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1 Slide 1 Confined Space Entry for General Industry These materials have been developed based on applicable federal laws and regulations in place at the time the materials were created. The program is being provided for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute and is not intended to provide OSHA compliance certification, regulatory compliance, a substitute for any "hands on training required by applicable laws and regulations, or other legal or professional advice or services. By accessing the materials, you assume all responsibility and risk arising from the use of the content contained therein Grainger Safety Services, Inc. Welcome to the Permit-Required Confined Space Entry presentation. This presentation has been specifically developed for employees in general industry. Please make sure you are comfortable and able to concentrate as we work our way through this presentation.

2 Slide 2 Learning Objectives Objectives: Provide information required under the OSHA standard for Permit-Required Confined Spaces, 29 CFR Provide the knowledge, understanding, and skills necessary to plan and perform work safely in confined spaces We have very specific learning objectives for you during this presentation. The content of this course was designed to provide the information required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration s standard for Permit-Required Confined Spaces which is found in the Code of Federal Regulations as Title 29 Part Our objective is to give you the information you need to recognize, understand and develop a fully functional permit-required confined space program to perform this type of work safely.

3 Slide 3 Agenda Agenda: Overview Roles and responsibilities Entering confined spaces Your responsibilities Our presentation today will involve the following agenda: o Section One will provide an overview of the topic of confined spaces including their definition and hazards. o Section Two will discuss the roles and responsibilities involved with your employers confined space entry program. o Section Three will review the major elements of a confined space entry program. o And in Section Four we will discuss your responsibilities.

4 Slide 4 Section 1 Overview of the Issue Section 1 is an overview.

5 Slide 5 What is a Confined Space? Confined space: Large enough to enter Limited means for entry or exit Not designed for continuous occupancy Let s begin by defining some key terms we will be using during this training presentation. A confined space means a space that meets the following three characteristics: o The space is large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter and perform assigned work. o The space has limited or restricted means for entry or exit (for example, tanks, vessels, silos, storage bins, hoppers, vaults, and pits are spaces that may have limited means of entry.). o And, the space is not designed for continuous employee occupancy. Working in a confined space can be uncomfortable, but does not involve serious safety hazards.

6 Slide 6 What is a Permit Required Confined Space? Permit required: Previous 3 characteristics Hazardous atmosphere Potential for engulfment Dangerous internal configuration Any other recognized hazard A permit-required confined space, on the other hand, can be deadly. A permit-required confined space is a space that: o Meets the 3 characteristics of a confined space we just discussed, and, in addition, has one or more of the following characteristics: o It contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere. o It contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant. o Has an internal configuration that could trap or asphyxiate an entrant. o Or, contains any other recognized safety or health hazard. Working inside permit-required confined spaces poses additional risks that must be managed in order for the work to be performed safety.

7 Slide 7 Potential Hazards of Confined Spaces Potential hazards: Oxygen deficiency Toxic vapors or gases Flammable or explosive atmospheres Electrical hazards Mechanical hazards Environmental hazards So, what are these potential hazards that could turn a confined space into a deadly area? The potential hazards inside confined spaces are numerous and include, but are not limited to: ooxygen deficient environments. othe presence of toxic vapors or gases. othe potential for explosive environments. oelectrical hazards. omechanical hazards such as moving machinery, hydraulic or pneumatic pressure. oand, possibly environmental hazards such as excessive heat.

8 Slide 8 Hazards Introduced into Confined Spaces Created hazards: Oxygen deficiency Toxic vapors or gases Flammable or explosive atmospheres Electrical hazards Mechanical hazards Environmental hazards Sometimes, the hazards are not in the space before the workers enter the space. Sometimes the hazards are created by the work performed in the confined space. Some of the very same hazards we discussed in the last slide can be created by the workers in the space. Let s take, for instance, someone replacing a pumping system inside a flammable liquid storage container. While the container may have been emptied and well ventilated such that initial flammable atmosphere readings are acceptable, once work begins on removing the old pump, residual liquids will inevitably leak out and change the atmospheric conditions quickly.

