Human Respiration and Regulation. Jean Liu. Group Bernard (Group 1): Megan Bailey, Katharine Chew, David Ma. Section 12, TA Justin Van Hoorebeke

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Human Respiration and Regulation. Jean Liu. Group Bernard (Group 1): Megan Bailey, Katharine Chew, David Ma. Section 12, TA Justin Van Hoorebeke"

Transcription

1 1 Human Respiration and Regulation Jean Liu Group Bernard (Group 1): Megan Bailey, Katharine Chew, David Ma Section 12, TA Justin Van Hoorebeke November 28, 2014

2 2 Introduction The respiratory system is an organ system which involves the lungs and respiratory muscles. The lungs contain alveoli, where external gas exchange occurs for O2 and CO2 between the the environment and cells of the body. Gas exchange between the environment drive into and out of the lungs through air pressure gradients. This gas exchange, called ventilation, is adjusted accordingly to the body s metabolic needs for O2 and the removal of CO2 from the body (Sherwood 2010, pg 461). The respiratory process is highly regulated by the central and peripheral chemoreceptors. They are regulated by arterial gases (CO2 and O2), plasma ph, body temperature, and voluntary input. The general goal of the experiment was to study the respiratory system by measuring static lung volumes, examining the effects of alveolar gases on respiratory mechanics and breath holds, and the effects of different exercise workloads on ventilation. By observing the mechanics behind inhalation and exhalation, students can analyze lung capacity and factors which alter it. Lung capacity is measured through several key factors. Tidal volume (TV) is the normal breathing volume that can be found by measuring one peak and trough of a breathing cycle. Forcing inhalation adds additional volume called the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV). Likewise, forcefully exhaling expires more volume beyond the normal TV, called the expiratory reserve volume (ERV). All three volumes combined make the vital capacity, which is the estimated capacity of lung volume. Because ventilation is measured in regards to time, an important measurement of ventilation is minute

3 3 ventilation (Ve). The equation for Ve is TV x RR, or the rate at which respiration takes place. There were three different experimental subjects for each objective of the laboratory experiment. The first subject was a female (Megan Bailey), and the second and third subjects were males (David Ma, Tanner Treece). A hypothesis for the first part of the experiment is for the expired lung volume to be greater than the inspired. Hypothesis for part two of the experiment are for the expelled amount of CO2 gas after the subject holds their breath to be the greatest in the re breathing exercise and smallest in the hyperventilation exercise. The duration of the breath hold will be reversed, where the re breathing breath hold will be for very short and the hyperventilation breath hold to be very long. Lastly, a hypothesis for the last part of the experiment is that the increase in workload will increase the TV, resulting in a greater Ve and minute CO2 calculation. Materials and Methods The equipment set up and data collection procedure was followed using the NPB 101L Systemic Physiology Lab Manual, 2nd Edition (Bautista and Korber 2009, pg 55 63) The goals of the experiment were met through multiple trials of data collection. The first step of data collection involved using the Biopac CO2 analyzer to measure static lung volumes, involving regular breathing and a deep inhalation and exhalation.the second part of the data collection required the subject to have altered

4 4 inspired gas compositions (e.g. breathing into a plastic bag for 3 minutes, breathing deeply for 3 minutes) and measuring the end tidal CO2 % by breathing into a rubber bag. Durations of breath holding were also measured by timing an experimental subject. The third and last section of the experiment involved an exercise bicycle as well as the CO2 analyzer to record breathing cycles. The subject breathed into the analyzer while performing exercise at an increased workload. Group Bernard did not make any experimental changes that differed the lab manual. However, there were two mistakes that were made that may have affected the outcome of the data. In part 2 of the lab experiment, the first three rubber bags used to contain CO2 were not brought to the CO2 reading Biopac machine to measure the CO2 content. Instead, the rubber bags were placed on the table for extended periods of time because the CO2 machine was not readily available for immediate use, as the class had to take turns using the machine. This may have caused the bags to leak CO2 gas from the rubber bags, causing inaccurate readings of CO2. The second mistake occurred during the third part of the experiment, where is that the subject had to redo the exercise portion because the machine was uncalibrated before attempting the experiment the first time. Results Static Lung Volumes The female subject, Bailey, had her lung volume measured by breathing normally, inhaling as deeply as possible, and exhaling as deeply as possible. Through

5 5 data analysis, her IRV value was found with her peak normal and maximum inhalation. Her ERV value was found with the trough of the normal and maximum exhalation. Her TV was the peak and trough of a normal breath, and the maximum inhalation and exhalation made her VC (table 1). The TV is the smallest value as it remains within the IRV and ERV, and the VC is the largest value as it covers the entire span of the subject s total lung capacity. Table 1. The measured lung volumes (L) of Megan Bailey. Measurements were recorded and analyzed through Biopac. Volume (L) IRV ERV TV VC Inspired Gas Composition and Lung Volume on Respiration Male subject David Ma performed the three different breathing challenges as well as the breath holds. Ma normally breathed for 2 minutes and exhaled his end tidal gas into a rubber bag. The measurement of CO2 gas percentage was %. After Ma held his breath for 50.4 seconds, he exhaled his end tidal gas into another rubber bag, which measured % of CO2. Ma expelled less CO2 gas into the rubber bag after holding his breath. In the second exercise, Ma breathed normally into an inflated plastic bag for 3 minutes. After the 3 minutes, he held his breath for 9.67 seconds before exhaling his

