25 sec 0.5 gpm 5 min 16 sec 1.0 gpm 1 min 45 sec 2.9 gpm 53 sec 5.7 gpm GPM Eductor Time To Empty Foam 5 Gallons Flow Rate 16 min 0.3 gpm 8 min 0.6 gpm 4 min 0 sec 1.3 gpm 1 min 20 sec 3.8 gpm 40 sec 7.5 gpm LIU-330 October 22, 2004 Rev01

169 4.4 FOAM CONSUMPTION cont. 1. The class A foam used for calibration is the Knock Down from National Foam. The calibration viscosity is 20 Centipoise. 2. The class B foam used for calibration is the Universal Plus 3% /6% Alcohol Resistant Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AR-AFFF) from National Foam. The calibration viscosity is 2892 centipoise tested with Brookfield #3 30 rpm. 3. TFT S eductors were calibrated with 1 ¾ Conquest Hose. UE-060-NF calibration hose length is 300 ft. UE-095-NF calibration hose length is 250 ft. UE-125-NF calibration hose length is 150 ft. Actual calibrated rate for each setting and the foam concentrate used for calibration SETTING ACTUAL RATE FOAM CLASS 1/4% 0.287% A 1/2% 0.575% A 1% 1.15% B 3% 3.45% B 6% 6.5% B Per UL-162, TFT s eductors are calibrated 15% more than the nominal rate, or half percent point, which ever is less. Therefore actual time to empty 5 gallons is less than the values in table. 5.0 MAXIMUM HOSE LAY The maximum hose lay is based on the back pressure. Pushing the foam solution thru the hose and nozzle causes back pressure on the eductor exit. If the back pressure is over 130 PSI the eductor will not work. However, when proportioning rate is no more than 1%, 140psi back pressure is acceptable. Elevation loss adds to the back pressure when the nozzle is higher than the eductor. For each foot in vertical height there is 0.4 PSI elevation loss. WARNING Do not exceed 130 PSI back pressure. Excess back pressure causes loss of foam flow resulting in risk of injury or death from an ineffective stream. Verify that adequate foam flow is established and maintained. The following table shows the reference friction loss based on water flow, hose length and size. To calculate the back pressure, add the nozzle pressure, hose friction loss, and elevation pressure loss together, and make sure the sum does not exceed 130 psi. TFT Inline Eductor Maximum Hose Lay and Elevation Chart 3% - 6% Solution Up to 1% Solution 100 psi Nozzle 75 psi Nozzle 100 psi Nozzle 75 psi Nozzle System Flow GPM Hose Size Inch Maximum Hose Lay Ft Elevation Ft Maximum Hose Lay Ft Elevation Ft Maximum Hose Lay Ft Elevation Ft Maximum Hose Lay Ft Elevation Ft /2 1-3/4 1-1/2 1-3/4 1-3/ Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIU-330 October 22, 2004 Rev01

170 TFT Inline Eductor Maximum Hose Lay and Elevation Chart (Metric) 3% - 6% Solution Up to 1% Solution 7 bar Nozzle 5 bar Nozzle 7 bar Nozzle 5 bar Nozzle System Flow l/min Hose Size mm Max Hose Lay Meter Elevation Meter Max Hose Lay Meter Elevation Meter Max Hose Lay Meter Elevation Meter Max Hose Lay Meter Elevation Meter Friction loss varies with different brand hoses. Please specify the friction loss of your own hose. The nominal flow of the eductor is the sum of water plus foam concentrate when set at 6%. The eductor should always have 200 psi at the inlet. The water flow does not change with different percentage settings, however, the inducted foam concentrate will change when the percentage setting is changed. Therefore, the total flow exiting the eductor is lower at.25% than at 6%. Lower flow rate helps reducing nozzle pressure and hose friction loss. Longer hose can be used when proportioning rate is less because less work is needed to move less concentrate. 6.0 NOZZLE SELECTION Eductors work with any nozzle whose gallonage is equal or larger than eductors. However, if a larger gallonage nozzle is used, the reach of nozzle and the proportioning rate of the eductor will be compromised. Fog-type nozzles have the greatest reach in the straight stream position. The finished foam is produced as the stream projects forward, and the greatest expansion is at the end of the stream. While straight stream gives maximum reach, it can also splash flammable liquids if not carefully applied. The stream impact can be softened by deflecting the stream off nearby objects. The stream can also be trimmed to a degree pattern which gives good reach and creates a softer snow-flaking effect at the end of the stream. The expansion ratio is the amount of finished foam produced compared to the volume of foam concentrate/water solution used to generate the foam. For Example: A 10:1 expansion ratio will produce 950 GPM of finished foam from a 95 GPM nozzle. Non-aspirated automatic nozzles can produce expansion ratios of 6-8:1 when measured at the end of the stream. By maintaining a constant nozzle pressure, automatic nozzles keep the velocity of the stream high. Large amounts of air are pulled into the stream and mix with the foam concentrate/water solution as the stream leaves the nozzle. Air-aspirating devices, such as the TFT FOAMJET, allow a wider selection of foam concentrates to be used, and can produce a better quality of finished foam. Air-aspirating attachments will, (1) improve the 1/4 drain time, (2) produce a more uniform bubble structure, (3) improve the burn back resistance of the finished foam, and (4) the foam blanket is visibly thicker. This thicker foam blanket has better vapor suppression and is longer lasting than foam from non-aspirated nozzles. The final expansion ratio and, therefore, the amount of finished foam, depends on the type of foam concentrate being used. WARNING The nozzle must be operated fully open to prevent excessive back pressure which will prevent foam pickup. Lack of foam can result in injury or death. The following tables list the compatibility between eductors and nozzles. NOTE: A 75 psi nozzle will result in lower nozzle pressure and shorter stream reach. 164 Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIU-330 October 22, 2004 Rev01

171 6.0 NOZZLE SELECTION cont. UE-060 EDUCTOR 60 GPM Nozzle Nozzle Water Flow Nozzle Low Expansion Multi-Expansion Name model # Setting GPM Pressure psi Foam Attachment Foam Attachment Twister F2060, FS2060, FS2060P NONE FJ-MX-F Bubble Cup F2060BC, FS2060BC BUILT IN NONE FS2060BCP Thunderfog FT200*, FTS200* or 75 NONE FJ-MX-FT Ultimatic B* or or 75 FJ-U FJ-UMX Quadrafog FQ125**, FQS125** or 75 FJ-LX-FQ FJ-MX-FQ UE-095 EDUCTOR 95 GPM Nozzle Nozzle Water Flow Nozzle Low Expansion Multi-Expansion Name Model# Setting GPM Pressure PSI Foam Attachment Foam Attachment Twister F2095, FS2095, FS2095P NONE FJ-MX-F Bubble Cup F2095BC, F95BC, FS2095BC BUILT IN NONE FS95BC, FS2095BCP, FS95BCP Quadrafog FQ125**, FQS125** or 75 FJ-LX-FQ FJ-MX-FQ Metro 1 ME1* FJ-LX-HM FJ-MX-HM Thunderfog FT200*, FTS200*, FT250* or 75 NONE FJ-MX-FT FTS250*, JT250*, JTS250* Ultimatic B* or or 75 FJ-U FJ-UMX Mid-Matic HM-** FJ-LX-HM FJ-MX-HM HML-* Mid-Force HMD-** FJ-LX-HM FJ-MX-HM HMDL-* Handline H-** FJ-H FJ-HMX HL-** Dual-Force HD-** FJ-H FJ-HMX HDL-** UE-125 EDUCTOR 125 GPM Nozzle Nozzle Water Flow Nozzle Low Expansion Multi-Expansion Name Model# Setting GPM Pressure PSI Foam Attachment Foam Attachment MAX-FORCE MDF12A, MDJ12A NONE NONE MAX-MATIC MDF18A, MDJ18A MDF17A, MDJ17A Quadrafog FQ125**, FQS125** or 75 FJ-LX-FQ FJ-MX-FQ Metro 1 ME1* FJ-LX-HM FJ-MX-HM Metro 2 ME2* FJ-H FJ-HMX ThunderFog FT200*, FTS200*, FT250* or 75 NONE FJ-MX-FT Mid-Matic FTS250*, JT250*, JTS250* HM-** FJ-LX-HM FJ-MX-HM HML-** Mid-Force HMD-** FJ-LX-HM FJ-MX-HM HMDL-** Handline H-** FJ-H FJ-HMX HL-** Dual-Force HD-** FJ-H FJ-HMX HDL-** Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIU-330 October 22, 2004 Rev01

