B. Lining - epithelium
|
|
- Simon Marsh
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Function supply body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. This process is called respiration, can be broken down into 4 components. I. Pulmonary Ventilation or breathing movement of air into and out of the lungs II. External Respiration gas exchange between blood and air filled chambers of the lungs III. Transport of Respiratory Gases from lungs, through blood, to cells of the body IV. Internal Respiration gas exchange between blood and cells of body Respiratory System Tour of the Organs (Nose-Pharynx-Larynx-Trachea-Bronchi-Lungs) I. Nose A. Functions filters, moistens, and warms air 3. sense of smell B. Lining 1. epithelium 2. always with 3. movement down to pharynx to be swallowed C. Components 1. Conchae a. superior, middle and inferior bones b. function to surface area for warming, cleaning and humidifying air 2. Paranasal sinuses a. in bones b. maxillary, frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses c. - lighten weight of skull & provide quality of voice d. lining is continuous with nasal cavity and may lead to Upper Respiratory Infection ( ).. sinusitis 3. Nostrils or Nares 4. Nasal septum ethmoid, vomer and hyline cartilage 5. Hard and soft palate located under the nose (anterior and posterior respectively) 6. Nasal cavity in the nose
2 II. Nasopharynx A. Functions connects nasal cavity to oropharynx B. Lining epithelium C. Components 1. Pharyngeal tonsils ( ) a. composed of tissue b. may become enlarged with URI blocking Eustachian tubes form draining properly 2. Eustachian tubes or -- a. connects to middle ear to equalize air pressure b. URI may lead to infection of middle ear 3. Uvula a. most posterior soft palate that is hanging down b. marks border of nasopharynx and oropharynx c. function is to close during swallowing to prevent food from entering nasal cavity III. Oropharynx A. Functions connects nasopharynx to laryngopharynx B. Lining epithelium (more friction and chemicals) C. Components 1. Lingual and Palatine tonsils a. located on tongue and soft palate respectively b. composed of l tissue c. traps and destroys entering d. may become enlarged with URI 2. Fauces a. opening to IV. Laryngopharynx A. Functions 1. 2., leads to trachea 3., leads to esophagus B. Lining - epithelium
3 V. Larynx A. Functions 1. route food to esophagus and air to trachea 2. tube for 3. B. lining 1. above vocal cords - epithelium 1. below vocal cords - epithelium C. components 1. vocal cords pairs of ligaments that get stretched a. false vocal cords located b. true vocal cords located (voice) 2. glottis opening in 3. epiglottis a. hinged - lid b. covers glottis during swallowing to prevent food from entering lower airways c. larynx moves and when you swallow 4. cartilages a. thyroid Adams apple cartilage b. cricoid below thyroid cartilage c. arytenoids, corniculate, and cuneiform form the lateral and posterior walls VI. Trachea about 4 inches long and 1 inch diameter A. function - B. lining 1. epithelium 2. movement up to pharynx to be swallowed C. components 1. U-shaped hyaline cartilage to prevent walls from 2. smooth muscle a. located posteriorly to increase or decrease b. allows esophagus to expand anteriorly when
4 VII. Bronchi and Bronchial tree A. function transport air to the alveoli ( ) B. lining 1. changes from ciliated pseudostratified columnar to columnar to cuboidal in the terminal bronchioles 2. there is no cilia at the end of the bronchial tree so any debris found there is not swept away, but removed by C. components (branching tubes) 1. primary bronchi, one to each lung 2. secondary bronchi, one to each lobe of lung 3. tertiary bronchi or so, branch smaller and smaller 4. bronchioles a. smallest tubes (less than diameter) b. hyaline cartilage no longer present c. more than found in larger respiratory tubes VIII. Respiratory Zone A. function gas exchange from lungs to blood ( ) B. lining single layer of cells C. components 1. alveoli ducts 2. alveoli sac (grapes) 3. alveoli (grape) a. dead end air sac b. site of gas exchange c. cell types i. type I cells = epithelium -composes most alveoli wall, allows for gas exchange ii. type II cells = epithelium - secrete fluid called surfactant which coats alveoli and reduces surface tension iii. alveolar macrophages -
5 IV. Lungs A. right lung Upper, middle, lower B. left lung Upper, lower C. shape 1. -shaped organs 2. - superior surface 3. inferior surface, sits on diaphragm 4. adjacent to heart 5. next to ribs anteriorly and posteriorly 6. located in pleural cavities D. hilus of lung 1. pulmonary artery (high, low ) 2. pulmonary vein (low, high ) 3. primary bronchi ( ) 4. lymph vessels ( ) 5. autonomic nerves E. pleura 1. consists of serous membrane or 2. contains 2 layers with fluid in between to reduce friction as you inhale and exhale a. connected to outside of lungs b. connected to cavity wall c. continuous at hilus F. physical properties of lungs 1. compliance = a. inhale and lungs enlarge b. disease pulmonary fibrosis which increases collagen fibers and therefore decreases the ability to stretch 2. elasticity = a. exhale and lung get smaller b. partial = normal exhalation c. total = deflated or collapsed lung