6 6 breathe into a third rubber bag. The rubber bag measured % in CO2 and the plastic bag measured % in CO2. Except for the plastic bag, the 3 rubber bags used in the experiment so far were not immediately brought to the CO2 measuring station. In the hyperventilation exercise, Ma breathed deeply at a normal rate for a few minutes. His percent CO2 before holding his breath in this experiment was %. He immediately held his breath for seconds and exhaled his end expired gas into a rubber bag which contained percent of CO2. Table 2 lists the data for the different inspired gas compositions. The ventilation condition and breath hold is graphed to show the relationship between the way gas is inspired relative to how long the breath is held (figure 1). The ventilation condition is also graphed with the percent of CO2 in end tidal volume before and after breath hold (figure 2). Table 2. Inspired gas conditioned David Ma performed with measured % CO2 before and after breath holding. % CO2 was measured out of rubber bags to a CO2 recording machine, using Biopac for data analyzation. Condition % CO2 before breath hold % CO2 after breath hold Duration of breath hold Normal breathing % % 50.4 seconds Re breathing % % 9.67 seconds Hyperventilation % seconds

7 7 Figure 1. Ventilation condition (normal, re breathing, and hyperventilation) in relationship to how long David Ma held his breath. The breath holds were 50.4 sec, 9.67 sec, and sec respectively. % CO2 was measured through the use of rubber bags to a CO2 recording machine, using Biopac for data analyzation. Figure 2. Ma s ventilation condition (normal, re breathing, and hyperventilation) in relationship to the % CO2 after the breath holds. The % CO2 s were 2.6%, 0.67%, and 5.07% respectively. % CO2 was measured through the use of rubber bags to a CO2 recording machine, using Biopac for data analyzation.

8 8 The last exercise Ma participated in was to examine the effect of lung volume on the duration of breath hold. Ma held his breath after a normal inhalation, normal expiration, forced inhalation, and forced expiration. Table 3 shows his breath holds. A graph of the volumes from Bailey s static lung volume is contrasted with Ma s breath holding experiment (figure 3). Table 3. The duration of breath holds (seconds) by David Ma following different lung volumes. Breath holding was timed and recorded with a stopwatch. Lung Volumes Duration of breath hold Normal inhalation Normal expiration Forced inhalation Forced exhalation sec sec sec sec

9 9 Figure 3. Megan Bailey s static lung volumes (L), with IRV = 2.05, ERV =2.77, and TV = 0.86 in relationship to David Ma s breath hold durations: forced inhalation, forced expiration, and normal inspiration and expiration respectively. The normal inspiration and expiration were both compared to the TV volume. Bailey s measurements were recorded and analyzed through Biopac and Ma s timed with a stopwatch. Exercise Hyperpnea The third part of the laboratory experiment was performed with second male subject Tanner Treece. Treece s breath was recorded by a CO2 analyzer throughout the entire process. Each workload (resting, 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 kpa) was recorded for 2 minutes. The data analyzed for TV was averaged from the last 30 seconds of each exercise (or resting) bout, with at least 4 traces to determine the value. End tidal CO2 was also calculated from the last 30 seconds of each bout using the mean selection option on the CO2 analyzer. Calculations of Ve, FE CO2, and minute CO2 are listed in table 4. The calculated minute CO2 value was compared to exercise workload, which was a positive linear relationship (figure 4).

10 10 Table 4. The ventilatory responses of Tanner Treece throughout different workloads of exercise (bicycling). The TV and end tidal CO2 were calculated from the CO2 analyzer, utilizing the last 30 seconds of data for an average. Calculations of solving for the average TV, Ve, and minute CO2 are shown in the appendix. Workload TV (L) RR Ve (breaths/min ) FE CO2 (%) Minute CO2 Rest Figure 4. A graphical representation of Treece s minute CO2 production with the different workloads of exercise (bicycling). Minute CO2 was calculated using data from the Biopac CO2 analyzer.

11 11 Discussion Static Lung Volumes & Effects of Inspired Gas with Lung Volume The analyzation of static lung volumes demonstrates the physiological mechanisms of the human respiratory system and basic functioning of the lungs. Table 1 lists the values how the ERV is greatest with forced expiration of L, compared to the IRV from forced inhalation of L. During inspiration, the external intercostal muscles actively contact with the ribs moving upward and the chest size expanding in both width and height. The diaphragm descends to account for the lungs expanding to fill the thoracic cavity. The pressure between the pleural surfaces are reduced during this process (Sherwood 2010, pg ). Expiration, on the other hand, relax the external intercostal muscles, ascending the diaphragm and increasing the pressure between pleural surfaces. This continuous pressure change creates an air pressure gradient which allows for gas exchange. Because inspiration is an active process (6), and the lower value of the IRV shows the dead space that occurs in the collapsed lungs that are taken into account during inspiration (2). Dead space is the volume in the respiratory system where air is inhaled, but gas exchange does not occur. These include the conducting airways such as the nose/mouth down to the terminal bronchioles, as well as the alveoli due to incompletely efficient gas exchange (Johns Hopkins School of Medicine 1995). Therefore, the air exhaled from the lungs are not exhaling the air that was filled in the dead space. While Bailey s minute ventilation was calculated to be breaths/min, the alveolar ventilation was after subtracting 2 L/min from the minute ventilation of dead space.

12 12 The Herring Breuer reflex is activated during respiration to prevent overinflation of the lungs (Sherwood 2010, pg 500). The pulmonary stretch receptors play a role in detecting when the lungs are at a large tidal volume. A negative feedback from the inspiratory neurons cuts inspiration short before becoming too inflated. The reflex is a barrier for lung volume is increase to a certain amount, which can be illustrated with the normal tidal volume graph of Bailey s static lung volume (5). The measurements of the static lung volumes were used as control values to compare to the different inspired gas composition value in the second part of the experimentation. Figure 3 demonstrates the relationship of lung volume (L) and breath hold duration. When lung volume is less filled, the duration of the breath hold is longer. As the lung volume increased (ERV), the duration of breath hold decreased tremendously. At a static lung volume (TV) or regular breathing capacity, the same pattern existed with gas inspiration allowing Ma to hold his breath longer than expiration. At the inspirations (forced and regular), the lung volume was smaller. This regulation of respiration, or the feeling of needing to breath, is highly affected by arterial gas content as well as thoracic volume. The predictions for the durations of the breath hold were consistent for all trials (1). The plasma gas which influences the respiratory system is CO2. When the lungs inspire, the V is small and there is an initial amount of O2 and minimal CO2 being held. As the body soon runs out of oxygen, and the plasma CO2 levels increase (Shelomi 2014). The central and peripheral chemoreceptors are able to detect these changes in the blood and respond accordingly to up regulate blood plasma changes. With the lesser lung volume, there is