172 7.0 TROUBLE-SHOOTING SYMPTOM Eductor picks up too much foam Weak Foam or No Foam POSSIBLE CAUSE Percentage Knob is set at higher percentage Eductor inlet pressure is lower than 200 psi Wrong metering head Out of foam or nearly empty Percentage knob is OFF or in wrong percentage Percentage ball is plugged or partially plugged Hose being used which is too long or too small in diameter Pump pressure is too low or too high Hose kinks Pick up tube plugged or partially plugged Nozzle is not fully open Nozzle size is smaller than eductor s rating Debris in nozzle Foam gets thick when cold REMEDY Select desired percentage Set the eductor inlet pressure to 200 psi Use correct metering head Refill Tank Select desired percentage Take off the meter head, clean out debris in the percentage ball Change the hose to correct length and diameter per 5.0 Set eductor inlet pressure at 200 psi (13.8 bar) Straighten the kinked hose Clean out the plugged pick up tube Fully open the valve on the nozzle Select a nozzle with equal or larger gallonage than eductor s Flush nozzle to clean out debris. If it didn t work, retreat, take off the nozzle and clean out the gasket grabber. Select Another Foam 8.0 WARRANTY Task Force Tips, Inc., 2800 East Evans Avenue, Valparaiso, Indiana USA ( TFT ) warrants to the original purchaser of its nozzles and other equipment ( equipment ), and to anyone to whom it is transferred, that the equipment shall be free from defects in material and workmanship during the five (5) year period from the date of purchase. TFT s obligation under this warranty is specifically limited to replacing or repairing the equipment (or its parts) which are shown by TFT s examination to be in a defective condition attributable to TFT. To qualify for this limited warranty, the claimant must return the equipment to TFT, at 2800 East Evans Avenue, Valparaiso, Indiana USA, within a reasonable time after discovery of the defect. TFT will examine the equipment. If TFT determines that there is a defect attributable to it, it will correct the problem within a reasonable time. If the equipment is covered by this limited warranty, TFT will assume the expenses of repair. If any defect attributable to TFT under this limited warranty cannot be reasonably cured by repair or replacement, TFT may elect to refund the purchase price of the equipment, less reasonable depreciation, in complete discharge of its obligations under this limited warranty. If TFT makes this election, claimant shall return the equipment to TFT free and clear of any liens and encumbrances. This is a limited warranty. The original purchaser of the equipment, any person to whom it is transferred, and any person who is an intended or unintended beneficiary of the equipment, shall not be entitled to recover from TFT any consequential or incidental damages for injury to person and/or property resulting from any defective equipment manufactured or assembled by TFT. It is agreed and understood that the price stated for the equipment is in part consideration for limiting TFT s liability. Some states or countries do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so the above may not apply to you. TFT shall have no obligation under this limited warranty if the equipment is, or has been, misused or neglected (including failure to provide reasonable maintenance) or if there have been accidents to the equipment or if it has been repaired or altered by someone else. THIS IS A LIMITED EXPRESS WARRANTY ONLY. TFT EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS WITH RESPECT TO THE EQUIPMENT ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THERE IS NO WARRANTY OF ANY NATURE MADE BY TFT BEYOND THAT STATED IN THE DOCUMENT. This limited warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state. 166 Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIU-330 October 22, 2004 Rev01

173 9.0 DRAWING & PARTS LIST ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY. PART NO X 1/2 SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW 1 VT10-24SH500 2 PALM BUTTON - RED ANODIZE 1 UE250 3 RETAINING RING 11/16" EXTERNAL 1 VR BUTTON SPRING 1 UE205 5 PROPORTIONING KNOB 1 UE240 6 SPRING HELICAL COMPRESSION 3 VM /16" BALL - TORLON 3 V2120-TORLON 8 O-RING-008 3/16 ID 1/16 C/S 1 VO BACK FLUSH PIN 1 UE O-RING /16 ID 3/32 C/S 1 VO BALL 60 GPM - NO GROOVES 1 UE230 BALL 95 GPM - 1 GROOVE 1 UE231 BALL 125 GPM - 2 GROOVES 1 UE /64 X 5/8 HDP SPIROL PIN 1 VP109X625H Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIU-330 October 22, 2004 Rev01

174 9.0 DRAWING & PARTS LIST ITEM DESCRIPTION QTY. PART NO. 13 METER LABEL 60GPM - EDUCTOR 1 UL200 METER LABEL 95GPM - EDUCTOR 1 UL201 METER LABEL 125GPM - EDUCTOR 1 UL METER HEAD 1 UE BALL 3/8" - POLYETHYLENE 1 VB375PE 16 SEAT: PROPORTIONING BALL 1 UE O-RING /16 ID 3/32 C/S 1 VO BARB FITTING 1 UE HOSE CLAMP 2 UE SUCTION HOSE 1"ID 1.25"OD CLEAR 1 UE SUCTION WAND 1 UE SPRING - LOCKER RING 1 UE O-RING /16 ID 1/8 C/S 1 VO LOCATION RING 1 UE /4" BALL STAINLESS STEEL 6 V LOCKER 1 UE CHECK DISK 1 UE NAME LABEL - 60GPM EDUCTOR 2 UL210 NAME LABEL - 95GPM EDUCTOR 2 UL211 NAME LABEL - 125GPM EDUCTOR 2 UL EXIT 60 GPM 1.5"NPSH - NO GROOVES 1 UE100IF EXIT 60 GPM 1.5"NH - NO GROOVES 1 UE100NF EXIT 95 GPM 1.5"NPSH - 1 GROOVE 1 UE101IF EXIT 95 GPM 1.5"NH - 1 GROOVE 1 UE101NF EXIT 125 GPM 1.5"NPSH - 2 GROOVES 1 UE102IF EXIT 125 GPM 1.5"NH - 2 GROOVES 1 UE102NF 30 INTERSECTION 1 UE O-RING /8 ID 1/8 C/S 1 VO BLENDING TUBE 60GPM - NO GROOVES 1 UE110 BLENDING TUBE 95GPM - 1 GROOVE 1 UE111 BLENDING TUBE 125GPM - 2 GROOVES 1 UE /16" BALL STAINLESS STEEL 34 V O-RING /8 ID 3/32 C/S 1 VO /4-28 X 3/16 SOCKET SET SCREW 1 VT25-28SS COUPLING 1.5"NPSH 1 HM697I COUPLING 1.5"NH 1 HM697N 37 GASKET - 1.5" HOSE COUPLING 1 V COUPLING 2.5" NH ROCKERLUG 1 HM677N COUPLING 2.5" NPSH ROCKER LUG 1 HM677I 39 GASKET - 2.5" HOSE COUPLING 1 V3190 Parts 11, 29, and 32 are flow calibrated as indicated by the number of grooves. CAUTION Do not intermix metering heads with eductor bodies of different flow rates. Intermixing can cause weaker or stronger foam than expected resulting in risk of injury as the ability to control the fire is compromised. Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIU-330 October 22, 2004 Rev01

175 10.0 FOAM BUCKET ARRANGEMENT The foam suction hose is matched to the eductor and must not be lengthened or foam flow will be reduced resulting in weak foam. (as shown in location D). The other three locations (A, B, & C) show the recommended foam bucket arrangement. CASE A CORRECT CASE B CORRECT CASE C CORRECT CASE D INCORRECT 10.1 FOAM SUPPLY LOGISTICS When using class B foams for extinguishing burning pools of liquids a continuous foam supply is essential. Foam flow may be interrupted by not changing foam buckets quickly or by switching the metering head to OFF. Foam buckets can be difficult to move or open quickly, therefore training and planning for a continuous foam supply is recommended. DANGER Lack of foam can place operator at risk of injury or death. Establish foam flow before advancing into hazardous situations. Make sure you do not run out of foam concentrate before the task is complete. Check concentrate level periodically and keep an adequate supply on hand MAINTENANCE Eductor does not need regular maintenance. However, make sure the eductor is fully cleaned after each usage. Otherwise, the foam concentrate may dry inside and around the percentage ball resulting in plugged metering orifices. Look down inside metering head and check valve to insure clean passageways. TASK FORCE TIPS, Inc. MadeinUSA Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc E Evans Ave Valparaiso, IN USA Fax LIU-330 October 22, 2004 Rev01