6 Pulmonary Ventilation (breathing) I. Pressures A. Boyles gas law 1. pressure of a gas and its volume are related a. if pressure goes, volume goes b. if volume goes, pressure goes c. example helium balloons oxygen tanks 2. air flows from a pressure to a pressure a. if pressure is greater outside the body than inside the body then we b. if pressure is outside the body is less than inside the body then we c. example blowing up a balloon - weather and winds blowing from a high pressure area to a low pressure area B. Atmospheric pressure pushing down on body 1. atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg at sea level) = barometric pressure (measured in inches) 2. not at sea level? Denver less pressure, C. Intrapleural Pressure = 1. pressure between pleural membranes a. pull on layer lungs trying to recoil surface tension in alveoli b. pull on layer thoracic cavity pulls up and out 2. net intrapleural pressure (756 mm Hg, less than atmospheric pressure) 3. purpose a. to help keep alveoli (what else also helps?) b. to keep the lungs from totally recoiling or 4. what if we didn t have intrapleural pressure? D. Intraalveolar pressure = 1. pressure in 2. at rest = atmospheric pressure (760 mm Hg)
7 II. Process for inspiration process A. Nerve impulse 1. somatic nervous system turns skeletal muscles involved in inspiration a. normal inhalation i. diaphragm nerve ii. external intercostals muscles nerves b. forced inhalation - sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, and serratus anterior B. Muscle contraction causes: 1. diaphragm down and thoracic cavity is a. then volume in thoracic cavity b. this pulls on the lungs c. which intraalveolar volume d. which intraalveolar pressure to below atmospheric pressure e. air rushes lungs 2. summary p. 852 III. Process for expiration process A. Nerve impulse 1. somatic nervous system turns skeletal muscles involved in normal expiration a. normal expiration - diaphragm and external intercostals b. forced expiration - internal intercostals and abdominal muscles to push diaphragm up even more B. Muscle action causes: 1. thoracic cavity walls a. then the volume in thoracic cavity b. lungs c. which intraalveolar volume d. which intraalveolar pressure above atmospheric pressure e. air rushes the lungs 2. summary p. 852
8 Neural Control of Respiration I. Medulla Oblongata sets rhythm for breathing A. Dorsal respiratory group 1. Cluster of neurons in medulla 2. Sets the rate for normal breathing 3. sends action potentials through phrenic and intercostal nerves 4. average respiratory rate breaths/minute 5. inspiration = 2 seconds expiration = 3 seconds B. Ventral Respiratory Group 1. Clusters of neurons in medulla 2. Sets rate for forced breathing by expiration C. Hering-Breuer Reflex 1. Mechanism for inspiration 2. Relies on receptors in lung 3. lung to vagus to medulla II. Pons modifies medulla activity A. Pneumotaxic center 1. clusters of neurons in the superior pons 2. functions to the respiratory rate by limiting inspiration (more breaths/min) B. Apneustic center 1. clusters of neurons in middle pons 2. functions to respiratory rate by prolonging inspiration (less breaths/min) III. Higher brain centers A. Hypothalamus 1. Respiratory rate affected by emotions and pain 2. Examples - children crying - increased body temperature and increased breathing rate B. Motor cortex - control over breathing
9 Chemical Control of Respiration I. Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Ions A. These are the major factors in determining respiratory rate 1. if carbon dioxide levels rise, so do hydrogen ion levels 2. they are - related B. Central Chemoreceptors 1. located in medulla oblongota 2. blood brain barrier doesn t allow carbon dioxide to cross but hydrogen ions can cross 3. therefore carbon dioxide levels are measured indirectly C. Peripheral Chemoreceptors 1. located in carotid and aortic bodies 2. transmitted to brain via glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves 3. here carbon dioxide levels are measured directly II. Oxygen A. only extreme variations in oxygen levels cause changes in breathing B. the changes are detected by peripheral chemoreceptors
10 Gas Exchange I. Alveoli microanatomy A. For a gas to get from alveoli to capillary, it must cross layers (plus surfactant) 1. alveoli wall simple squamous epithelium 2. basement membrane (for alveoli and capillary) connective tissue 3. capillary wall simple squamous epithelium II. Factors affecting diffusion rate A. Thickness of alveoli/capillary walls 1. normal thin (.6 micrometers) 2. abnormal thicker B. Surface area of alveoli/capillary walls 1. normal (160 square meters) 2. abnormal less due to C. Diffusion coefficient of gases 1. carbon dioxide is the most gas 2. carbon dioxide diffuses about 20 times easier than oxygen D. Pressure differential across alveoli/capillary wall -gases diffuse from pressure to pressure E. carbon dioxide and oxygen move independently across alveoli/capillary walls III. Dalton Law Total pressure of mixed gases = of partial pressures of individual gases IV. Atmosphere air and pressures = O 2 + CO 2 + N 2 + H 2 0 = 21% +.04% + 79% + (varies) = P O + P CO + P N + P H2O = 160 mmhg +.3 mmhg mmhg + (varies) V. Alveoli air and pressures Alveoli Air = P O + P CO + P N + P H2O P Alveolus = 104 mmhg + 40 mmhg mmhg + 47 mmhg
11 VI. Differences in Atmospheric and alveoli pressures of gases (external respiration measured in mmhg) Atmospheric Alveoli Movement O 2 CO 2 N 2 H 2 O P O drops because O 2 diffuses into blood. P CO increases because CO 2 diffuses into alveoli Used to show totals, we won t discuss N 2 or H 2 O again Therefore concentrations in systemic are P O = 104, P CO = 40 VII. Differences in artery and cell pressures of gases (internal respiration measured in mmhg) Artery Tissue Movement O 2 CO 2 Oxygen moves to cells CO 2 moves to capillaries Concentrations in systemic are P O = 40, P CO = 45
12 Gas Transport I. Hemoglobin A. Review 1. RBC s are 97% hemoglobin (Hb) 2. = iron in the center of this molecule = proteins 3. Each hemoglobin contains 4 proteins with a heme group in the middle B. Hemoglobin Varieties 1. Hemoglobin = a. 4 proteins with an iron containing heme group in the center b. 4 globins on the outside 2. Oxyhemoglobin = a. one oxygen atom has attached to each heme group b. 4 total per molecule 3. Deoxyhemoglobin = a. hemoglobin that has just released oxygen b. hydrogen ions have attached to the globins (proteins) 4. Carbaminohemoglobin = a. carbon dioxide bonds to amino acids of globin b. not heme as oxygen does 5. Carboxyhemoglobin = a. abnormal b. when carbon monoxide is present, it bonds 210 times stronger than HbO 2 and is difficult to detach