13 13 a smaller urge to want to expire because the concentration of plasma CO2 is smaller. In effect, re breathing CO2 should expel a very concentrated amount of CO2. The experimental data for the % CO2 after the breath hold is inconsistent, as the value should have increased to be more than the % CO2 before the breath hold (table 2): 3.69% and 0.67%, before and after respectively (3). The experimental data of the breath duration after re breathing was consistent because the plasma CO2 was very highly concentrated, urging Ma to expel his breath very quickly (9.67 seconds). For hyperventilation, the % CO2 after the breath hold was a higher concentration than the re breathing (5.07%), which is inconsistent with predictions. The duration of the breath hold was consistent because there is a decrease in plasma CO2 concentration from deeply breathing out more CO2 than normally. An explanation behind why the data values were inconsistent with predictions for the re breathing and hyperventilation are because of procedural mistakes. The first three rubber bags used in this section of the experiment was not immediately measured for their CO2 content, allowing the rubber bags to potentially leak air and give incorrect values. Because the %CO2 after breath hold for re breathing was so low, the hyperventilation %CO2 after breath hold value seemed very high in comparison. The central and peripheral chemoreceptors play the major role in monitoring changes in arterial PO2 and PCO2. The central chemoreceptor includes the medulla oblongata, which indirectly measures PCO2 by sensing the increase in H+ concentration as arterial CO2 increases. The ph also decreases, as blood becomes more acidic with a higher plasma CO2 concentration (9). The peripheral

14 14 chemoreceptors are found in the carotid and aortic bodies. Changes in PCO2, ph, and PO2 are directly detected and regulated (Bautista, Korber 2009). The Bohr effect explains the inverse relationship to which oxygen is able to more effectively bind to hemoglobin with lower acidity and a smaller concentration of plasma CO2. It is a factor in explaining how changes in PO2 and PCO2 affect respiration (4). Exercise Hyperpnea The TV, RR, Ve, FE CO2, and minute CO2 have a positively proportional relationship to one another as workload is increased during exercise. From the data collected and calculated, most of the results were consistent with predictions. One noticeable mistake, which can also be seen on table 4, is how the RR (respiratory rate) was already at an elevated number, which was steady and even decreased during the exercise. An explanation for why this may have occurred is because the CO2 analyzer was not calibrated before beginning this part of the experiment. The experiment was almost complete, with second male subject Tanner Treece at the 2.0 pka setting before the group decided to re perform the experiment. Treece s RR may be high at rest because he may not have gotten enough rest before re starting the experiment. The RR appears to decrease a little as the workload is increased, which may be explained by the second stage of hyperpnea. As exercise is maintained, respiration is not as influenced and is moderated. Overall, the minute ventilation and minute CO2 calculations increased with workload, an expected outcome.

15 15 If tidal volume alone were to increase by 50%, it would affect alveolar ventilation by increasing it (7). If respiratory rate were to increase by 50%, it would affect alveolar ventilation by also increasing it, but not as much as the increase in tidal volume alone. The reason behind this is because the tidal volume is taking into account the dead space that is preventing full efficiency of alveolar ventilation. (Refer to example in calculations) when the TV is increased by 50%, the alveolar minute ventilation is actually increased by double. The RR being increased by 50% has a smaller multiplying factor and does not increase alveolar ventilation as much. Based on these findings, the most efficient way to increase alveolar ventilation is to increase TV (taking deep breaths) instead of taking fast, shorter breaths (increased rate of respiration). These findings are consistent with the data produced during the exercise experiment because the TV increased (from to ) and the RR decreased (from 22 to 18/20). This makes alveolar gas exchange more efficient. A study performed on exercise hyperpnea supports these findings, as breathing mechanics are regulated which allows for the most efficient gas exchange. This is a high TV to increase the Ve optimally (Dominelli, Render, Molgat Seona, Foster 2014, pg 21). Hyperpnea, an increased depth of breathing, occurs at two different times: the onset of exercise and before any increase in exercise metabolites (Bautista, Korber 2009 pg 57). Exercise related metabolites include CO2 and H+, which increased the concentration of plasma CO2 as well as increases acidity (decreases ph). These changes in blood gases cause deep breathing, so the TV increased resulting in a larger Ve (8). In addition, it was the calculated Ve and minute CO2 which changes the most

16 16 during exercise. They are both products from the TV, which gradually increased as workload increased (10). Because of the increase of metabolite production of CO2 that comes with exercise, there is an increase in demand for ventilation. Exercise related metabolites regulate respiratory depth and rate as well as the onset and maintenance of hyperpnea. A resting individual does not have exercise metabolites released into their bloodstream, so the central and peripheral chemoreceptors constantly measure levels of plasma O2, CO2, and blood ph. There are two studies performed on respiration during exercise that supported the conclusions of this data. One of the studies was done on mimicking exercise hyperpnea, investigating the cost of oxygen during exercise and mimicked exercise. Higher metabolic demands correspond to an increase in expired minute ventilation and the Ve is linearly proportional to work as well as when exercise breathing patterns were mimicked (Dominelli, Render, Molgat Seona, Foster 2014, pg 15, 21). The second scientific study was done on breathing patterns. In their discussion about metabolic contributions, it is clear that oxygen demands increase in proportion to work output, and that the ventilation increase is in proportion to metabolic demand Lechauvea, Perraultf, Aguilaniug, Isner Horobeti, Martine, Coudeyre, and Richard 2014, pg 57). The respiratory system is essential to supplying blood with oxygen and removing CO2. The mechanics of how the lungs function in relation to the environment and metabolic needs change depending on inspired gas and altered arterial gases in the blood. Brain stem regions such as the central and peripheral chemoreceptors regulate respiration and influence respiration, similarly to hyperpnea during the onset of exercise.