9 Slide 9 When Does Entry Occur Entry: Pass through opening of space Body breaks plane One of the common misperceptions regarding confined space entry is that a person has to be fully inside a confined space in order for the confined space entry rules to apply. This is incorrect. OSHA defines Entry" as the action by which a person passes through an opening into a permit-required confined space. Entry is considered to have occurred as soon as any part of the entrant's body breaks the plane of an opening into the space.

10 Slide 10 Employer Responsibilities Written confined space program: Identify confined spaces Test conditions & prevent unauthorized entry Ensure safety & identify duties Provide necessary PPE Coordinate with other employers Provide for rescue Review annually Your employer has several responsibilities created by the presence of confined spaces in the workplace. One responsibility is to develop and implement a written program for permit-required confined spaces. The employer's program must describe how to: o Identify confined spaces in the workplace. o Test conditions in the permit space before entry operations and monitor the space during entry. o Implement necessary measures to prevent unauthorized entry. o Establish and implement the means, procedures and practices to eliminate or control hazards necessary for safe permit-space entry operations. o Identify employee job duties. o Provide, maintain, and require, at no cost to the employee, the use of personal protective equipment and any other equipment necessary for safe entry. o Coordinate entry operations when employees of more than one employer are to be working in the permit space. o Implement appropriate procedures for summoning rescue and emergency services. o Annually review the entry operations and the permit-space entry program.

11 Slide 11 Section 2 Roles and Responsibilities In Section 2, we will discuss the different roles and responsibilities involved with a permitrequired confined space entry program.

12 Slide 12 Three Different Roles in the Program Program roles: Entrant Attendant Supervisor Employees involved in the confined space program are assigned at least one of three different roles in the program. Those roles include the: oentrant othe attendant, and the oentry supervisor We will discuss those three roles during this section, as well as discussing some basic responsibilities for all other employees at your facility who are not directly involved with this presentation.

13 Slide 13 Authorized Entrant Duties include: Know space hazards Use of PPE Maintain communication Exit space as needed Alert the attendant of problems showing this slide) Let s talk about the entrant first. An authorized entrant" is an employee who is authorized by the employer to enter a permit space. The entrant has specific duties during confined space entry. Those duties include: o Knowing the space hazards, including information on the mode of exposure, and signs, symptoms and consequences of the exposure. o Using appropriate personal protective equipment properly. o Maintaining communication with the attendants to enable the attendant to monitor the entrant's status as well as to alert the entrant to evacuate. o To exit from permit space as soon as possible when ordered by an authorized person, or when the entrant experiences any warning signs or symptoms of chemical exposure, or when a prohibited condition exists, or when an automatic alarm is activated. o And alerting the attendant when a prohibited condition exists or when warning signs or symptoms of exposure exist.

14 Slide 14 Attendant Duties include: Remain outside space Perform non-entry rescue Know existing or potential hazards Maintain communication Order evacuation Summon rescue Keep unauthorized personnel out of space The attendant is the second role involved with the confined space program. The attendant is the person who remains outside the confined space but monitors the activities inside the space. The attendant is often referred to as the hole watch. The attendant has a specific duty to: o Remain outside permit space during entry operations unless relieved by another authorized attendant. o Perform non-entry rescues when specified by employer's rescue procedure. o Know existing and potential hazards, including information on the signs and symptoms of exposure. o Maintain communication with and keep an accurate account of those workers entering the permit-required space. o Order evacuation of the permit space when a prohibited condition exists, or when the entrants appear to be in trouble, or when the attendant cannot effectively and safely perform required duties. o o Summon rescue and other services during an emergency. And, ensure that unauthorized persons stay away from permit spaces or exit immediately if they have entered the permit space.

15 Slide 15 Entry Supervisor Duties include: Knowing space hazards Verify emergency plans Terminate permit Remove unauthorized entrants Ensure conditions & operations showing this slide) The third role we will discuss is the entry supervisor. The entry supervisor is the person who verifies that the job has been properly planned and the conditions are acceptable to proceed with the entry. The entry supervisor has a duty to: o Know the space hazards including information on the mode of exposure, signs, or symptoms and consequences of exposure. o Verify emergency plans and specified entry conditions are in place before allowing entry. o Terminate entry and cancel permits when entry operations are completed. o o Take appropriate measures to remove unauthorized entrants. And, ensure that entry operations remain consistent with the entry permit and that acceptable entry conditions are maintained.