13 I. Normal levels A. Arteries = 104 mmhg B. Veins = 40 mmhg O 2 in Blood II. Oxygen Transport in Arterial Blood A. 1% of oxygen is in plasma B. 99% of O 2 carried on in RBC - 97% of all HbO 2 are saturated with O 2 (3% not saturated) III. Loading and unloading of O 2 to cells (picture) Lungs Body cells IV. Variances in unloading = Hb reserve capacity - Hb only releases oxygen needed by cells (no more, no less) A. - 22% of Hb will unload oxygen at cells - 75% will still be loaded B. - 40% of Hb will unload oxygen at cells - 57% will still be loaded C. - 70% of Hb will unload oxygen at cells - 27% will still be loaded
14 I. Normal levels A. Arteries = 40 mmhg B. Veins = 45 mmhg CO 2 in Blood II. Carbon dioxide transport in venous blood A. 7% of CO 2 is in plasma B. 23% of CO 2 is transported by 1. Hb would rather carry oxygen than CO 2 or H + 2. It kicks CO 2 or H + off when it can C. 70% of CO 2 is transported by in plasma 1. HCO 3-2. Equation CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 3 H + + CHO - 3 (Hb that has just given off its O 2 mops up H + ions) In RBC A. CO 2 + H 2 O (carbonic anhydrase) H 2 CO 3 ( ) Then dissociation of acid B. H 2 CO 3 H + + HCO 3 - C. HCO 3 - leaves and enters D. attaches to hemoglobin E. Chloride from plasma enters RBC so membrane doesn t get polarized ( ) F. Reverse happens in lungs
15 Respiratory Diseases/Abnormalities I. Pleurisy A. Inflammation of membranes B. May cause less pleural fluid to be produced and membranes rub C. May cause too much pleural fluid, which hinders pressures and normal breathing II. Infant respiratory distress syndrome = A. Surfactant is produced during the last 2 months of fetal development B. Premature babies that lack surfactant are unable to keep their alveoli inflated between breaths C. Treatment - artificial surfactant and respirators that force alveoli open D. Most babies will eventually produce surfactant and can be taken off respirators III. Hypoxia A. Inadequate oxygen delivery to (blue skin) B. Types 1. Hypoxia poor O 2 delivery from decrease in RBC or from RBC that are lacking Hb 2. Hypoxia blockage of blood flow from heart failure or emboli in blood vessels 3. Hypoxia adequate supply of blood, but cells can t use blood, usually caused by poisoning 4. Hypoxia reduced P O2 caused by pulmonary disease IV. Hyperventilation A. Increase in depth and rate of breathing B. Cause a decrease in C. If CO 2 levels get too low, blood to brain is decreases and person gets faint or passes out. D. Breathing into a paper bag increases CO 2 because you re breathing in expired air V. Apnea A. of breathing B. Sleep apnea pauses in breathing during sleep
16 VI. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD) A. Emphysema 1. Inspiration a. emphysema destroys b. this increases dead space within the lungs (air not associated with alveoli walls) c. Person needs to inhale deeper to receive normal gas exchange. 2. Expiration a. emphysema causes lungs to lose their ability to b. exhaling should be passive but now forced exhalation is required constantly 3. Bottom line - makes inhaling and exhaling difficult B. Bronchitis excess mucus and inflamed airways make it difficult to breath VII. Asthma A. Caused by inflammation and constriction of B. Triggered by cold air, pollen, other allergens or exercise VIII. Tuberculosis (TB) A. Caused by and spread airborne B. Nodules or tubercles form in lungs that are full of bacteria and decrease lung volumes C. If tubercles break they cause fever, cough, and blood in lungs IX. Lung Cancer A. 90% of lung cancers caused from B. Accounts for 1/3 of all cancers C. Smoking causes cilia and mucus to become nonfunctional D. Then carcinogens from tobacco change normal cells to cancerous cells X. Cystic Fibrosis (CF) A. Genetic disease B. CF causes of mucus that clogs respiratory passages C. This extra mucus is a breeding ground for airborne bacteria D. Death caused from respiratory infection
(Slide 1) Lecture Notes: Respiratory System
(Slide 1) Lecture Notes: Respiratory System I. (Slide 2) The Respiratory Tract A) Major structures and regions of the respiratory Tract/Route INTO body 1) nose 2) nasal cavity 3) pharynx 4) glottis 5)
More informationUNIT 9 - RESPIRATORY SYSTEM LECTURE NOTES
UNIT 9 - RESPIRATORY SYSTEM LECTURE NOTES 9.01 GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM A. Brings oxygenated air to the alveoli B. Removes air containing carbon dioxide C. Filters, warms, and humidifies
More informationOutline - Respiratory System. Function of the respiratory system Parts of the respiratory system Mechanics of breathing Regulation of breathing
Respiratory system Function Outline - Respiratory System I. II. III. IV. Respiratory System The function of the respiratory system is to bring in oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide. Function
More informationChapter 16 Respiratory System
Introduction Chapter 16 Respiratory System The respiratory system consists of tubes that filter incoming air and transport it to alveoli where gases are exchanged. Think pair share: what organs are associated
More informationChapter 15. Lecture and Animation Outline
Chapter 15 Lecture and Animation Outline To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off. Please Note: Once you have
More informationBreathing: The normal rate is about 14 to 20 times a minute. Taking in of air is called Inspiration and the forcing out of air is called Expiration.