17 17 A relevant study done on the impact of obesity to the respiratory system brings emphasis to the optimal functionality of the respiratory system. Obesity directly affects the lung volume because of the accumulation of adipose tissue around the rib cage. This disables obese individuals from efficiently breathing with the abundant visceral activity and causing a mass loading effect on the thorax and abdomen (Robinson 2004, pg 220). Inspiration is hindered without the ribs moving upward and outward fully, while the diaphragm is resistant against ascending during expiration. This study brings together mechanics from this experimental exercise and how functionality of the lungs can be inhibited. As a clinical nutrition major, it is vital to understand how changes to the basic mechanics of the respiratory system can lead to alterations in the total lung capacity and the regulating effects of ventilation. This laboratory experiment has exemplified the key functioning of inspiration and expiration and the monitoring of arterial gases as a result.

18 18 Works Cited Bautista, Erwin and Korber, Julia. NPB 101L Physiology Lab Manual. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, Dominelli, P.B., Render, J.N., Molgat Seona, Y., Foster G.E., and Sheel, A.W. Precise mimicking of exercise hyperpnea to investigate the oxygen cost of breathing. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology Volume 201. Page 15, 21. John Hopkins School of Medicine s Respiratory Physiology. Dead Space. Johns Hopkins University Lechauvea, JB., Perraultf H., Aguilaniug, B., Isner Horobeti M.E., Martine, V., Coudeyre, E., and Richard, R. Breathing patterns during eccentric exercise. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology Volume 202. Page 57. Robinson, Paul D. Obesity and Its Impact on the Respiratory System. Pediatric Respiratory Reviews Volume 15. Page 220. Shelomi, Matan. Why is it easier to hold your breath after inhalation than after exhalation? Quora. 17 September Sherwood, Lauralee. Human Physiology: From Cells to System. 7th edition. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, Pg 461, , 500.

19 19 Appendices Raw Data Static lung volume data (Megan Bailey) Exercise Hyperpnea (Tanner Treece)

Regulation of Breathing

Regulation of Breathing Regulation of Breathing Introduction Breathing involves a complex interaction between many important respiratory organs and the blood. Air is brought into the lungs through the active process of inhalation,

More information

Observations of the Properties of the Human Respiratory System. April Ramos Dela Fuente. Bill Keenen; Tommy Kham; Grace Park

Observations of the Properties of the Human Respiratory System. April Ramos Dela Fuente. Bill Keenen; Tommy Kham; Grace Park P a g e 1 Observations of the Properties of the Human Respiratory System April Ramos Dela Fuente Bill Keenen; Tommy Kham; Grace Park NPB 101L - Section 06 - Ailsa Dalgliesh 11/25/14 P a g e 2 INTRODUCTION

More information

The Respiration System in Humans. Madeline Pitman. Group Members: Kathryn Hillegass Michelle Liu Noelle Owen. Section 62 Danielle Cooper

The Respiration System in Humans. Madeline Pitman. Group Members: Kathryn Hillegass Michelle Liu Noelle Owen. Section 62 Danielle Cooper 1 The Respiration System in Humans Madeline Pitman Group Members: Kathryn Hillegass Michelle Liu Noelle Owen Section 62 Danielle Cooper August 11, 2014 2 A. Introduction Experiment Goals The experiment

More information

The Human Respiratory System. Mary McKenna. Lab Partners: Jennifer Daciolas-Semon Veronika Mach Colette Roblee

The Human Respiratory System. Mary McKenna. Lab Partners: Jennifer Daciolas-Semon Veronika Mach Colette Roblee 1 The Human Respiratory System Mary McKenna Lab Partners: Jennifer Daciolas-Semon Veronika Mach Colette Roblee TA: Pearl Chen NPB 101L Section 1 November 25, 2014 2 Introduction The average human will

More information

LAB 7 HUMAN RESPIRATORY LAB. Complete the charts on pgs. 67 and 68 and read directions for using BIOPAC

LAB 7 HUMAN RESPIRATORY LAB. Complete the charts on pgs. 67 and 68 and read directions for using BIOPAC 66 LAB 7 HUMAN RESPIRATORY LAB Assignments: Due before lab: Quiz: Three Respiratory Interactive Physiology Animations pages 69 73. Complete the charts on pgs. 67 and 68 and read directions for using BIOPAC

More information

The Human Respiratory System

The Human Respiratory System The Human Respiratory System Maryam Maheri Kiana Kayoda, Nazalia, Emerald Bocobo NPB 101 L section 008 TA: Ashneel Krishna 2/26/2015 Introduction: The respiratory system allows gas exchange between cells

More information

The Human Respiratory System Yuki Yang Aug.14, 2012

The Human Respiratory System Yuki Yang Aug.14, 2012 The Human Respiratory System Yuki Yang Aug.14, 2012 Introduction The human respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange between the environment and body tissues.(sherwood,461) The organs involved

More information

CHAPTER 3: The respiratory system

CHAPTER 3: The respiratory system CHAPTER 3: The respiratory system Practice questions - text book pages 56-58 1) When the inspiratory muscles contract, which one of the following statements is true? a. the size of the thoracic cavity

More information

CHAPTER 3: The cardio-respiratory system

CHAPTER 3: The cardio-respiratory system : The cardio-respiratory system Exam style questions - text book pages 44-45 1) Describe the structures involved in gaseous exchange in the lungs and explain how gaseous exchange occurs within this tissue.