176 TASK FORCE TIPS TASK FORCE TIPS Technical Bulletin USING AUTOMATIC NOZZLES WITH FOAM EDUCTORS Fire departments using automatic nozzles with 1-3/4 hose often ask, Can we use our foam eductors with this equipment? The answer is YES. Foam-making is simply the addition of the proper amount of foam concentrate to water. This solution is then mixed with air (aeration) either at the nozzle with air-aspirating devices, or as the foam solution shoots through the air and makes foam for non-aspirating nozzles. The finished foam is applied to a flammable liquid for extinguishment or to suppress vapors and prevent ignition. By-pass or in-line eductors are pre-engineered systems that require specific inlet pressures for operation, usually 200 PSI. A large amount of that inlet pressure is lost in creating the vacuum necessary to pull foam concentrate into the water. The pressure at the exit of the eductor is called back pressure. If the back pressure is more than 65-70% of the inlet pressure, then the eductor stops producing a vacuum, and foam cannot be made. The actual back pressure at the eductor is the combination of nozzle pressure plus friction loss in the hose and elevation loss. Let s look at a typical eductor set-up with old nozzles and 1-1/2 hose: Flow Rating of Eductor Inlet Pressure to Eductor Maximum Back Pressure on Eductor Nozzle Pressure, fixed 95 GPM nozzle Friction Loss from 150 ft. of 1-1/2" hose Elevation Loss / Gain (zero for level ground) Actual Back Pressure Total 95 GPM 200 PSI 140 PSI 100 PSI 30 PSI 0 PSI 130 PSI THE LAYOUT WORKS since the actual back pressure of 130 PSI is less than the maximum allowable back pressure of 140 PSI. Foam will be made. Now, let s look at an AUTOMATIC NOZZLE on 1-3/4 hose: Flow Rating of Eductor Inlet Pressure to Eductor Maximum Back Pressure on Eductor Nozzle Pressure, automatic nozzle Friction Loss from 150 ft. of 1-3/4" hose Elevation Loss / Gain (zero for level ground) Actual Back Pressure Total 95 GPM 200 PSI 140 PSI 100 PSI 18 PSI 0 PSI 118 PSI THE LAYOUT WORKS since the actual back pressure of 118 PSI is less than the maximum allowable back pressure of 140 PSI. Foam will be made. The automatic nozzle maintains the correct 100 PSI nozzle pressure, so foam can be made. It is well known that 1-3/4" hose has considerably less friction loss than 1-1/2" hose for a given flow. This can be useful in two situations. The lower friction loss of 1-3/4" hose can help when pumping uphill. In this case, the larger hose would allow pumping up almost 30 ft. of rise and still be within the capability of the eductor. The lower friction loss can also be used to gain extra distance between the incident and the pumper. The hose length can be increased and still be below the maximum allowable back pressure of the eductor. Lengths of up to 300 ft. of 1-3/4 hose can be operated with some eductors with great results. TASK FORCE TIPS, INC EAST EVANS AVENUE, VALPARAISO, IN (800) (219) FAX (219) LTT-102 July 1, 1997 Rev 1

177 As long as the inlet pressure to the eductor is within the manufacturer s recommended guidelines, and the hose lay and proper nozzle combination, at the matching flow, does not exceed 65-70% of inlet pressure, foam pickup in the correct proportion will occur. The table below indicates the foam concentrate flow rate and the time it will take to empty a 5 gallon container of various concentrates with eductors of different ratings. 60 GPM EDUCTOR 125 EDUCTOR Time to Empty Foam Time to Empty Foam Mixture 5 Gallons flow rate Mixture 5 Gallons flow rate 1% setting 8 min. 20 sec..60 GPM 1% setting 4 min. 0 sec GPM 3% setting 2 min. 47 sec GPM 3% setting 1 min. 20 sec GPM 6% setting 1 min. 23 sec GPM 6% setting 40 sec GPM 95 GPM EDUCTOR 250 GPM EDUCTOR Time to Empty Foam Time to Empty Foam Mixture 5 Gallons flow rate Mixture 5 gallons low rate 1% setting 5 min. 16 sec..95 GPM 1% setting 2 min. 0 sec GPM 3% setting 1 min. 45 sec GPM 3% setting 40 sec GPM 6% setting 53 sec 5.70 GPM 6% setting 20 sec GPM Fog-type nozzles have the greatest reach in the straight stream position. The finished foam is produced as the stream projects forward, and the greatest expansion is at the end of the stream. While straight stream gives maximum reach, it can also splash flammable liquids if not carefully applied. The stream impact can be softened by deflecting the stream off nearby objects. The stream can also be trimmed to a degree pattern which gives good reach and creates a softer snow-flaking effect at the end of the stream. The expansion ratio is the amount of finished foam produced compared to the volume of foam concentrate/water solution used to generate the foam. A 10:1 expansion ratio will produce 950 GPM of finished foam from a 95 GPM nozzle. Non-aspirated automatic nozzles can produce expansion ratios of 6-8:1 when measured at the end of the stream. By maintaining a constant nozzle pressure, automatic nozzles keep the velocity of the stream high. Large amounts of air are pulled into the stream and mix with the foam concentrate/water solution as the stream leaves the nozzle. Air-aspirating devices, such as the TFT FOAMJET, allow a wider selection of foam concentrates to be used, and can produce a better quality of finished foam. When used with AFFF, for example, air-aspirating attachments will, (1) improve the 1/4 drain time, (2) produce a more uniform bubble structure, (3) improve the burn back resistance of the finished foam, and (4) the foam blanket is visibly thicker. This thicker foam blanket has better vapor suppression and is longer lasting than foam from non-aspirated nozzles. The final expansion ratio and, therefore, the amount of finished foam, depends on the type of foam concentrate being used. It must be remembered that when using any nozzle with an eductor, the nozzle must be fully open to prevent excessive back pressure which will prevent foam pickup. Although originally designed for use with 1-1/2" hose and a nozzle of matching GPM, most eductors will function correctly with an automatic nozzle and 1-3/4" hose. By experimenting with various engine pressures on the training ground, correct operation can be assured for actual fire conditions. Automatic nozzles have an excellent performance record when used as structural fire fighting nozzles. If these guidelines are followed, they will perform as well as foam-making nozzles. TASK FORCE TIPS, INC EAST EVANS AVENUE, VALPARAISO, IN (800) (219) FAX (219) LTT-102 July 97

178 MANUAL: BLITZFIRE MONITOR SERIES INSTRUCTIONS FOR SAFE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE DANGER Read instruction manual before use. Operation of this device without understanding the manual and receiving proper training is dangerous and is a misuse of this equipment. DANGER Risk of sliding increases at low elevation angles. To reduce risk of injury or death from sliding, test safety shut-off valve before using. MAXIMUM OPERATING PRESSURE 175 PSI (12 BAR) MAXIMUM FLOW 500 GPM (2000 LPM) blitzfire blitzfire osc TASK FORCE TIPS, Inc. MADE IN USA Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc E. Evans Ave, Valparaiso, IN USA Fax LIX-630 September 22, 2005 Rev05

179 Meaning of Signal Words General Information 2.1 Blitzfire Part Identification 2.2 Flow Control Valve Unlocking the Valve Handle from the Closed Position Safety Shut-Off Valve Operation Safety Shut-Off Valve Test Manual Override of Safety Shut-Off Valve Slow Close Valve Feature 2.3 Folding Legs Carbide Spikes 2.4 Pivoting Inlet 2.5 Outlet Pivots Elevation Holding Mechanism Flows and Pressures Automatic, Fixed, and Selectable Flow Nozzles Stacked Tips or Smoothbore Nozzles Stream Straighteners Use with Foam Use with Salt Water Blitzfire Pressure Loss Oscillating Blitzfire Pressure Loss Deployment of Blitzfire Carrying with an Uncharged Hose Advancing with a Charged Hose Anchoring 5.1 Anchoring by Weight 5.2 Anchoring by Spike Holds 5.3 Anchoring by Hooking Legs 5.4 Anchoring by Tying Off TABLE OF CONTENTS OSC Oscillating Unit 6.1 Safety - Oscillator 6.2 General - Oscillator 6.3 Control Identification - Oscillator 6.4 Use - Oscillator Storage Maintenance Warranty Exploded View and Parts List Safety Mechanism Blitzfire Monitor Oscillator Operation Checklist DANGER PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY CODE The member companies of FEMSA that provide emergency response equipment and services want responders to know and understand the following: 1. Firefighting and Emergency Response are inherently dangerous activities requiring proper training in their hazards and the use of extreme caution at all times. 2. It is your responsibility to read and understand any user s instructions provided with any piece of equipment you may be called upon to use. 3. It is your responsibility to know that you have been properly trained in Firefighting and /or Emergency Response and in the use, precautions, and care of any equipment you may be called upon to use. 4. It is your responsibility to be in proper physical condition and to maintain the personal skill level required to operate any equipment you may be called upon to use. 5. It is your responsibility to know that your equipment is in operable condition and has been maintained in accordance with the manufacturer s instructions. 6. Failure to follow these guidelines may result in death, burns or other severe injury. FEMSA Fire and Emergency Manufacturers and Services Association, Inc. P.O. Box 147, Lynnfield, MA MEANING OF SIGNAL WORDS A safety related message is identified by a safety alert symbol and a signal word to indicate the level of risk involved with a particular hazard. Per ANSI standard Z the definitions of the three signal words are as follows: DANGER WARNING CAUTION DANGER indicates an imminently hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result in death or serious injury. WARNING indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury. CAUTION indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided, may result in minor or moderate injury. Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIX-630 December 15, 2005 Rev06