Biology 12 Respiration Divisions of Respiration Breathing: entrance and exit of air into and out of the lungs External Respiration: exchange of gases(o2 and CO2) between air (in alveoli) and blood Internal
More information2/28/18. Respiratory System. 1 Copyright 2016 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction. Anatomy. Physiology. Respiratory System
Introduction Respiratory System Chapter 28 Respiration: We inhale air, extract oxygen from it, exhale air Cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together Failure of either system: - Disruption of
More informationHuman Biology Respiratory System
Human Biology Respiratory System Respiratory System Responsible for process of breathing Works in cooperation with Circulatory system Three types: 1. Internal Respiration 2. External Respiration 3. Cellular
More informationChapter 11: Respiratory System Review Assignment
Name: Date: Mark: / 45 Chapter 11: Respiratory System Review Assignment Multiple Choice = 45 Marks Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following
More informationLesson 9.1: The Importance of an Organ Delivery System
Lesson 9.1: The Importance of an Organ Delivery System Animals require a continuous supply of oxygen (O 2 ) for cellular respiration, and they must expel carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), the waste product of this
More informationBIOLOGY 12: UNIT J - CHAPTER 15 - REVIEW WORKSHEET RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
BIOLOGY 12: UNIT J - CHAPTER 15 - REVIEW WORKSHEET RESPIRATORY SYSTEM A. CHAPTER REVIEW 1. Define the four components of respiration. 2. What happens to the air as it moves along the air passages? What
More informationHuman Anatomy & Physiology
Human Anatomy & Physiology 19 Karen Webb Smith Unit Five Respiratory System URLs http://yucky.kids.discovery.com/flash/body/pg000138.html http://www.stemnet.nf.ca/~dpower/resp/exchange.htm #Breathing http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/
More informationStructures of the Respiratory System include:
Respiratory System Structures of the Respiratory System include: ü Oral Cavity ü Nasal Cavity ü Pharynx ü Epiglottis ü Larynx ü Trachea ü Diaphragm ü Lung ü Bronchus ü Bronchioles ü Alveolus ü Pulmonary
More informationRespiratory System. 1. muscular tube lined by mucous membrane 2. throat 3. nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
I. Functions of the Respiratory System A. gas exchange B. prevent dehydration C. sound D. olfaction E. ph regulation II. Anatomy of the Respiratory System A. Nose 1. external nares vestibule nasal cavity
More informationPhysiology Unit 4 RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology Unit 4 RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY In Physiology Today Respiration External respiration ventilation gas exchange Internal respiration cellular respiration gas exchange Respiratory Cycle Inspiration
More informationThe Respiratory System. Medical Terminology
The Respiratory System Medical Terminology The respiratory system is where gas exchange occurs via respiration; inhalation/exhalation. pick up oxygen from inhaled air expels carbon dioxide and water sinus
More informationRespiration. The ins and outs
Respiration The ins and outs Functions 1. To bring O 2 into the body and transfer it to the blood stream 2. To remove CO 2 Circulation and respiration work together to achieve these functions Why Do We
More informationRespiratory System Physiology. Dr. Vedat Evren
Respiratory System Physiology Dr. Vedat Evren Respiration Processes involved in oxygen transport from the atmosphere to the body tissues and the release and transportation of carbon dioxide produced in
More informationPhysiology of Respiration
Physiology of Respiration External Respiration = pulmonary ventilation breathing involves 2 processes: inspiration expiration Inspiration an active process involves contraction of diaphragm innervated
More informationThe Respiratory System
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Elaine N. Marieb Seventh Edition Chapter 13 The Respiratory System Slides 13.1 13.30 Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook Organs of the Respiratory system
More information82 Respiratory Tract NOTES
82 Respiratory Tract NOTES RESPIRATORY TRACT The respiratory tract conducts air to the lungs where gaseous exchange occurs. It is separated into air-conducting and respiratory (where gas exchange occurs)
More informationChapter 23: Respiratory System
Chapter 23: Respiratory System I. Functions of the Respiratory System A. List and describe the five major functions of the respiratory system: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. II. Anatomy and Histology of the Respiratory
More informationI. Gas Exchange Respiratory Surfaces Respiratory Surface:
I. Gas Exchange Respiratory Surfaces Respiratory Surface: Common characteristics of respiratory surfaces: a) Moist: allows for the RAPID diffusion of dissolved gasses across its surface. Whereas the respiratory
More informationPARTS AND STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
PARTS AND STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Parts of the Respiratory System The RS can be divided into two parts: 1. Respiratory Tract, (path that air follows). Nasal passage Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi,