More information

Human Respiratory System Experiment

Human Respiratory System Experiment NPB 101L Human Respiratory System Experiment Name: Zijun Liu Group members: Xiaodong Shi, Conner Tiffany, Allen G. Section 03 TA: Ken Eum Nov 18, 2013 P.1 Liu Introduction: The main purpose of breathing

More information

Physiology of Respiration

Physiology of Respiration Physiology of Respiration External Respiration = pulmonary ventilation breathing involves 2 processes: inspiration expiration Inspiration an active process involves contraction of diaphragm innervated

More information

The physiological functions of respiration and circulation. Mechanics. exercise 7. Respiratory Volumes. Objectives

The physiological functions of respiration and circulation. Mechanics. exercise 7. Respiratory Volumes. Objectives exercise 7 Respiratory System Mechanics Objectives 1. To explain how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to enable gas exchange among the lungs, blood, and body tissues 2. To define respiration,

More information

Introduction. Respiration. Chapter 10. Objectives. Objectives. The Respiratory System

Introduction. Respiration. Chapter 10. Objectives. Objectives. The Respiratory System Introduction Respiration Chapter 10 The Respiratory System Provides a means of gas exchange between the environment and the body Plays a role in the regulation of acidbase balance during exercise Objectives

More information

Respiration. The resspiratory system

Respiration. The resspiratory system Respiration The resspiratory system The Alveoli The lungs have about 300 million alveoli, with a total crosssec onal area of 50 70 m2.. Each alveolar sac is surrounded by blood capillaries. The walls of

More information

Respiratory Lecture Test Questions Set 3

Respiratory Lecture Test Questions Set 3 Respiratory Lecture Test Questions Set 3 1. The pressure of a gas: a. is inversely proportional to its volume b. is unaffected by temperature changes c. is directly proportional to its volume d. does not

More information

Respiratory system & exercise. Dr. Rehab F Gwada

Respiratory system & exercise. Dr. Rehab F Gwada Respiratory system & exercise Dr. Rehab F Gwada Objectives of lecture Outline the major anatomical components & important functions of the respiratory system. Describe the mechanics of ventilation. List

More information

Respiration - Human 1

Respiration - Human 1 Respiration - Human 1 At the end of the lectures on respiration you should be able to, 1. Describe events in the respiratory processes 2. Discuss the mechanism of lung ventilation in human 3. Discuss the

More information

Respiratory System Physiology. Dr. Vedat Evren

Respiratory System Physiology. Dr. Vedat Evren Respiratory System Physiology Dr. Vedat Evren Respiration Processes involved in oxygen transport from the atmosphere to the body tissues and the release and transportation of carbon dioxide produced in

More information

Mechanisms of Breathing. Vital Capacity

Mechanisms of Breathing. Vital Capacity Mechanisms of Breathing Mechanics of Breathing Two muscles are involved in the mechanics of breathing: Diaphragm = large sheet of muscle located beneath the lungs that is the primary muscle in breathing

More information

Respiratory Response to Physiologic Challenges. Evaluation copy

Respiratory Response to Physiologic Challenges. Evaluation copy Respiratory Response to Physiologic Challenges Computer 20 The respiratory cycle of inspiration and expiration is controlled by complex mechanisms involving neurons in the cerebral cortex, brain stem,

More information

Respiratory System. Part 2

Respiratory System. Part 2 Respiratory System Part 2 Respiration Exchange of gases between air and body cells Three steps 1. Ventilation 2. External respiration 3. Internal respiration Ventilation Pulmonary ventilation consists

More information

3/24/2009 LAB D.HAMMOUDI.MD. 1. Trachea 2. Thoracic wall 3. Lungs 4. Primary bronchi 5. Diaphragm

3/24/2009 LAB D.HAMMOUDI.MD. 1. Trachea 2. Thoracic wall 3. Lungs 4. Primary bronchi 5. Diaphragm RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY LAB D.HAMMOUDI.MD 1. Trachea 2. Thoracic wall 3. Lungs 4. Primary bronchi 5. Diaphragm 1 KEY WORDS TO KNOW BOYLE S LAW INTERCOSTAL NERVES PHRENIC NERVE DIAPHRAGM EXTERNAL INTERCOSTAL

More information

Physiology Unit 4 RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY

Physiology Unit 4 RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY Physiology Unit 4 RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY In Physiology Today Respiration External respiration ventilation gas exchange Internal respiration cellular respiration gas exchange Respiratory Cycle Inspiration

More information

2.1.1 List the principal structures of the

2.1.1 List the principal structures of the physiology 2.1.1 List the principal structures of the The principle structures of the respiratory are: Nose/Mouth used for inhalation of oxygen-rich air and expelling carbon dioxide rich air Pharynx -

More information

Lab 3. The Respiratory System (designed by Heather E. M. Liwanag with T.M. Williams)

Lab 3. The Respiratory System (designed by Heather E. M. Liwanag with T.M. Williams) Name Lab Partners Lab 3. The Respiratory System (designed by Heather E. M. Liwanag with T.M. Williams) Part 1. Lung Volumes and Capacities Objectives 1. Obtain graphical representation of lung capacities

More information

Question 1: Define vital capacity. What is its significance? Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration. It is about 3.5 4.5 litres in the human body. It

More information

RESPIRATORY REGULATION DURING EXERCISE

RESPIRATORY REGULATION DURING EXERCISE RESPIRATORY REGULATION DURING EXERCISE Respiration Respiration delivery of oxygen to and removal of carbon dioxide from the tissue External respiration ventilation and exchange of gases in the lung Internal

More information

Chapter 17 The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and Regulation of Breathing

Chapter 17 The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and Regulation of Breathing Chapter 17 The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and Regulation of Breathing Overview of Pulmonary Circulation o Diffusion of Gases o Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide o Transport of Gases in the Blood