180 2.0 GENERAL INFORMATION The Blitzfire is a simple, light and easy to maneuver portable monitor. The monitor has a revolutionary safety shut-off valve, which will shut-off the water flow in the event of sudden movement by the monitor. This safety feature reduces the risk of injury from an out of control master stream device. General product specifications are as follows: Standard Inlet Coupling: 2 ½ inch NH Female Standard Outlet: 2 ½ inch NH male Flow range: up to 500 GPM (2000 LPM) Maximum inlet pressure: 175 PSI (12 BAR) Elevation angle: 10 to 50 degrees above horizontal Horizontal angle: 20 degrees either side of center Size, legs folded: 25.5"Lx8.1"Wx10"H(650x210x260mm) Size, legs unfolded: 26"Lx34 Wx10" H(660x1020x260mm) Weight: 22 lbs (10 kg) WARNING WARNING WARNING CAUTION CAUTION CAUTION This equipment is intended for use by trained personnel for firefighting. Its use for other purposes may involve hazards not addressed by this manual. Seek appropriate guidance and training to reduce risk of injury. An out of control monitor can cause injury or death. To reduce the risk of instability, do not attempt to move the monitor with water flowing. Interrupting flow to the monitor may cause injury or death. Avoid situations that may interrupt flow to the monitor such as: hose line kinks, traffic running over hose, and automatic doors or devices that can pinch the hose. Master streams are powerful and capable of causing injury and property damage. Make sure the monitor is pointing in a safe direction before water to the nozzle is turned on. Use care in directing the stream. Monitor must be properly connected to hose and nozzle. Mismatched or damaged threads may cause leaking or uncoupling under pressure and could cause injury. Do not couple aluminum to brass. Dissimilar metal coupled together can cause galvanic corrosion that can result in inability to unscrew threads or complete loss of thread engagement over time. 2.1 BLITZFIRE PART IDENTIFICATION Figure identifies the various parts and controls of the Blitzfire Portable Monitor. Valve Handle Elevation Holding Mechanism Pivoting Outlet Tie Off Point Serial Number Handle Locking Knob Pivoting Inlet Folding Leg Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc Carbide Tipped Spike Figure Blitzfire Parts and Controls Oscillating Unit (see page 13) LIX-630 December 15, 2005 Rev06

181 2.2 FLOW CONTROL VALVE The Blitzfire has a valve that can be used to control the flow and acts as a safety shut-off feature. The valve is shut-off when the valve handle is fully forward. The valve is fully on when the valve handle is fully back. The valve can be opened to any of six detented flow positions. These detented positions allow the monitor operator to regulate the flow depending on the need or what can be safely and effectively handled. Figure 2.2 illustrates the positions of the valve handle. Detent Flow Positions ON LOCKED CLOSED Pull Knob To Unlock Handle Figure 2.2 Valve Handle Positions UNLOCKING THE VALVE HANDLE FROM THE CLOSED POSITION The valve handle is locked in the closed position so that the valve handle may be used to carry the Blitzfire without the valve inadvertently opening. To unlock the valve handle from the closed position: 1. Pull knob on right side of valve handle. 2. While pulling on knob, open the valve with other hand. As soon as valve is opened the knob may be released. Valve handle may be moved to any detent valve position by pushing or pulling on the valve handle. When the valve is closed the valve handle automatically locks and must be unlocked again to reopen. The valve opening procedure is shown in figure blitzfire Personal Portable Monitor LOCKED CLOSED PULL TO UNLOCK HANDLE Open Valve OPEN OPERATING MAXIMUMS FLOW GPM 2000 L/MN PRESSURE PSI / 12 BAR Pull Knob DANGER Read instruction manual before use. Operation of this device without understanding the manual and receiving proper training is dangerous and is a misuse of this equipment. Risk of sliding increases at low elevation angles. To reduce risk of injury or death from sliding, test safety shut-off valve before using. Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc Patents Pending Task Force Tips, Inc East Evans Avenue Valparaiso, IN XL Figure Valve Opening Procedure LIX-630 December 15, 2005 Rev06

182 2.2.2 SAFETY SHUT-OFF VALVE OPERATION The Blitzfire is equipped with a Safety Shut-Off Valve. The Safety Shut-Off Valve will shut off the monitor's flow if the monitor starts to move. The Safety Shut-Off Valve relies on acceleration of the Blitzfire as the signal to activate. It activates at approximately one G of sideways acceleration. Placing the Blitzfire on tilted surfaces (greater than 10 degrees) may inhibit the resetting of the Safety Shut-Off Valve. The hose connected to the Blitzfire should contain any forward or backwards motion to safe levels. NOTE: To make the Blitzfire not shut off completely, see the card titled "Instructions to Maintain Minimal Water Flow When the Safety Shut-off Activates". (LIX-640) Safety shut-off valve operation: 1. Set up monitor and charge the hose Point the nozzle in the desired direction. Open the valve by pulling the locking pin and pulling back on the valve handle (see section 2.2.1) Place the valve handle in the desired detent position (further back for more flow, further forward for less). 5. If the monitor starts to slide, the safety valve will sense the movement and release the valve. An internal spring and water pressure will move the valve forward to the closed position and shut off the water flow. The valve handle will lock in the closed position. 6. The safety shut-off valve will automatically reset. 7. After the cause of the sliding has been corrected, reopen the valve as outlined in step 3. IMPORTANT: Valve must be fully closed to reset the safety shut-off mechanism. Once tripped the valve handle will not stay open unless the mechanism is reset by fully closing the valve. If the safety shut-off valve fails to reset, the valve will not remain open. Failure to reset may be due to placing the monitor on an excessively sloped surface. WARNING WARNING WARNING The safety shut-off valve is only sensitive to sideways acceleration of the monitor. Keep the hose directly behind the monitor to reduce potential acceleration in the forward and backward direction. Do not loop hose in front of monitor. The safety shut-off valve needs approximately one G of sideways acceleration to activate. At low accelerations the monitor may travel several yards (meters) and gain enough velocity to cause injury before the safety shut-off valve activates. Personnel several feet away and in the potential path of a sliding monitor are at risk of injury. Keep non operating personnel out of the potential path of a sliding monitor. Improper repairs may result in a malfunctioning safety shut-off valve. If repair is needed on the safety shut-off valve, return the monitor to Task Force Tips SAFETY SHUT-OFF VALVE TEST WARNING To avoid injury or death, test safety shut-off valve before each use. With hose uncharged and Blitzfire on a level surface: 1. Open the Valve Handle to the fully open position. 2. Grasp the monitor and give it a sideways jerk or a hit with a gloved fist. 3. The Valve Handle should move to about ¾ closed. Note: With water flowing the valve has additional forces on it that will close the valve the rest of the way. If the Safety Shut-Off Valve fails the test, return the monitor to Task Force Tips to restore proper functioning of the safety shut-off valve. If the monitor is used before repair, the user accepts the risk of an out of control monitor. WARNING The safety shut-off valve is intended to shut off the monitor when it moves. It will not prevent it from moving. The device will limit the motion and injury that may occur once the monitor starts to move. Use adequate means to secure the monitor to prevent injury. WARNING Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc Injury or death from an out of control monitor can occur. If monitor gets out of control retreat from monitor immediately. Do not attempt to regain control of monitor while it is flowing. 176 LIX-630 December 15, 2005 Rev06 5

183 The safety shut-off valve may malfunction from: Damage to or tampering with valve mechanism Lack of maintenance Debris becoming stuck while flowing water Ice or dirt build-up on valve parts To minimize the risk of an out of control monitor: Test Safety Shut-Off Valve before each use. Tie off the monitor when practical. Hook legs on stationary objects such as doorframes, cracks, sign posts etc. Keep elevation angle as high as practical. Choose surfaces that allow spikes to dig in. Assure that the hose is not lifting the spikes off the ground. Reduce flow to limit nozzle reaction if stability is questionable MANUAL OVERRIDE OF SAFETY SHUT-OFF VALVE On sloping terrain it may be necessary to manually override the Safety Shut-Off Valve. The Safety Shut-Off Valve can be overridden by holding the valve handle in an open position. WARNING Do not tie or prop open the valve handle. Tampering with the valve handle will render the Safety Shut-Off inoperable and may result in injury or death SLOW CLOSE VALVE FEATURE The Blitzfire has a valve damping mechanism to slow valve closure as it approaches OFF to reduce the effects of water hammer. The damping mechanism has a vane moving in a dampening fluid connected to the valve handle on the left side of the monitor. WARNING Do not add or change dampening fluid. Improper servicing may result in a malfunctioning safety shut-off valve. If service is needed on the slow close device, contact Task Force Tips service department at FOLDING LEGS The Blilzfire has two legs that fold for storage and unfold for operation. The legs are held in the folded and unfolded position by spring detents. To fold or unfold the legs: 1. Grasp the spike end of one leg and pivot it to the folded or unfolded position. 2. Repeat for the other leg. WARNING In the unfolded position the legs provide a stable base for operation of the monitor. Lack of stability can cause an out of control monitor resulting in injury or death. Do not operate as a portable monitor with either one or both legs in the folded position CARBIDE SPIKES The Blitzfire monitor has 3 tungsten carbide tipped spikes on the legs and the base to resist sliding by digging into the surface the monitor is sitting on. The amount of sliding force these spikes can withstand depends upon the amount of downward and sideways force that is on the monitor and the hardness and texture of the surface the spikes are in contact with. At low elevation angles it is difficult for these spikes to resist sliding. These spikes are essential to safe operation of the monitor and must be in contact with the ground at all times. Set the monitor on an even surface so that all three spikes contact the ground. Replace any spike if the tip diameter exceeds 1/16 inch (1.6 mm). Order replacement spike kit: XX482-KIT. WARNING WARNING CAUTION For stable operation the three spikes must maintain in contact with the ground. Do not place the Blitzfire on top of debris, objects, or uneven terrain that would keep any of the spikes from contacting the ground. On hard slippery surfaces the spikes may provide little resistance to sliding. In these cases the monitor should be tied off or the legs hooked on stationary objects to keep the monitor in position. Also, a person's weight applied to the monitor may help increase resistance to sliding. Spikes must be sharp to provide resistance to sliding. Replace any spike if the tip diameter exceeds 1/16 inch (1.6 mm). CAUTION Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc Spikes are sharp and exposed. Use care around spikes to avoid injury and damage to clothing or other property LIX-630 December 15, 2005 Rev06

