Power Transformer Maintenance. Maintenance Practices & Procedures for Substation Class Distribution Power Transformers
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1 Maintenance Practices & Procedures for Substation Class Distribution Power Transformers
2 Why should special maintenance practices be applied to power transformers? Power transformers utilize active cooling systems Equipped with additional monitoring and protection equipment Represent a large capital investment Often serve critical customers who suffer very large financial losses in the case of transformer failure Spare power transformers are typically not available and replacements can take several months
3 Why should special maintenance practices be applied to power transformers? IEEE/ANSI consider average transformer life to be years based on the assumption that adequate maintenance is performed over their service life. IEEE life based on a continual ambient temperature of 40º C and temperature rise of 65º C Due to lower ambient temperatures and lower temperature rises in typical distribution conditions, transformer life can be extended to 40 years or more with proper monitoring and maintenance.
4 Why should special maintenance practices be applied to power transformers?
5 A transformer s 2 worst enemies? HEAT
6 and WATER
7 Operation at only 10% above the transformer temperature rating will cut transformer life by 50% Transformer heating by: Internal losses due to loading High ambient temperature Solar radiation FortisAlberta makes use of ONAN/ONAF/ONAF cooling systems on power transformers. ONAN Oil Natural/Air Natural ONAF Oil Natural/Air Forced
8 Typical Oil Flow of ONAF cooling system
9 Inspection of ONAF Equipped Power Transformers Performed after 1 month of service and yearly Visible leaks and/or corrosion Shutoff valve position on radiators Fans Radiators Bushings Gaskets Top oil thermometer Winding temperature thermometer Thermometer testing every 3-5 years
10 Inspection of ONAF Equipped Power Transformers Inspection after 1 month and every 3-5 years Oil Level Indicator
11 Inspection of ONAF Equipped Power Transformers Inspected after 1 month of service and yearly Pressure relief device
12 Inspection of ONAF Equipped Power Transformers Inspected after 1 month of service and yearly Sudden Pressure Relay
13 Sealed Breathing System Allows breathing to the atmosphere when pre-set pressure gradients are surpassed Can lead to oil contamination
14 Electrical Testing of Power Transformers Performed before energizing and every 3-5 years Factory testing records should be kept as baseline records Testing done before energizing to ensure no damage occurred during shipping and as confirmation of factory testing Test throughout the life of the transformer when customer shutdowns or outages allow Test when a known fault has occurred
15 Insulating Power Factor Test Provides overall test of the insulating properties of a transformer Measures the power losses due to leakage current through the insulation Turns Ratio Test Can detect shorted turns in the windings or a defective tap changer Early indication of transformer failure
16 Winding Resistance Test Direct current evaluation test of the insulation Reliable indication of the presence of moisture, contamination, or breakdown in the insulation Core Insulation Resistance Test Measured by standard megger test Core ground must be disconnected prior to test Detects deteriorating insulation between the core and ground
17 Transformer Oils Transformer oils perform at least three functions for the transformer: Provides Insulation Provides Cooling Helps extinguish arcs Oils also dissolve elements that can be measured for analysis from: Oil degradation Moisture and gas from cellulose insulation degradation Gases and moisture from whatever atmosphere the oil is exposed to
18 Dissolved Gases in Transformer Oil Close observation of dissolved gases in the oil, and other oil properties, PROVIDE THE MOST VALUABLE INFORMATION REGARDING TRANSFORMER HEALTH Oil samples should be taken and sent to a qualified lab for analysis prior to energizing, one month into service and yearly thereafter Great care must be taken to ensure that the sample does not become contaminated and is not exposed to the atmosphere
19 Dissolved Gases Analysis (DGA) is the most valuable diagnostic tool available as part of a transformer maintenance schedule. It is paramount that accurate records of DGA for each individual transformer are kept as trends in gas concentration changes are far more valuable than individual gas concentrations. A sudden increase in key gases and the rate of gas production is more important in evaluating a transformer than the amount of gas present in a DGA The exception to this is the presence of Acetylene (C 2 H 2 )
20 IEEE C outlines a method of interpreting DGA known as the Key Gas Method This method sets conditions that coincide with given concentrations of gases and outlines recommended actions based on these concentrations and their generation rates Key Gases are: Hydrogen (H 2 ) Methane (CH 4 ) Ethane (C 2 H 6 ) Ethylene (C 2 H 4 ) Acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) Oxygen (O 2 )
21 IEEE C DCG Conditions
22 IEEE C Recommended Actions for DCG
23 Large concentrations of Nitrogen (N 2 ), near saturation, can also be discovered through DGA, but present no concern as this is due to the nitrogen gas blanket that is injected in the tank above the oil by the manufacturer. Large concentrations of atmospheric gasses (N 2, CO 2, O 2 ) can be very valuable in DGA in revealing a possible leak. The presence of Acetylene (C 2 H 2 ), and to a lesser extent Ethylene (C 2 H 4 ), in concentrations higher than trace levels should be further investigated as these gases typically are only produced under arching conditions.
24
25 IEC Fault Types indicated by DGA
26 Moisture Problems Each time the moisture is doubled in paper insulation, the life of the transformer is cut in half. The life of the transformer IS the life of the paper! Keeping the water and oxygen levels in a transformer to a minimum will greatly extend the life of a transformer. The sealed breathing tank system creates the possibility of moisture and oxygen problems as the external atmosphere will be allowed to enter the tank under conditions where the tank is in vacuum.
27 Moisture Problems Moisture, especially in the presence of oxygen, is extremely hazardous to cellulose transformer insulation Each DGA or Insulating Power Factor Test should be analyzed to determine the moisture by dry weight (M/DW) that is present in the paper insulation New transformers typically have a M/DW under 0.5% Plans should be made to dry out the transformer insulation once a M/DW of 2% has been reached. An M/DW value of 4% presents a great danger of flashover
28 Moisture Problems Moisture causes insulation to decay, which forms more moisture, acids and sludge The additional moisture and acids further increase the rate of insulation decay Sludge coats the coils and radiators, leading to a slowly rising operating temperature for a given load and ambient temperature Both of these conditions lead to exponentially increasing insulation decay if steps are not taken to dry out the transformer.
29 Where does the water come from? Some moisture is in the insulation when it is delivered from the factory Atmospheric moisture can enter the transformer when it is opened for inspection or through the breather system when the tank is in vacuum Rain or atmospheric moisture can enter the tank through leaky gaskets, especially during times of rapid transformer cooling when a vacuum is created inside the tank
30 Water Distribution in Oil and Paper
31 Additional Oil Tests the be performed with DGA Dielectric Strength Test Measures the voltage at which the oil electrically breaks down. Gives a good indication of contaminants in the oil As per ASTM Test Method D-877 or D-1816 Interfacial Tension Test (IFT) Determines interfacial tension between distilled water and oil Measures concentration of particles in the oil
32 Additional Oil Tests the be performed with DGA Acid Number Test Measures the amount of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize acid in the oil. Test for Oxygen Inhibitor (every 3-5 years) Determines level of inhibitor present The inhibitor acts as a sacrificial substance that the oxygen will react with rather than with metal or paper within the transformer. Power Factor Test Indicates dielectric loss (leakage current) if Doble Test is not available Power factor should be maintained at less than 0.5% at 25 C
33 Questions?
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