More information

Human Biology Respiratory System

Human Biology Respiratory System Human Biology Respiratory System Respiratory System Responsible for process of breathing Works in cooperation with Circulatory system Three types: 1. Internal Respiration 2. External Respiration 3. Cellular

More information

Human gas exchange. Question Paper. Save My Exams! The Home of Revision. Cambridge International Examinations. 56 minutes. Time Allowed: Score: /46

Human gas exchange. Question Paper. Save My Exams! The Home of Revision. Cambridge International Examinations. 56 minutes. Time Allowed: Score: /46 Human gas exchange Question Paper Level Subject Exam oard Topic Sub Topic ooklet O Level iology ambridge International Examinations Respiration Human gas exchange Question Paper Time llowed: 56 minutes

More information

Chapter 13 The Respiratory System

Chapter 13 The Respiratory System Chapter 13 The Respiratory System by Dr. Jay M. Templin Brooks/Cole - Thomson Learning Atmosphere Tissue cell External respiration Alveoli of lungs 1 Ventilation or gas exchange between the atmosphere

More information

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Lung Volumes and Capacities Lung Volumes and Capacities Normally the volume of air entering the lungs during a single inspiration is approximately equal to the volume leaving on the subsequent expiration and is called the tidal volume.

More information

Physiology of the Respiratory System

Physiology of the Respiratory System Biology 212: Anatomy and Physiology II Physiology of the Respiratory System References: Saladin, KS: Anatomy and Physiology, The Unity of Form and Function 8 th (2018). Required reading before beginning

More information

The Respiratory System

The Respiratory System Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Elaine N. Marieb Seventh Edition Chapter 13 The Respiratory System Slides 13.1 13.30 Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook Organs of the Respiratory system

More information

Respiratory Physiology

Respiratory Physiology Respiratory Physiology Background Information: When inspiring, the pleura attached to the internal chest wall is pulled outward as the thoracic cavity expands. The pleural cavity [space between the outer

More information

Respiratory System Lab

Respiratory System Lab Respiratory System Lab Note: Review the safety materials and wear goggles when working with chemicals. Read the entire exercise before you begin. Take time to organize the materials you will need and set

More information

The Respiratory System. Medical Terminology

The Respiratory System. Medical Terminology The Respiratory System Medical Terminology The respiratory system is where gas exchange occurs via respiration; inhalation/exhalation. pick up oxygen from inhaled air expels carbon dioxide and water sinus

More information

Figure 1. A schematic diagram of the human respiratory system.

Figure 1. A schematic diagram of the human respiratory system. Introduction to Respiration In this experiment, you will investigate various aspects of normal breathing, hyperventilation, rebreathing the effect of changing airway resistance and ways in which to measure

More information

Collin County Community College. Lung Physiology

Collin County Community College. Lung Physiology Collin County Community College BIOL. 2402 Anatomy & Physiology WEEK 9 Respiratory System 1 Lung Physiology Factors affecting Ventillation 1. Airway resistance Flow = Δ P / R Most resistance is encountered

More information

2. State the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breathing.

2. State the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breathing. CLASS XI BIOLOGY Breathing And Exchange of Gases 1. Define vital capacity. What is its significance? Answer: Vital Capacity (VC): The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration.

More information

Respiratory Physiology 2

Respiratory Physiology 2 Respiratory Physiology 2 Session Objectives. What you will cover Gaseous Exchange Control of Breathing Rate Your objectives are State the function of support structures and epithelia of the bronchial tree

More information

BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES

BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES 96 BIOLOGY, EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Respiration in insects is called direct because a. The tissues exchange O 2 directly with the air in

More information

April KHALED MOUSA BACHA. Physiology #2. Dr. Nayef AL-Gharaibeh. Pulmonary volumes & capacities

April KHALED MOUSA BACHA. Physiology #2. Dr. Nayef AL-Gharaibeh. Pulmonary volumes & capacities 25 th April Physiology #2 Pulmonary volumes & capacities Dr. Nayef AL-Gharaibeh KHALED MOUSA BACHA We will start this lecture by explaining an important concept from the previous one: Intrapleural pressure

More information

Breathing: The normal rate is about 14 to 20 times a minute. Taking in of air is called Inspiration and the forcing out of air is called Expiration.

Breathing: The normal rate is about 14 to 20 times a minute. Taking in of air is called Inspiration and the forcing out of air is called Expiration. Biology 12 Respiration Divisions of Respiration Breathing: entrance and exit of air into and out of the lungs External Respiration: exchange of gases(o2 and CO2) between air (in alveoli) and blood Internal

More information

Chapter 37: Pulmonary Ventilation. Chad & Angela

Chapter 37: Pulmonary Ventilation. Chad & Angela Chapter 37: Pulmonary Ventilation Chad & Angela Respiratory Structures Basic Structures of Respiration Nasal/Oral Cavities Larynx Trachea Bronchi Secondary Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli Mechanics of Ventilation

More information

Chapter 16 Respiratory System

Chapter 16 Respiratory System Introduction Chapter 16 Respiratory System The respiratory system consists of tubes that filter incoming air and transport it to alveoli where gases are exchanged. Think pair share: what organs are associated

More information

Chapter 15. Lecture and Animation Outline

Chapter 15. Lecture and Animation Outline Chapter 15 Lecture and Animation Outline To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn audio/text on or off. Please Note: Once you have

More information

Chapter 11: Respiratory System Review Assignment

Chapter 11: Respiratory System Review Assignment Name: Date: Mark: / 45 Chapter 11: Respiratory System Review Assignment Multiple Choice = 45 Marks Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following

More information

Circulatory And Respiration

Circulatory And Respiration Circulatory And Respiration Composition Of Blood Blood Heart 200mmHg 120mmHg Aorta Artery Arteriole 50mmHg Capillary Bed Venule Vein Vena Cava Heart Differences Between Arteries and Veins Veins transport

More information

Activity 2: Examining the Effect of Changing Airway Resistance on Respiratory Volumes

Activity 2: Examining the Effect of Changing Airway Resistance on Respiratory Volumes 1 BGYC34 PhysioEx Lab 7 Respiratory Systems Mechanics Marking Scheme Part 1 Complete PhysioEx lab #7. Hand-in all of the pages associated with the lab. Note that there are 5 activities to be completed.