184 2.4 PIVOTING INLET The Blitzfire has a pivoting inlet so that different size hoses can be used without lifting the spikes off the ground. The pivoting inlet also allows the monitor to be stably positioned on porches, stair landings, and the like. The pivot moves up and down 20 degrees. The Blitzfire is equipped with three spikes to provide traction when flowing from the ground. For the spikes to provide traction they must remain in contact with the ground. Assure that the hose is not on top of anything that would cause the spikes to lift off the ground. Figure 2.5 shows the inlet pivot's range of motion. 2.5 OUTLET PIVOTS The Blitzfire's outlet pivots allow for 20 degrees of motion either side of center and elevation between 10 and 50 degrees from horizontal. Push or pull on the nozzle to redirect the stream. The pivots are easy to reposition under pressure and are good for rapid redirecting of the stream. However, if the pivot is rapidly bumped against its travel limit, the Safety Shut-Off Valve may activate and shut off the monitor. Figure 2.5 shows the outlet pivots range of motion. The Blitzfire has been designed to operate at very low elevation angles to maximize usefulness for interior attack. As with any monitor, when the elevation angle is low the risk of sliding is increased. This is because at low elevation angles the reaction force is more horizontal and less vertical. Elevation drag adjusting nut. Tighten to increase drag. Loosen to decrease drag. Do not exceed 200 in-lb (22 N-M) of holding torque. TOP VIEW SIDE VIEW ELEVATION HOLDING MECHANISM The elevation pivot has a mechanism to support the weight of a nozzle. It is factory set to support the weight of nozzles likely to be used. It may be adjusted (see figure 2.5). The mechanism releases when raising the nozzle so upwards drag from the mechanism is not felt. Avoid the use of long stream straighteners or heavy nozzles which may overcome the holding torque of the elevation mechanism. 3.0 FLOWS AND PRESSURES Figure 2.5 Inlet and Outlet pivots Range of Motion The Blitzfire Portable Monitor is designed for maximum flows of 500 GPM (2000 LPM) and a maximum pressure of 175 PSI (12 BAR). Do not exceed these limits. WARNING An inadequate supply of pressure and/or flow will cause an ineffective stream and can result in injury, death or loss of property. 3.1 AUTOMATIC, FIXED, AND SELECTABLE FLOW NOZZLES A variety of water or foam nozzles may be used with the Blitzfire. Automatic nozzles maintain a constant pressure by adjusting their opening to match the available flow. Consult the nozzle manufacturer for maximum flow and pressure ratings. In all cases do not exceed 500 GPM (2000 LPM) and/or 175 PSI (12 BAR). 178 Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIX-630 December 15, 2005 Rev06 7

185 3.2 STACKED TIPS OR SMOOTHBORE NOZZLES NOZZLE INLET PRESSURE NOZZLE DIAMETER FLOW (GPM) 50 PSI REACTION (LBS) FLOW (GPM) 80 PSI REACTION (LBS) FLOW (GPM) 100 PSI REACTION (LBS) FLOW (GPM) 150 PSI REACTION (LBS) FLOW (GPM) 175 PSI REACTION (LBS) 1.0 INCH 1-1/4 INCH 1-1/2 INCH NOZZLE INLET PRESSURE NOZZLE DIAMETER FLOW (L/min) 4 BAR REACTION (KG) FLOW (L/min) 6 BAR REACTION (KG) FLOW (L/min) 8 BAR REACTION (KG) FLOW (L/min) 10 BAR REACTION (KG) FLOW (L/min) 12 BAR REACTION (KG) 25 MM 32 MM 38 MM FLOW EXCEEDS RATING OF BLITZFIRE MONITOR 3.3 STREAM STRAIGHTENERS Stream quality, especially with smooth bore nozzles, is generally improved with the use of a stream straightener. 3.4 USE WITH FOAM The Blitzfire may be used with various foam nozzles and foam solutions. Refer to fire service training for the proper use of foam. 3.5 USE WITH SALT WATER Use with salt water is permissible provided the monitor is thoroughly cleaned with fresh water after each use. The service life of the monitor may be shortened due to the effects of corrosion and is not covered under warranty. 3.6 BLITZFIRE PRESSURE LOSS Figure 3.6 gives the pressure loss for the Blitzfire Portable Monitor FLOW (LPM) OSCILLATING BLITZFIRE 34 PSI LOSS AT 500 GPM 2.5 LOSS (PSI) BLITZFIRE 22 PSI LOSS AT 500 GPM LOSS (BAR) 0.0 Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc FLOW (GPM) Figure 3.6 Blitzfire Pressure Loss LIX-630 December 15, 2005 Rev06

186 4.0 DEPLOYMENT OF BLITZFIRE It is the responsibility of the individual fire department or agency to determine physical capabilities and suitability for an individual's use of this equipment. 4.1 CARRYING WITH AN UNCHARGED HOSE On a preconnected hoseline the Blitzfire may be carried over the shoulder with the legs folded as illustrated in figure 4.1. Figure 4.1 Carrying the Blitzfire on an Uncharged Hose 4.2 ADVANCING WITH A CHARGED HOSE On a charged hose the Blitzfire may be advanced by holding the valve handle and one of the legs as shown in figure 4.2. Valve handle should be locked in the closed position to keep the valve from inadvertently opening. 5.0 ANCHORING Figure 4.2 Advancing the Blitzfire with a Charged Hose The nozzle reaction force on the Blitzfire may be as high as 330 lbs GPM at 175 PSI (150 kg LPM at 12 BAR). This nozzle reaction must be restrained to keep the monitor from moving. The monitor should be anchored from moving by one or more of these methods: Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc METHOD Anchoring by Weight Anchoring by Spike Holds Hooking legs on vertical surfaces Using a tie off strap RISK of MOVING High Medium Medium Low LIX-630 December 15, 2005 Rev06

187 5.1 ANCHORING BY WEIGHT On surfaces with good traction a person's weight on the monitor and/or hose may be sufficient to keep the monitor from moving. This is highly dependant on the friction of the surface. The ability to keep one or more than one person s weight on the monitor is subject to operator fatigue and may not be as reliable as other methods. Operating at limited flows will reduce the risk. 5.2 ANCHORING BY SPIKE HOLDS Anchoring by spike holds is defined as intentionally placing one or more spikes into a crack, hole, or other hold to anchor the monitor from moving. On hard smooth surfaces such as ceramic tile, smooth concrete, marble, terrazzo, or steel decking the Blitzfire's spikes may not hold well. Placing the spikes into cracks, expansion joints, or gratings or the like will help hold the monitor from sliding. Even with the spikes anchored, sliding may be caused by the surface cracking under the load, or from the hose or nozzle moving the monitor thereby dislodging the spikes from their hold. Figure shows a close up of a spike caught in a crack. The holding ability of the spikes on soft surfaces such as sand, gravel and mud is generally poor, therefore other anchoring methods should be considered. 5.3 ANCHORING BY HOOKING LEGS Figure Spike Caught in a Crack The legs on the Blitzfire point back slightly so they can act as a hook for anchoring on posts, walls, door frames or other fixed objects. Sliding can occur if the legs are unhooked due to the influence of the hose, nozzle, or operator. See figure for illustrations of hooking the legs. Good Nozzle reaction keeps leg hooked. Object is close to hose. Poor Nozzle reaction tends to unhook leg. Good Nozzle reaction keeps leg hooked. Hose hits wall and helps hold position. Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc Figure Hooking Legs 181 to Gain Support 10 Poor Nozzle reaction tends to unhook leg. LIX-630 December 15, 2005 Rev06