More information1. Label a diagram of the respiratory system. Objective sheet 3 Notes
1. Label a diagram of the respiratory system Objective sheet 3 Notes 2. Functions of the respiratory structures Name Description Function Nasal Cavity Trachea Bronchi (Singular Bronchus) Bronchioles Lungs
More informationBIOLOGY 12 - RESPIRATION - CHAPTER NOTES
BIOLOGY 12 - RESPIRATION - CHAPTER NOTES We often think of respiration as just breathing. In fact, breathing is just one part of this physiological process. As biologists, we divide respiration up into
More informationRespiration. The resspiratory system
Respiration The resspiratory system The Alveoli The lungs have about 300 million alveoli, with a total crosssec onal area of 50 70 m2.. Each alveolar sac is surrounded by blood capillaries. The walls of
More informationRespiratory System Review
KEY THIS TEST WILL BE COMPLETED IN ONE CLASS PERIOD MONDAY, MARCH 10. 2014 Respiratory System Review Name A. Directions: Fill in the blank with the appropriate vocabulary word or words (several examples
More informationChapter 13 The Respiratory System
Chapter 13 The Respiratory System by Dr. Jay M. Templin Brooks/Cole - Thomson Learning Atmosphere Tissue cell External respiration Alveoli of lungs 1 Ventilation or gas exchange between the atmosphere
More informationGAS EXCHANGE & PHYSIOLOGY
GAS EXCHANGE & PHYSIOLOGY Atmospheric Pressure Intra-Alveolar Pressure Inspiration 760 mm HG at Sea Level (= 1 atm) Pressure due to gases (N2, O2, CO2, Misc.) Pressure inside the alveolus (air sac) Phrenic
More informationClinical Respiratory System Quiz
Quiz Description Clinical Respiratory System Quiz Q.1) Q.2) Q.3) Q.4) Q.5) Q.6) What is NOT true about Asthma? It can be triggered by air temperature and allergens. It is the inflammation of the throat.
More informationGASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS 06 AUGUST 2014
GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS 06 AUGUST 2014 In this lesson we: Lesson Description Look at gaseous exchange in humans in terms of o Ventilation o Inspiration o Expiration o Transport of gases o Homeostatic
More informationRespiration. Chapter 39
Respiration Chapter 39 Impacts, Issues Up in Smoke Smoking immobilizes ciliated cells and kills white blood cells that defend the respiratory system; highly addictive nicotine discourages quitting 39.1
More informationsystem. and then into the tissues. Diffusion of wastes such as Carbon Dioxide from tissues into blood and out of blood into the lungs.
Respiratory System 1.Exchange Why do of we gases breathe? into the Think blood of all and the tissues. reasons Diffusion why we of Oxygen need a respiratory into blood from the lungs system. and then into
More informationThen the partial pressure of oxygen is x 760 = 160 mm Hg
1 AP Biology March 2008 Respiration Chapter 42 Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces. 1) Gas exchange: the uptake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the discharge of
More informationRespiratory System -Training Handout
Respiratory System -Training Handout Karen L. Lancour National Rules Committee Chairman Life Science FUNCTIONS: Provides oxygen to the blood stream and removes carbon dioxide Enables sound production or
More informationRespiratory System. Part 2
Respiratory System Part 2 Respiration Exchange of gases between air and body cells Three steps 1. Ventilation 2. External respiration 3. Internal respiration Ventilation Pulmonary ventilation consists
More informationChapter 22 The Respiratory System
Chapter 22 The Respiratory System 1 Respiration Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): movement of air into and out of the lungs External respiration: O 2 and CO 2 exchange between the lungs and the blood
More informationChapter 13 The Respiratory System
VI edit Pag 451-499 Chapter 13 The Respiratory System V edit. Pag 459-509 Tissue cell Alveoli of lungs Atmosphere 1 External respiration Ventilation or gas exchange between the atmosphere and air sacs
More informationPop Quiz. What produces mucus, HCl and pepsinogen in the stomach? List a water soluable vitamin What is a ruminant stomach?
Pop Quiz What produces mucus, HCl and pepsinogen in the stomach? List a water soluable vitamin What is a ruminant stomach? Respiratory System Review Cellular respiration: obtain glucose and oxygen, get
More informationRespiratory system. Premedical - Biology
Respiratory system Premedical - Biology Composition of atmosphere Nitrogen (N 2 ) 840 ppmv (78.084%) Oxygen (O 2 ) 209,460 ppmv (20.946%) Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) 387 ppmv (0.0387%) Argon (Ar), Neon (Ne),
More informationRespiratory Pulmonary Ventilation
Respiratory Pulmonary Ventilation Pulmonary Ventilation Pulmonary ventilation is the act of breathing and the first step in the respiratory process. Pulmonary ventilation brings in air with a new supply
More informationBio 182- Ecology Unit Outline 1
Bio 182- Ecology Unit Outline 1 Respiration Introduction 1. Multicellular organisms require oxygen to generate E using cellular respiration 2. Wastes released as CO2 3. Summary equation for cellular respiration:
More informationBe sure you understand these four functions of the respiratory system before you begin this lab.