More information

BIOLOGY 12: UNIT J - CHAPTER 15 - REVIEW WORKSHEET RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

BIOLOGY 12: UNIT J - CHAPTER 15 - REVIEW WORKSHEET RESPIRATORY SYSTEM BIOLOGY 12: UNIT J - CHAPTER 15 - REVIEW WORKSHEET RESPIRATORY SYSTEM A. CHAPTER REVIEW 1. Define the four components of respiration. 2. What happens to the air as it moves along the air passages? What

More information

Respiratory Physiology. Adeyomoye O.I

Respiratory Physiology. Adeyomoye O.I Respiratory Physiology By Adeyomoye O.I Outline Introduction Hypoxia Dyspnea Control of breathing Ventilation/perfusion ratios Respiratory/barometric changes in exercise Intra-pulmonary & intra-pleural

More information

Respiratory system. Role. Ventilation consists of 4 (5) steps : oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide elimination ph balance sound and voice formation

Respiratory system. Role. Ventilation consists of 4 (5) steps : oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide elimination ph balance sound and voice formation Respiratory system Role oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide elimination ph balance sound and voice formation Ventilation consists of 4 (5) steps : 1. pulmonary ventilation gas exchange between lungs and

More information

Lectures on Medical Biophysics Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University in Brno. Biophysics of breathing.

Lectures on Medical Biophysics Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University in Brno. Biophysics of breathing. Lectures on Medical Biophysics Department of Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Masaryk University in Brno Biophysics of breathing. Spirometry 1 Lecture outline Mechanisms of gas exchange between organism and

More information

BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES

BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES 96 BIOLOGY, EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Respiration in insects is called direct because a. The cell exchange O 2 directly with the air in the

More information

GASEOUS EXCHANGE 17 JULY 2013

GASEOUS EXCHANGE 17 JULY 2013 GASEOUS EXCHANGE 17 JULY 2013 Lesson Description In this lesson we: Discuss what is gaseous exchange? Consider requirements of an efficient gaseous exchange surface. Look at diversity in gas exchange systems.

More information

Chapter 4: Ventilation Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE

Chapter 4: Ventilation Test Bank MULTIPLE CHOICE Instant download and all chapters Test Bank Respiratory Care Anatomy and Physiology Foundations for Clinical Practice 3rd Edition Will Beachey https://testbanklab.com/download/test-bank-respiratory-care-anatomy-physiologyfoundations-clinical-practice-3rd-edition-will-beachey/

More information

Respiratory Anatomy and Physiology. Respiratory Anatomy. Function of the Respiratory System

Respiratory Anatomy and Physiology. Respiratory Anatomy. Function of the Respiratory System Respiratory Anatomy and Physiology Michaela Dixon Clinical Development Nurse PICU BRHFC Respiratory Anatomy Function of the Respiratory System - In conjunction with the cardiovascular system, to supply

More information

Respiratory Pulmonary Ventilation

Respiratory Pulmonary Ventilation Respiratory Pulmonary Ventilation Pulmonary Ventilation Pulmonary ventilation is the act of breathing and the first step in the respiratory process. Pulmonary ventilation brings in air with a new supply

More information

Respiratory Physiology Gaseous Exchange

Respiratory Physiology Gaseous Exchange Respiratory Physiology Gaseous Exchange Session Objectives. What you will cover Basic anatomy of the lung including airways Breathing movements Lung volumes and capacities Compliance and Resistance in

More information

Biology 347 General Physiology Lab Basic Pulmonary Functions: Respirometry and Factors that Effect Respiration

Biology 347 General Physiology Lab Basic Pulmonary Functions: Respirometry and Factors that Effect Respiration Biology 347 General Physiology Lab Basic Pulmonary Functions: Respirometry and Factors that Effect Respiration Objectives Students will measure breathing parameters in a resting subject. Students will

More information

Outline - Respiratory System. Function of the respiratory system Parts of the respiratory system Mechanics of breathing Regulation of breathing

Outline - Respiratory System. Function of the respiratory system Parts of the respiratory system Mechanics of breathing Regulation of breathing Respiratory system Function Outline - Respiratory System I. II. III. IV. Respiratory System The function of the respiratory system is to bring in oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide. Function

More information

Department of Biology Work Sheet Respiratory system,9 class

Department of Biology Work Sheet Respiratory system,9 class I. Name the following : Department of Biology Work Sheet Respiratory system,9 class 1. A muscular sheet separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities. 2. A respiratory tube supported by cartilaginous

More information

GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS 06 AUGUST 2014

GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS 06 AUGUST 2014 GASEOUS EXCHANGE IN HUMANS 06 AUGUST 2014 In this lesson we: Lesson Description Look at gaseous exchange in humans in terms of o Ventilation o Inspiration o Expiration o Transport of gases o Homeostatic

More information

4/18/12 MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION. Every Breath You Take. Fun Facts

4/18/12 MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION. Every Breath You Take. Fun Facts Objectives MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION Dr Badri Paudel Explain how the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures vary during ventilation and relate these pressure changes to Boyle s law. Define the terms

More information

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Lung Volumes and Capacities BIOL242 Lung Volumes and Capacities Measurement of lung volumes provides a tool for understanding normal function of the lungs as well as disease states. The breathing cycle is initiated by expansion of

More information

Module Two. Objectives: Objectives cont. Objectives cont. Objectives cont.