16 Slide 16 Other Employees Other employees: Recognize permit-required confined spaces Avoid entry Follow instructions from supervisor and attendant Not all employees at your facility may be involved in the confined space entry program. However, it is very beneficial for all employees to recognize the confined space program. All employees should be able to recognize the presence of confined spaces at the facility. Employees not trained under this program should understand they are prohibited from entering confined spaces under any circumstances. Employees should also understand that actions they take may impact the safety of personnel involved in the confined space entry program. An example might be employees who are running gasoline-powered equipment in the vicinity of the confined space. Exhaust gases from the equipment may enter the confined space, endangering the entrants. They must follow any instructions given by the entry supervisor or attendant to ensure the safety of the entrants.

17 Slide 17 Section 3 Identifying, Monitoring, and Entering Confined Spaces In Section 3, we will discuss all of the elements involved identifying, monitoring, and entering confined spaces.

18 Slide 18 Initial Employee Training OSHA standard: Training for entrants, attendants, and supervisors Ensure understanding, knowledge, and skills Recognize space The OSHA Standard requires your employer to provide training for entrants, attendants, and entry supervisors before work is performed in confined spaces. Upon completing this training, employers must ensure that employees have acquired the understanding, knowledge, and skills necessary for the safe performance of their duties. All employees must be able to recognize a confined space and must understand they are prohibited from entering these spaces unless they are trained for this work.

19 Slide 19 Refresher Training Refresher training required: Change in duties Change in permit-space program New hazard Performance problems Refresher training is required when: o The job duties change for example an employee trained as an attendant will become an entrant. o There is a change in the permit-space program. o The permit space operation presents a new hazard not covered in the initial training program. o Or, when an employee's job performance shows deficiencies.

20 Slide 20 Identifying Confined Spaces ID confined spaces: Inform employees Label spaces Inform contractors The first step of a confined space entry program is to identify all permit-required confined spaces that exist at the facility. If the workplace contains such spaces the employer is required to inform exposed employees of the existence, location, and dangers posed by the permit spaces. Once the spaces are identified and labeled, the employer must decide if their own employees will ever need to enter those spaces to perform work. o If the decision is made to have employees enter these spaces, the employer needs to implement a full confined space entry program to ensure that work is performed safely o If the decision is made to contract all such work, then the employer needs to label those spaces, prohibit their own employees from entering those spaces, and inform contractors of the presence of confined spaces so they may plan their work accordingly.

21 Slide 21 Air Monitoring Must be performed in this order: Oxygen Flammable/explosive Toxic contaminant Trained personnel, calibrated equipment Continual monitoring Many potential hazards of a confined space may not be readily detectable. For this reason, air monitoring must be performed. Initial air monitoring is required to verify that potential hazards do not exist prior to entry. The air monitoring must include, in this order: o Oxygen content which must be between 19.5% and 23.5% to be acceptable. o The percent of the Lower Explosive Limit which must be less than 10% to be acceptable. o The concentration of any toxic contaminants potentially present. The testing needs to be done by trained equipment operator using calibrated direct-reading instruments. o Entrants may also wear an air monitoring device during entry so that the atmosphere can be continuously checked while they are in the space. o This air monitoring is very important and the entrants should know how to verify the instrument remains working. o All personnel should be familiar with how the instrument alarms sound and what to do in the event the instrument does activate its internal alarms.

22 Slide 22 Entering Confined Spaces Procedures for each entry: Identify hazards Prevent unauthorized entry Eliminate or control hazards Provide and use PPE Test the atmosphere Coordinate with any contractors Plan for rescue Document Once the decision is made to have employees enter confined spaces to perform work, the employer must develop their specific procedures for confined space entry. These procedures must be in writing. These written procedures need to specify how to: o Identify and evaluate permit space hazards before entry. o Establish and implement means to prevent unauthorized entry. o Establish and implement means to eliminate or control hazards necessary for safe entry. o Provide, maintain, and require the use of personal protective equipment necessary for safe entry. o Perform atmospheric testing inside the space before entry and to repeat those tests as necessary during entry. o Ensure that at least one attendant is stationed outside during entry. o Coordinate with any contractors used. o Implement rescue procedures. o And to document this information using the permit system.