Biology 212: Human Anatomy and Physiology II ************************************************************************************************************* RESPIRATORY ANATOMY & VENTILATION *************************************************************************************************************
More informationAssignments for Life Processes(Respiration)
Assignments for Life Processes(Respiration) 1 Question 1 Why do organisms need food? Organisms need food for obtaining energy to perform the vital functions. Question 2 What is a respiratory substrate?
More informationGas Exchange Respiratory Systems
alveoli gills Gas Exchange Respiratory Systems elephant seals 2008-2009 Why do we need a respiratory system? respiration for respiration Need O 2 in for aerobic cellular respiration make ATP Need CO 2
More informationQuestion 1: Define vital capacity. What is its significance? Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration. It is about 3.5 4.5 litres in the human body. It
More informationThe Respiratory System
PowerPoint Lecture Slides prepared by Meg Flemming Austin Community College C H A P T E R 15 The Respiratory System Chapter 15 Learning Outcomes 15-1 15-2 Describe the primary functions of the respiratory
More information2) During exhalation Air is cooled due to condensation and loses its moisture, depositing it on lining in trachea and nose
Section 10: The Respiratory System A. Functions of the respiratory system: The organs of the respiratory system make sure oxygen enters the body and carbon dioxide leaves the body. 2 stages: Inhalation
More informationalveoli Chapter 42. Gas Exchange elephant seals gills AP Biology
alveoli Chapter 42. Gas Exchange gills elephant seals Gas exchange O 2 & CO 2 exchange exchange between environment & cells provides O 2 for aerobic cellular respiration need moist membrane need high
More informationRespiratory Lecture Test Questions Set 3
Respiratory Lecture Test Questions Set 3 1. The pressure of a gas: a. is inversely proportional to its volume b. is unaffected by temperature changes c. is directly proportional to its volume d. does not
More informationRespiratory System 1
Respiratory System 1 Outline Respiratory structures Gills Air-Breathing Animals Amphibians and Reptiles Mammals Birds Structures and Mechanisms of Breathing 2 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
More informationAP Biology. Gas Exchange Respiratory Systems. Gas exchange. Why do we need a respiratory system? Optimizing gas exchange. Gas exchange in many forms
alveoli Gas Exchange Respiratory Systems gills elephant seals 2008-2009 Why do we need a respiratory system? Need O 2 in food respiration for respiration for aerobic cellular respiration make ATP Need
More information25/4/2016. Physiology #01 Respiratory system Nayef Garaibeh Rawan Alwaten
25/4/2016 Physiology #01 Respiratory system Nayef Garaibeh Rawan Alwaten Respiratory System Introduction: - We breath while we are sleeping, talking, working and resting. - Respiratory diseases are abundant
More informationEmergency Medical Technician 60 Questions
Emergency Medical Technician 60 Questions 1. Which of the following is your primary goal during airway management? a. Ensure clear, unobstructed breathing. b. Ensure that CPR is effective. c. Provide a
More informationChapter 23 Respiratory System
Chapter 23 Respiratory System I. Functions of the Respiratory System: 1. Gas Exchange 2. Regulatory (blood ph) 3. Voice Production 4. Olfaction 5. Protection II. Anatomy & Histology of the Respiratory
More informationAP Biology. Chapter 42. Gas Exchange. Optimizing gas exchange. Gas exchange. Gas exchange in many forms. Evolution of gas exchange structures
alveoli Chapter 42. Gas Exchange gills elephant seals Gas exchange & C exchange exchange between environment & cells provides for aerobic cellular respiration need moist membrane need high surface area
More informationCHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES
268 BIOLOGY CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES 17.1 Respiratory Organs 17.2 Mechanism of Breathing 17.3 Exchange of Gases 17.4 Transport of Gases 17.5 Regulation of Respiration 17.6 Disorders of
More informationRespiratory Lecture Test Questions Set 1
Respiratory Lecture Test Questions Set 1 1. The term "respiration" in its most complete meaning is: a. breathing b. oxygen transport c. carbon dioxide transport d. cellular energy production e. all of
More informationAnimal Systems: The Respiratory System
Animal Systems: The Respiratory System Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things Cells, Cell Division, and Animal Systems and Plant Systems Cell Specialization Human Systems The Digestive The Circulatory
More informationSCIENCE 8 RESPIRATION
SCIENCE 8 RESPIRATION WHEN WE BREATHE, WHAT DO WE BREATHE IN? O2, N2, CO2, O3, NO2 (gas fumes), CO, pollutant, fragrants, toxins, etc. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF BREATHING IN? WHAT DOES OUR BODY WANT? O2 WHY?
More informationUsing the figure above, match the following: 4. Tidal volume. 5. Inspiratory reserve volume. 6. Residual volume. 7. Expiratory reserve volume.