188 5.4 ANCHORING BY TYING OFF The safest method of restraining the monitor is to use a tie down strap. It is inherently more reliable than other methods since it does not rely on traction or digging in of the spikes. It is also the safest method because, even if the monitor moves, its travel is limited by the strap. A forward attachment point and a strap are provided with the Blitzfire. A loop on the end of the strap may be placed over the anchor point or the strap may be wrapped around an object, such as a tree, and the snap end of the strap passed through the loop and pulled tight. Keep the entire length of the strap as close to the ground as possible. Snap the hook into the hole in the front of the Blitzfire. The length of the strap may be adjusted by sliding the buckle on the strap. If the strap is too short to reach a suitable anchor, it may be extended with strong rope or chain. Keep the distance between the Blitzfire and anchor as short as possible. Remove all slack between the Blitzfire and anchor before flowing water. Figure shows the elements of tying off the monitor. Figure Tying Off of Blitzfire Monitor 6.0 OSC OSCILLATING UNIT An automatic oscillating mechanism is available for the Blitzfire Monitor. The Blitzfire Monitor can be purchased with the oscillating mechanism factory installed or added at the factory later. 6.1 SAFETY - OSCILLATOR DANGER WARNING WARNING CAUTION Do not attempt to modify this oscillating mechanism to fit any other monitor. To do so will cause the reaction force of the nozzle to be unaligned with the center of rotation. The monitor may spin very fast with a very high force. Keep hands and fingers away from the moving parts of the oscillating unit when water is flowing. There are moving parts that can pinch fingers and hands. Keep the guard in place. Make sure the Blitzfire is on a firm surface with adequate holding power. As the nozzle goes back and forth, the reaction force is acting in different directions on the leg spikes. Surfaces such as asphalt, turf and dirt generally have good holding power. Surfaces like concrete and loose gravel hold poorly. Because the nozzle attached to the Blitzfire must slow down, stop and reverse direction at the end of each sweep, the ends of the covered area will receive more water than the center. If the center area of coverage needs the most cooling, occasionally narrow the area of coverage or use the oscillator manually. 6.2 GENERAL - OSCILLATOR The Blitzfire oscillating mechanism can be used for exposure protection, cooling, or any other situation where it is desirable to have a monitor sweep back and forth. Like the standard Blizfire, the oscillator operates between 10 and 50 degrees above the horizontal and 20 degrees either side of center. Flow and pressure ratings are the same as the standard Blitzfire. The oscillating Blitzfire also has the same trip mechanism as the standard unit. Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIX-630 December 15, 2005 Rev06

189 The oscillating mechanism is driven by a turbine wheel. A worm gear drive reduces the speed and increases the torque of the turbine wheel. A simple crank mechanism makes the outlet of the Blitzfire and the nozzle attached to it move back and forth. The horizontal sweep can be set for a 20, 30 and 40 degree sweep. The oscillating mechanism can be uncoupled and the water stream can be aimed manually. Elevation angle is set the same as the standard Blitzfire. The speed of oscillation is a function of flow rate, see the Blitzfire Oscillation Speed graph on page CONTROL IDENTIFICATION - OSCILLATOR SWING STOP KNOB START KNOB TURBINE HOUSING PUSH & HOLD SWEEP ANGLE SETTING KNOB STOP OSCILLATION CONTROL CONNECTING ROD GEAR BOX SLIDE PULL SWEEP ANGLE CHANGE 6.4 USE - OSCILLATOR Deploy the Oscillation Blitzfire as you would the standard Blitzfire, see section 4.0. Align the base of the Blitzfire with the center of the area you wish to cover To Engage The Oscillating Mechanism: If the nozzle moves freely left to right by hand, the oscillating mechanism is not engaged. Depress the green START KNOB and move the nozzle from one side to the other until the roll pin drops in the groove in the connecting rod. Open the valve on the Blitzfire and adjust the elevation to hit the desired spot. The minimum flow is 175 GPM (650 L/min). To adjust the area of coverage, pull the silver knob and move it left or right until the pointer aligns with the desired angle of coverage. To Disengage The Oscillating Mechanism: To operate the oscillating Blitzfire Manually, depress the Red STOP KNOB and move the Nozzle to the desired position by hand. The green START KNOB will pop up to indicate the mechanism is disengaged. The crank and connecting rod will continue to move. Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIX-630 December 15, 2005 Rev06

190 To protect the gears from overload, the oscillating mechanism will disengage if sufficient force is applied to either side of the oscillator outlet. The green START KNOB will pop up to indicate the mechanism is disengaged. See the instructions above to engage the drive mechanism. Oscillation speed: The chart shows how many times per minute the oscillator makes one complete cycle as a function of flow. The higher the flow, the faster it oscillates. APPROXIMATE CYCLES/MIN GPM L/MIN BLITZFIRE OSCILLATION SPEED DISTANCE IN METERS 61m 53m 45m 38m 30m 22m 15m DISTANCE IN FEET WIDTH OF COVERAGE 150 / 45m 125 / 38m 100 / 30m 75 / 23m 50 / 15m 500 GPM / 1892 Lpm 400 GPM / 1514 Lpm 300 GPM / 1135 Lpm 200 GPM / 757 Lpm 100 GPM / 378 Lpm 20 DEGREES 30 DEGREES 40 DEGREES PSI / 7 BAR COVERAGE AREA OF BLITZFIRE OSCILLATING UNIT 7.0 STORAGE The monitor may be stored pre-connected to its hose on the optional storage bracket, TFT part number XX-B. The storage bracket may be mounted on a horizontal surface, or a vertical surface with the nozzle end pointing up or sideways. Mounting instructions are included with the bracket. Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIX-630 December 15, 2005 Rev06

191 8.0 MAINTENANCE The Blitzfire monitor requires little maintenance. The unit should be kept clean and free of dirt by rinsing with water after each use. Any inoperable or damaged part should be repaired or replaced. CAUTION Any alterations to the Blitzfire and its markings could diminish safety and constitutes a misuse of this product. MAINTENANCE CHECK LIST: Safety shut-off valve is operational (see section 2.2.3) Valve label legible Legs pivot freely and detents hold folded or unfolded position Spikes are sharp. Replace if tip diameter exceeds 1/16 inch (1.6 mm). Inlet coupling rotates freely Inlet pivots freely up and down Pull pin for Valve Handle locking locks and releases easily Valve Handle moves smoothly without binding Valve Handle stays in detent positions Outlet pivots freely from side to side Outlet pivots freely upward Outlet pivot has sufficient drag to support weight of nozzle Tie down strap is in good condition; no frays on strap or damage to hook 9.0 WARRANTY Task Force Tips, Inc., 2800 East Evans Avenue, Valparaiso, Indiana ( TFT ) warrants to the original purchaser of its Blitzfire Monitor ( equipment ), and to anyone to whom it is transferred, that the equipment shall be free from defects in material and workmanship during the five (5) year period from the date of purchase. TFT s obligation under this warranty is specifically limited to replacing or repairing the equipment (or its parts) which are shown by TFT s examination to be in a defective condition attributable to TFT. To qualify for this limited warranty, the claimant must return the equipment to TFT, at 2800 East Evans Avenue, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383, within a reasonable time after discovery of the defect. TFT will examine the equipment. If TFT determines that there is a defect attributable to it, it will correct the problem within a reasonable time. If the equipment is covered by this limited warranty, TFT will assume the expenses of repair. If any defect attributable to TFT under this limited warranty cannot be reasonably cured by repair or replacement, TFT may elect to refund the purchase price of the equipment, less reasonable depreciation, in complete discharge of its obligations under this limited warranty. If TFT makes this election, claimant shall return the equipment to TFT free and clear of any liens and encumbrances. This is a limited warranty. The original purchaser of the equipment, any person to whom it is transferred, and any person who is an intended or unintended beneficiary of the equipment, shall not be entitled to recover from TFT any consequential or incidental damages for injury to person and/or property resulting from any defective equipment manufactured or assembled by TFT. It is agreed and understood that the price stated for the equipment is in part consideration for limiting TFT s liability. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so the above may not apply to you. TFT shall have no obligation under this limited warranty if the equipment is, or has been, misused or neglected (including failure to provide reasonable maintenance) or if there have been accidents to the equipment or if it has been repaired or altered by someone else. THIS IS A LIMITED EXPRESS WARRANTY ONLY. TFT EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS WITH RESPECT TO THE EQUIPMENT ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THERE IS NO WARRANTY OF ANY NATURE MADE BY TFT BEYOND THAT STATED IN THE DOCUMENT. This limited warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state. Visit TFT's web site at Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIX-630 December 15, 2005 Rev06

192 10.0 EXPLODED VIEWS AND PARTS LISTS 10.1 SAFETY MECHANISM ASSEMBLY VIEW VB500TO 1/2" BALL VW360X TEFLON WASHER (2) XX555 PIN XX570 TRIP ROD XX545 RESET SPRING XX535 PIVOT PIN (3) PLACES XX550 RELEASE XX540 LEAF SPRING XX510 TEETH VT10-24SH500 (5) PLACES XX530 PAWL XX560 EXTENSION SPRING NOT SHOWN: XX520 RETAINER PLATE VP188X.38HDP SPIRAL PIN Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIX-630 December 15, 2005 Rev06

193 10.2 BLITZFIRE MONITOR EXPLODED VIEW For repair information on the automatic shutoff or the slow close mechanism, contact Task Force Tips at Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIX-630 December 15, 2005 Rev06