23 Slide 23 Rescue All rescue personnel: Provided with PPE Trained to perform rescue duties Trained as confined space entrants First aid and CPR qualified Practice yearly Provisions for the rescue of entrants must be made before the entry begins. Either in-house personnel or an outside rescue agency can be used. Regardless of who the rescue personnel are, the OSHA Standard requires that rescue service personnel: o Are provided with and trained in the proper use of personal protective and rescue equipment, including respirators. o Are trained to perform assigned rescue duties. o And, be trained as an authorized entrant. The standard also requires that all rescuers be trained in first aid and CPR and, at a minimum, one rescue team member be currently certified in first aid and in CPR. The employer also must ensure that practice rescue exercises are performed yearly, and that rescue services are provided access to permit spaces so that they can practice rescue operations.

24 Slide 24 Section 4 The Permit System In Section 4, we will review the permit system.

25 Slide 25 The Entry Permit Entry permit: In writing Available to all personnel Start and duration Cancel when completed Kept 1 year The OSHA standard requires that employers document the steps they have taken to ensure a confined space is safe to enter. The form used to document these steps is referred to as the confined space entry permit. The permit must be in writing, and must be available to all personnel involved with the entry. Typically, a copy of the permit is posted at the entrance to the space during the entry. The permit must state the start time and the duration of the entry permit. The amount of time the permit is active cannot exceed the time required to complete an assignment. The entry supervisor must terminate entry and cancel permits when an assignment has been completed or when new conditions exist. New conditions must be noted on the canceled permit and used in revising the permit space program. The Permit-Required Confined Space Standard also requires the employer to keep all canceled entry permits for at least 1 year.

26 Slide 26 The Entry Permit Must document: Identity and purpose Authorized entrants and attendants Name and signature of entry supervisor Date and duration Acceptable entry conditions The entry permit must document the following information: o Identity of permit space to be entered. o The purpose for the entry. o The authorized entrant(s) and attendants. o The name and signature of the supervisor who has authorized the entry. o Date and maximum duration of entry. o And, all acceptable entry conditions.

27 Slide 27 The Entry Permit Must also document: Test results Measures to ensure safety Identity of rescue services Communication procedures Additional permits Special equipment and procedures Any safety information showing this slide) The entry permit must also document the following information: o Test results and the tester's initials or signature. o The measures taken to isolate permit spaces and to eliminate or control space hazards (i.e., procedures for purging, ventilating, and flushing permit spaces). o The name and telephone numbers of rescue and emergency services. o Communication procedures and equipment required during entry. o Additional permit(s) issued to authorize work in the permit space such as a hot work permit. o Special equipment and procedures, including personal protective equipment and alarm systems. o And, any other information needed to ensure employee safety.

28 Slide 28 Section 5 Your Responsibilities In Section 5, we will review your responsibilities under the confined space entry program.

29 Slide 29 Your Responsibilities Responsibilities: Recognize confined spaces Understand your role Execute duties Your employer expects you to: o Recognize the presence of confined spaces in your workplace. o Recognize and understand your role in this program. o Faithfully execute the duties assigned to you during all confined space entries.

30 Slide 30 Your Responsibilities Responsibilities: Read, review, and understand Vigilant for changes Participate in review and improvement Also your employer wants you to: o Read, review, and understand the written entry permit that applies to the specific work you are performing. o Be vigilant for any changes that affect the safety of the entry operation. o And participate in the review and ongoing improvement of the program.

31 Slide 31 Additional Information Permit-required Confined Spaces. OSHA Publication 3138, (2004) Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Working in Confined Spaces. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No , (1979, December) Preventing Occupational Fatalities in Confined Spaces. US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No , (1986, January) Here are some additional references for more information on this topic.