Respiratory Physiology Practice Test BIOL 4350: Hamilton Using the figure above, match the following: 1. Primary bronchus 2. Larynx 3. Trachea Using the figure above, match the following: 4. Tidal volume.
More informationChapter 17 The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and Regulation of Breathing
Chapter 17 The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and Regulation of Breathing Overview of Pulmonary Circulation o Diffusion of Gases o Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide o Transport of Gases in the Blood
More informationIV. FROM AQUATIC TO ATMOSPHERIC BREATHING: THE TRACHEA & THE LUNG
GAS EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT I. INTRODUCTION: Heterotrophs oxidize carbon cmpds using O 2 to generate CO 2 & H 2 O. This is cellular respiration II. HOW GAS ENTERS A CELL A. The composition of air: 79% N
More informationRespiration - Human 1
Respiration - Human 1 At the end of the lectures on respiration you should be able to, 1. Describe events in the respiratory processes 2. Discuss the mechanism of lung ventilation in human 3. Discuss the
More information1 CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES https://biologyaipmt.com/
1 CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES https://biologyaipmt.com/ CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES Oxygen (O2) is utilised by the organisms to indirectly break down nutrient molecules like
More informationLab 17. The Respiratory System. Laboratory Objectives
Lab 17 The Respiratory System Laboratory Objectives Identify and describe the anatomical structures of the respiratory system. Describe the relationship between volume and pressure. Describe changes in
More informationGlucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy C6H12O CO2 + 6H20 + energy
Cell Respiration - A food oxidization process in body cells to produce energy - Occurs (happens) in animal cells and plant cells Notes : Metabolic Reactions in Gaseous Exchange CELL RESPIRATION Photosynthesis
More informationIntroduction. Respiration. Chapter 10. Objectives. Objectives. The Respiratory System
Introduction Respiration Chapter 10 The Respiratory System Provides a means of gas exchange between the environment and the body Plays a role in the regulation of acidbase balance during exercise Objectives
More informationGaseous exchange. Grade 11
z Gaseous exchange Grade 11 z Terminology 1. Breathing 2. Gaseous exchange 3. Diffusion 4. Spongy mesophyll cells 5. Tracheae 6. Gills 7. Alveoli 8. Larynx 9. Diaphragm 10. Endothelium 1. Pleura 2. Squamous
More informationRespiratory System Anatomy. Chapter 23
Chapter 23 The Respiratory System Structurally, the respiratory system is divided into upper and lower divisions or tracts. The upper respiratory tract consists of the nose, pharynx and associated structures.
More informationRespiratory Physiology. Adeyomoye O.I
Respiratory Physiology By Adeyomoye O.I Outline Introduction Hypoxia Dyspnea Control of breathing Ventilation/perfusion ratios Respiratory/barometric changes in exercise Intra-pulmonary & intra-pleural
More informationRESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF RABBIT:
RESPIRATION The term respiration means exchange of gases (particularly oxygen and carbon dioxide) between an organism and its medium. Physiologically, the term respiration may be defined as a biochemical
More informationChapter 42 Part III The Respiratory System
Biology 120 J. Greg Doheny Chapter 42 Part III The Respiratory System Notes: In this section we will discuss the breathing system, also known as the respiratory system. This should not be confused with
More informationGASEOUS EXCHANGE 17 JULY 2013
GASEOUS EXCHANGE 17 JULY 2013 Lesson Description In this lesson we: Discuss what is gaseous exchange? Consider requirements of an efficient gaseous exchange surface. Look at diversity in gas exchange systems.
More informationDepartment of Biology Work Sheet Respiratory system,9 class
I. Name the following : Department of Biology Work Sheet Respiratory system,9 class 1. A muscular sheet separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities. 2. A respiratory tube supported by cartilaginous
More informationREVISION: GASEOUS EXCHANGE 24 SEPTEMBER 2014 Lesson Description
REVISION: GASEOUS EXCHANGE 24 SEPTEMBER 2014 Lesson Description In this lesson, we revise: Gaseous Exchange in Plants & Animals Gaseous Exchange in Humans Excretion in Humans Focus on the Kidney Gaseous
More informationThen the partial pressure of oxygen is. b) Gases will diffuse down a pressure gradient across a respiratory surface if it is: i) permeable ii) moist
1 AP Biology March 2008 Respiration Chapter 42 Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces. 1) Gas exchange: Relies on the diffusion of gases down pressure gradients. At sea level, atmosphere
More informationRespiratory Physiology Gaseous Exchange
Respiratory Physiology Gaseous Exchange Session Objectives. What you will cover Basic anatomy of the lung including airways Breathing movements Lung volumes and capacities Compliance and Resistance in
More informationYou Might Also Like. I look forward helping you focus your instruction while saving tons of time. Kesler Science Station Lab Activities 40%+ Savings!
Thanks Connect Thank you for downloading my product. I truly appreciate your support and look forward to hearing your feedback. You can connect with me and find many free activities and strategies over
More informationModule 17 Respiratory System
Module 17 Respiratory System Objective 1. List the functions of the respiratory system. Name the four respiratory processes. Assignment: Tortora, p. 874 or Wiley Plus 23 Chapter Opener Functions: 1. Provides
More informationRespiratory System Homework
Respiratory System Homework The R S is the body s breathing equipment. Similar to the D system, it takes S from outside the body (G, particularly O ), circulates them through the body to C and T, then
More informationMonday, ! Today: Respiratory system! 5/20/14! Transport of Blood! What we ve been covering! Circulatory system! Parts of blood! Heart! tubing!