194 10.2 PARTS LIST BLITZFIRE MONITOR # 1 2* DESCRIPTION 2.5 INCH COUPLING GASKET 2.5 NH COUPLING ROCKERLUG 1/4-28 X 1/2 SOCKET SET SCREW INLET SWIVEL O-RING /2 BUTTON HEAD SCREW COVER PLATE SWIVEL TRUNNION 1/4-28 X 1/2 BUTTON HEAD SCREW HANDLE TOP STAINLESS WASHER 1/4" LEFT HANDLE 3/8-16 X 1.5 BUTTON HEAD SCREW 1/4-20 X 1.0 BUTTON HEAD SCREW 1/8 NPT PLUG QUAD RING 4231 DRAG DISK REAR SPIKE QUADRING-227 SLIDER PLUG SUPPORT VALVE PLUG O-RING-241 OUTLET FRONT LEG 3/8-16 X 1/2 FLAT HEAD SOCKET SCREW LOCKING SLEEVE CLUTCH TRUNION CLUTCH HOUSING D-WASHER BELLEVILLE WASHER * Consult Factory For Special Threads. QTY PART # V3190 M307N VT25-28SS500 XX605 VO-235 VT10-24BH500 XX205 XX320 VT25-28BH500 XX625 VW687X XX621 VT37-16BH1.5 VT25-20BH1.0 VFSP1M S VOQ-4231 XX645 X482 VOQ-4227 XX660 XX594 XX590 VO-241 XX420 XX460 VT37-16FH500 XX571 XX325 XX337 XX350 VW1.0X512-BV # DESCRIPTION 1/2-20 HEX NUT EXIT SEGMENT EXIT 2.5" BASE/LEG ASSEMBLY CAM PIN DISK PULL PIN PULL PIN SPRING PULL KNOB PULL PIN HOUSING RIGHT HANDLE 3/16" SS BALL SPIKE INSTRUCTION LABEL SQUARE BUSHING 3/8-24 X 1.75 SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW FLAT WASHER - PHENOLIC HANDLE LABEL PIN 1/8 X 3/4 O-RING -027 NYLON WASHER.878 O.D. WAVE SPRING WASHER.74 O.D. O-RING -109 CLUTCH BASE NYLON BUSHING RATCHET DIRT SEAL 5/16 X 1 SOCKET HEAD SHOULDER PAWL 40 DEGREE PAWL 37 1/2 DEGREE TORSION SPRING QTY PART # VT50-20NT XX305 XX310* XX915 XX610 XX640 XX343 X345 XX341 XX355 XX620 V2120 X480 XL670 XX630 VT37-24SH175 VW1.0X50-03 XL620 VP125X750H VO-027 VW878X VW740X VO-109 XX336 XX334 XX333 XX339 VT31-00SB1.0 XX331 XX332 XX338 Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIX-630 December 15, 2005 Rev06

195 10.3 OSCILLATOR EXPLODED VIEW Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIX-630 December 15, 2005 Rev06

196 10.3 PARTS LIST OSCILLATOR # DESCRIPTION INLET BALL HARDCOAT 147 O-RING WATERWAY DK BLUE POWDERCOAT EXIT 2.5 * -HARDCOAT X ¼ SOCKET SET SCREW STAINLESS X ½ BUTTON HEAD SCREW STAINLESS TURBINE VANES HARDCOAT 153 O-RING WORM AND SHAFT GEAR BOX DK BLUE POWDERCOAT COVER ¼-20 X 7/8 STAINLESS SOCKET CAP SCREW WORM GEAR WORM SHAFT BEARING SNAP RING 1-1/8 INTERNAL X O-RING SHAFT CAP SNAP RING ½ EXTERNAL X.035 CUP SEAL 1 OD X.5 ID X ¼ WIDE BUNA N 1/8 X ¾ SPIROL PIN CRANK HARDCOAT #10 WASHER * Consult Factory For Special Threads. QTY PART # XX015 VO-147 XX010 XX020 * VT10-32SS250 VT10E32BH500 XX025 VO-153 XX030 XX005 XX045 VT25-20SH875 XX040 XX035 VR4255 VO-119 XX037 VR4250 XX033 VP125X750H XX050 VW500X # DESCRIPTION TURBINE SEAL 5/32 X 7/8 HDP SPIROL PIN #12437 SLIDE PIVOT MACHINED ARM SLIDE HARDCOAT WASHER LINK MACHINED ROD END GUARD LINK SLIDE HARDCOAT X 3/8 BUTTON HEAD CAP SCREW 3/8 X 1-3/4 STAINLESS PIN 3/16 X 1-3/4 STAINLESS PIN LINK TRIGGER MACHINED PALM BUTTON GREEN X 1/2 SOCKET HEAD CAP SCREW PALM BUTTON RED LINK RELEASE RELEASE SPRING PULL PIN PULL PIN SPRING PULL PIN HOUSING PULL KNOB 5/16-18 X 5/8 BUTTON HEAD CAP SCREW INDICATOR ARM NAME LABEL - OSCILLATOR QTY PART # XX032 V1900 XX067 XX065 VW812X XX055 XX056 XX077 XX066 VT10-32BH375 XX081 XX080 XX075 XX072-GRN VT10-32SH500 XX072-RED XX070 XX071 XX340 XX342 X350 XX341 VT31-18BH625 XX068 XX060 XL610 Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc LIX-630 December 15, 2005 Rev06

197 11.0 OPERATION CHECKLIST Monitor must be inspected for proper operation and function according to this checklist before each use. Before flowing water check: 1) There is no obvious damage such as missing, broken or loose parts. 2) Hose and nozzle are securely attached. 7) Monitor is anchored: Tied off Hooked leg Spike hold Weight 3) Both legs are fully open. 4) All three spikes are in contact with the ground. 8) Outlet pivots smoothly in all directions. 5) Valve handle locks when closed and releases. 9) Safety Shut-Off valve is operational. (see section 2.2.3) Locks and unlocks 6) Inlet pivots freely. 10) Monitor is pointed in a safe direction. WARNING Any Blitzfire monitor failing any part of the inspection checklist is unsafe and must have the problem corrected before use. Operating a Blitzfire that fails any of the above inspections is a misuse of this equipment. TASK FORCE TIPS, Inc. MADE IN USA Copyright Task Force Tips, Inc E. Evans Ave, Valparaiso, IN USA Fax LIX-630 December 15, 2005 Rev06

198 2233 State Road Bensalem, PA t e l : (215) fax: (215) turbodraft@s -k.com Fire Eductor Operating Instructions Schutte & Koerting 2233 State Road Bensalem, PA Phone (215) Fax (215) turbodraft@s-k.com March,

199 193

200 2233 State Road Bensalem, PA t e l : (215) fax: (215) turbodraft@s -k.com Table of Contents Description Page Number Introduction Safety Guidelines... 2 Care and Maintenance. 3 TurboDraft Set-Up. 4-6 Tandem TurboDraft Operations.. 7 Strainer Clearing 8 Operating Tips 9-10 Unit Testing. 11 Using the Distant Water Source Table 12 Unit Specifications. 13 Notes (Intentionally Blank) March,

201 2233 State Road Bensalem, PA t e l : (215) fax: (215) turbodraft@s -k.com FIRE EDUCTORS For many years Schutte & Koerting has provided portable eductors to the U.S. Navy. These eductors were used for fire fighting onboard ships. The units were used to increase the volume of water available for fire fighting. They utilized the high pressure pumps onboard to supply the motive flow to the eductor which was placed overboard. The design of the unit was for high discharge head and typically had a two-to-one flow ratio. (i.e. 100 gpm of motive, 200 gpm of suction, with total flow of 300 gpm.) Over the past several years, Schutte & Koerting has worked with several local fire fighters to develop an eductor designed to be used for rural water supply operations. Many of us take for granted that there is a fire hydrant on every corner. Unfortunately, this is not the case. A large percentage of the fire companies outside large cities depend on lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, and even swimming pools as a water source during a fire. Water is currently accessed from these sources in two ways. The first choice is to maneuver the fire truck close (typically 30 feet or less) to the water source and use the onboard pump to draft. This produces the greatest water flow. In many cases, this is not possible due to weather or access restrictions. The second option is to carry a large portable pump to the water source and use this to draft the water and discharge it back to a pumper truck or portable tank close to and accessible to the fire trucks. Portable pumps large enough to supply sufficient water flows tend to be large and require routine maintenance. Schutte & Koerting has developed an eductor to utilize the third option for water supply. Our eductor utilizes the water stored onboard the fire truck as the motive flow to start the eductor flow and return the motive flow as well as the suction flow back to the fire truck. This allows the fire truck to be at least 150 feet away from the water and still achieve significant net water flow to be utilized for fire fighting. To put the unit in operation, a 2-1/2 inch hose line and a 5 inch LDH supply line are stretched from the fire truck with the eductor to the water supply. The eductor is placed in the water and the motive line is charged to 150 psig. This immediately starts the flow of water back to the fire truck through the 5 inch LDH supply line. Once the suction flow is established, the first portion of the flow is used to replenish the tank water in the truck. Once the tank has been replenished, the water supply has been established and water can be supplied for use on the fire. The unit was designed for 17.5 feet of head and during our prototype testing we were able to achieve 750 gpm net suction gain. We supplied 200 gpm at 150 psig to the eductor, 750 gpm was developed as a suction flow with a total flow back to the fire truck of 950 gpm. 200 gpm of the 950 gpm was being recycled back to supply the eductor. Testing was completed in the Spring of 2000 and marketing began in early Autumn of that same year. March,