Monday, 5.19.14! What we ve been covering! Circulatory system! Parts of blood! Heart! tubing! Transport of Blood! What is transported! Nutrients! Oxygen! Carbon Dioxide! Hormones! Antibodies! What it is/does!
More informationPeople need lots of things to survive, but the most urgent need from moment to moment
Chapter 8 Oxygenating the Machine: The Respiratory System In This Chapter Tracking respiration: In with oxygen, out with carbon dioxide Identifying the organs and muscles of the respiratory tract Taking
More informationTopic 13: Gas Exchange Ch. 42. Gas Exchange pp Gas Exchange. Gas Exchange in Fish pp Gas Exchange in Fish
Topic 13: Gas Exchange Ch. 42 Fig. 42.24 Gas Exchange pp.979-989 Gas exchange involves the uptake of oxygen and the discharge of carbon dioxide (i.e. respiration or breathing). It is necessary for cellular
More informationBatter s box. Game 1. Respiratory system essentials. Options. The respiratory system consists of the respiratory tract, the 1
Game 1 Batter s box Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words. Hint: Some answers are used more than once. Respiratory system essentials The respiratory system consists of the respiratory tract, the
More informationAlveolus and Respiratory Membrane
Alveolus and Respiratory Membrane thin membrane where gas exchange occurs in the lungs, simple squamous epithelium (Squamous cells have the appearance of thin, flat plates. They fit closely together in
More informationCh. 12: Respiratory Physiology
Ch. 12: Respiratory Physiology Objectives: 1. Review respiratory anatomy. 2. Understand mechanics of breathing, gas pressure vocabulary, and the principles of surface tension, compliance, and recoil. 3.
More informationChapter 23: The Respiratory System
Chapter 23: The Respiratory System I. The Respiratory System: An Introduction, p. 814 Objectives: 1. Describe the primary functions of the respiratory system. 2. Explain how the delicate respiratory exchange
More informationHCO - 3 H 2 CO 3 CO 2 + H H H + Breathing rate is regulated by blood ph and C02. CO2 and Bicarbonate act as a ph Buffer in the blood
Breathing rate is regulated by blood ph and C02 breathing reduces plasma [CO2]; plasma [CO2] increases breathing. When C02 levels are high, breating rate increases to blow off C02 In low C02 conditions,
More informationPage 1. Chapter 33: Respiration O 2 CO 2
Chapter 33: Respiration O 2 CO 2 Features of Respiratory Systems: 1) Moist surface (to dissolve gas) 2) Thin cells lining surface 3) Large surface area contacting environment Facilitate Diffusion Methods
More informationChapter 23. Gas Exchange and Transportation
Chapter 23 Gas Exchange and Transportation What is air? Mixture of gasses 78.6 % nitrogen 20.9% oxygen 0.04% carbon dioxide 0 4% water vapor depending on temperature and humidity and minor gases argon,
More information08 Respiration. #79 Respiration realeases energy from food
08 Respiration #79 Respiration realeases energy from food Respiration is the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living cells to release energy. In humans, our cells need energy (ATP)
More informationChapter 22 Gas Exchange
Chapter 22 Gas Exchange PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko Introduction: Surviving in Thin Air
More informationP215 Respiratory System, Part 2
P15 Respiratory System, Part Gas Exchange Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide constant need for oxygen constant production of carbon dioxide exchange (and movement) lung alveoli pulmonary arteries pulmonary capillaries
More informationVideo. Respiration System. You will use 3 pages of your journal for this lesson. 1. One page for hand written notes onto a journal page
Respiratory System Video Respiration System You will use 3 pages of your journal for this lesson. 1. One page for hand written notes onto a journal page 2. 2 nd page for diagram 3. 3 rd page for chart
More informationLECTURE NOTES ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II (A. IMHOLTZ) RESPIRATORY P1 OF 8
LECTURE NOTES ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II (A. IMHOLTZ) RESPIRATORY P1 OF 8 I. The main functions of the respiratory system include: a. Exchange of O 2 and CO 2. b. Voice production. c. Regulation of plasma
More informationGas exchange. Tissue cells CO2 CO 2 O 2. Pulmonary capillary. Tissue capillaries
Gas exchange Pulmonary gas exchange Tissue gas exchange CO 2 O 2 O 2 Tissue cells CO2 CO 2 Pulmonary capillary O 2 O 2 CO 2 Tissue capillaries Physical principles of gas exchange Diffusion: continuous
More informationHMP 210: MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY III. Dr Lee Ngugi Kigera
HMP 210: MEDICAL PHYSIOLOGY III Dr Lee Ngugi Kigera HMP 200: RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY AND MECHANICS OF RESPIRATION HMP 201: TRANSPORT OF GASES AND RESPIRATORY CONTROL Reference books Review of Medical Physiology
More informationRespiratory system. Role. Ventilation consists of 4 (5) steps : oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide elimination ph balance sound and voice formation
Respiratory system Role oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide elimination ph balance sound and voice formation Ventilation consists of 4 (5) steps : 1. pulmonary ventilation gas exchange between lungs and
More information