202 2233 State Road Bensalem, PA t e l : (215) fax: (215) turbodraft@s -k.com Safety Guidelines 1. Carefully read and follow all operating instructions before putting the TurboDraft unit into service. 2. Be sure all pump operators are properly trained in the correct and safe use of the fire pump that is supplying the TurboDraft unit. 3. Proper personal protective equipment should be utilized while operating any fire pump and while present at any emergency scene. 4. Be sure all hose connections are snug and secure. 5. Use caution at all times around any high pressure pump connections. 6. Always understand and follow all department rules, guidelines and operating procedures. March,

203 2233 State Road Bensalem, PA t e l : (215) fax: (215) turbodraft@s -k.com Care and Maintenance The TurboDraft unit is manufactured from aluminum and stainless steel. Little maintenance is required to keep your TurboDraft unit in proper operating condition. 1. Before and after using the TurboDraft, carefully inspect the unit for any damage to the body, tail, and fire connections. 2. After use, flush the unit with clean water to remove any mud, sand or debris from the inside and outside surfaces. Be sure to thoroughly flush the 2-1/2 inch connection, as any sand or grit will effect the swivel action. Also, inspect that the screen is free from any obstructions (grass, leaves, etc.). Mild soap and a soft brush should remove any dried mud or soils from the unit. 3. IMPORTANT - Inspect nozzle orifice to be sure there are no obstructions. Any restrictions within the nozzle will dramatically effect the performance of the TurboDraft unit. 4. Safely store the unit securely on or in the apparatus to avoid injury to personnel and damage to the TurboDraft. March,

204 2233 State Road Bensalem, PA t e l : (215) fax: (215) turbodraft@s -k.com TurboDraft Setup/Operation The unit requires a 2-1/2 inch discharge line from the fire truck and a 5 inch supply line to return water flow to the fire pump. The lines should be stretched from the truck to the water s edge avoiding sharp bends and kinks. Before connecting hoses to the TurboDraft, inspect the unit to be sure no debris has entered the inlet or discharge openings. Connect the 2-1/2 inch line to a discharge from the pump and to the TurboDraft unit, as shown below. Connect a 5 inch LDH supply line to pump intake valve and TurboDraft unit, as shown below. Care should be taken to insure all connections are tight and secure. A rope or webbing may be attached to the handle and secured, however, this is not critical because the unit may be retrieved using the hose lines. Submerge in 2 to 3 feet of standing water, with the screen/strainer facing up, 1 to 1-1/2 feet of moving water. After the above steps are complete the unit is ready to be put into operation. March,

205 2233 State Road Bensalem, PA t e l : (215) fax: (215) turbodraft@s -k.com TurboDraft Set-Up/Operation Engine should be placed into pump gear and truck prepared for pumping operations. The intake valve should be closed. Open the bleeder on the suction intake valve to allow any air in the hose to be vented. Open the tank-to-pump valve. Increase the engine pressure to 175 PSIG. Open the 2-1/2 inch discharge supplying the TurboDraft unit and maintain discharge pressure at 175 PSIG. This is required to start suction flow back to the truck. As the 2-1/2 inch line is charged, the 5 inch line will immediately start to fill. Close the bleeder once water reaches it and slowly open the suction intake valve. The water supply is now established. March,

206 2233 State Road Bensalem, PA t e l : (215) fax: (215) turbodraft@s -k.com TurboDraft Set-Up/Operation Close the tank-to-pump valve. At this point the truck s tank should be refilled. Open the tank fill valve 1/4 to 1/2 open and allow tank to fill. The truck tank should always be kept full to allow the water supply to be re-established, if necessary. With 100 ft. of 5 inch hose, it should take approximately gallons of water to establish a water supply to the truck. Once tank is full, close tank fill valve. Slowly open required discharge valve(s). Maintain the required pressure (see Chart 1, page 12) on the TurboDraft 2-1/2 inch line at all times. During the use of the TurboDraft unit, care should be taken not to exceed supply source availability. This will cause the supply line from unit to collapse. (see Flow Chart 1 on page 12). Supply line (5 inch LDH) from the unit should always be monitored. Maximum flow from the TurboDraft unit is achieved when the supply line starts to become soft. If the supply line flow is exceeded and the line collapses, simply open the tank-to-pump valve and decrease the discharge flow until the supply line recovers. Once stabilized, close the tank-to-pump valve and top off the tank as soon as possible. March,

207 2233 State Road Bensalem, PA t e l : (215) fax: (215) turbodraft@s -k.com Tandem TurboDraft Operations * Minimum required pump size: 500 GPM Set up Operation: Set up and establish the first TurboDraft unit as discussed under TurboDraft Set-Up/Operation on pages 4-6. Refill the tank.* Lay out the second unit connecting its 2-1/2 inch charge line to a 2-1/2 inch outlet and its 5 inch supply line to the truck s officer side steamer connection.** Using the first TurboDraft as a supply, charge the second unit s 2-1/2 inch supply line. Once the second unit s 5 inch line has been bled free of air, slowly open its suction valve. Begin water supply operations by slowly opening the required discharge valves. *The unit with the longest 5 inch line should be set up first and connected to the driver side steamer/intake. **The second steamer must be fitted with a suction valve and air bleeder. A front or rear suction may be used in lieu of the other steamer if a suction of hard sleeve is installed between the 5 inch hose and the suction connection. This is necessary to prevent premature collapse of this line. March,

208 2233 State Road Bensalem, PA t e l : (215) fax: (215) turbodraft@s -k.com Strainer Clearing During operation of the unit it may become necessary to clear the strainer of grass or debris from the water source. This is easily performed and should only take 15 to 30 seconds. Discontinue water supply operations by closing down all discharges from the truck except for the line supplying the TurboDraft unit. Open the tank-to-pump valve. Slowly close the suction intake valve. This will cause the flow of water to backup into the strainer and clear any obstructions from the screen. Keep valve closed for 15 to 30 seconds to ensure the debris is cleared from the strainer area. Slowly open the suction intake valve to re-establish the water supply. Close tank-to-pump valve and open tank fill valve 1/4 to 1/2 and refill tank. When tank is full, close tank fill valve and resume flow operations. arrow indicates back flow to clear the screen March,

209 2233 State Road Bensalem, PA t e l : (215) fax: (215) turbodraft@s -k.com Operating Tips Maintain pump seals per manufacturer s recommendations and tightly close all valves and bleeders to prevent air leaks and loss of prime. Take care to keep discharge flow rates within TurboDraft s rated capacity (see Chart 1 on page 12). If you do not, the suction hose will collapse. NOTE Keep hose lays and lifts as short as possible. The shorter the hose and lift, the greater your flow. The supply line (or longest supply line if two units are being used) should be connected to the driver side pump panel. This allows the driver to feel and see the hose. The TurboDraft s maximum flow is achieved when the supply hose starts to become soft. If the supply hose does collapse, quickly open the tank-to-pump valve to re-establish flow. Then, reduce discharge flow to within units capability and top off tank. NOTE When operating near capacity or under fluctuating discharge conditions, be ready by keeping your hand on the tank-to-pump valve. If the TurboDraft cannot be adequately submerged, use tennis balls (or other floating object) or a booster line sprayed above its inlet to break the vortex and prevent air from getting into the pump (i.e., loss of prime). March,

210 2233 State Road Bensalem, PA t e l : (215) fax: (215) turbodraft@s -k.com Operating Tips Under heavy algae surface debris conditions, back flushing (shown on page 8) may not be sufficient to prevent clogging of the strainer. Use a booster or forestry line to keep as much algae away as possible. If you have a pressure governor, use it. This will help maintain the constant discharge pressure required to the unit. TurboDraft use should be regularly practiced and results confirmed individually as this may vary slightly between trucks and operators. The pump s rated capacity at 150 psi should exceed the expected flow rate (see Chart 1 on page 12) by 300 GPM. The TurboDraft unit cannot achieve maximum rated flows with pumpers having rated capacities of less than 1,000 GPM. March,

211 2233 State Road Bensalem, PA t e l : (215) fax: (215) turbodraft@s -k.com Unit Testing A simple test can be performed to determine the fire flow of a given water source. In addition to the TurboDraft setup, connect a master stream device with a straight bore nozzle. See page 12 to determine the estimated fire flow for your location and required nozzle bore for deck gun. Place the TurboDraft unit in operation as shown on pages 4 thru 6. Once the water supply is established, start flowing water to the deck gun and continue to increase water flow to the deck gun until the 5 inch line from the TurboDraft starts to get soft. At this point you have reached the maximum flow. Read the pressure at the deck gun. Refer to Chart 3 below to determine the flow for the deck gun at that pressure. Chart 3 GPM AT VARIOUS PRESSURES (PSIG) Nozz. Dia / / / March,