Module Two. Objectives: Objectives cont. Objectives cont. Objectives cont. Transition to the New National EMS Education Standards: EMT-B B to EMT Module Two Objectives: Upon completion, each participant will do the following to a degree of accuracy that meets the Ntl EMS Education

More information

Test Bank for Pilbeams Mechanical Ventilation Physiological and Clinical Applications 6th Edition by Cairo

Test Bank for Pilbeams Mechanical Ventilation Physiological and Clinical Applications 6th Edition by Cairo Test Bank for Pilbeams Mechanical Ventilation Physiological and Clinical Applications 6th Edition by Cairo Link full download: http://testbankair.com/download/test-bank-for-pilbeams-mechanicalventilation-physiological-and-clinical-applications-6th-edition-by-cairo/

More information

Structures of the Respiratory System include:

Structures of the Respiratory System include: Respiratory System Structures of the Respiratory System include: ü Oral Cavity ü Nasal Cavity ü Pharynx ü Epiglottis ü Larynx ü Trachea ü Diaphragm ü Lung ü Bronchus ü Bronchioles ü Alveolus ü Pulmonary

More information

Breathing oxygenates the blood to allow food to be respired

Breathing oxygenates the blood to allow food to be respired Chapter 6 Breathing oxygenates the blood to allow food to be respired This chapter covers: the structure of the human gas exchange system the mechanism of breathing gas exchange in the alveoli the concept

More information

IV. FROM AQUATIC TO ATMOSPHERIC BREATHING: THE TRACHEA & THE LUNG

IV. FROM AQUATIC TO ATMOSPHERIC BREATHING: THE TRACHEA & THE LUNG GAS EXCHANGE AND TRANSPORT I. INTRODUCTION: Heterotrophs oxidize carbon cmpds using O 2 to generate CO 2 & H 2 O. This is cellular respiration II. HOW GAS ENTERS A CELL A. The composition of air: 79% N

More information

ALVEOLAR - BLOOD GAS EXCHANGE 1

ALVEOLAR - BLOOD GAS EXCHANGE 1 ALVEOLAR - BLOOD GAS EXCHANGE 1 Summary: These notes examine the general means by which ventilation is regulated in terrestrial mammals. It then moves on to a discussion of what happens when someone over

More information

Airway: the tubes through which air flows between atmosphere and alveoli. Upper airway. Lower airway

Airway: the tubes through which air flows between atmosphere and alveoli. Upper airway. Lower airway Respiration Yu Yanqin ( 虞燕琴 ), PhD Dept. of fph Physiology Zhejiang University, School of Medicine Respiration Definition: the bodily processes involved in exchange of oxygen (O 2 ) and carbon dioxide

More information

Chapter 16 Respiration. Respiration. Steps in Respiration. Functions of the respiratory system

Chapter 16 Respiration. Respiration. Steps in Respiration. Functions of the respiratory system Chapter 16 Respiration Functions of the respiratory system Respiration The term respiration includes 3 separate functions: Ventilation: Breathing. Gas exchange: Occurs between air and blood in the lungs.

More information

Cornell Institute for. Biology Teachers. Respirometry Part I: Lung Volumes and Capacities. Lab issue/rev. date: 12/12/96. Title:

Cornell Institute for. Biology Teachers. Respirometry Part I: Lung Volumes and Capacities. Lab issue/rev. date: 12/12/96. Title: Cornell Institute for Biology Teachers Copyright Cornell Institute for Biology Teachers, 1999. This work may be copied by the original recipient from CIBT to provide copies for users working under the

More information

Topic 13: Gas Exchange Ch. 42. Gas Exchange pp Gas Exchange. Gas Exchange in Fish pp Gas Exchange in Fish

Topic 13: Gas Exchange Ch. 42. Gas Exchange pp Gas Exchange. Gas Exchange in Fish pp Gas Exchange in Fish Topic 13: Gas Exchange Ch. 42 Fig. 42.24 Gas Exchange pp.979-989 Gas exchange involves the uptake of oxygen and the discharge of carbon dioxide (i.e. respiration or breathing). It is necessary for cellular

More information

PICU Resident Self-Study Tutorial The Basic Physics of Oxygen Transport. I was told that there would be no math!

PICU Resident Self-Study Tutorial The Basic Physics of Oxygen Transport. I was told that there would be no math! Physiology of Oxygen Transport PICU Resident Self-Study Tutorial I was told that there would be no math! INTRODUCTION Christopher Carroll, MD Although cells rely on oxygen for aerobic metabolism and viability,

More information

Respiration Lab Instructions

Respiration Lab Instructions Respiration Lab Instructions This laboratory investigation can be performed in any order. Be sure to read all instructions for each section before performing the experiment. PART 1 STUDENT WET SPIROMETER

More information

Respiration (revised 2006) Pulmonary Mechanics

Respiration (revised 2006) Pulmonary Mechanics Respiration (revised 2006) Pulmonary Mechanics PUL 1. Diagram how pleural pressure, alveolar pressure, airflow, and lung volume change during a normal quiet breathing cycle. Identify on the figure the

More information

Then the partial pressure of oxygen is x 760 = 160 mm Hg

Then the partial pressure of oxygen is x 760 = 160 mm Hg 1 AP Biology March 2008 Respiration Chapter 42 Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces. 1) Gas exchange: the uptake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the discharge of

More information

(A) The partial pressure in the lungs is higher than in the blood, and oxygen diffuses out of the lungs passively.

(A) The partial pressure in the lungs is higher than in the blood, and oxygen diffuses out of the lungs passively. DAT Biology - Problem Drill 12: The Respiratory System Question No. 1 of 10 1. Which statement about the partial pressure of oxygen inside the lungs is correct? Question #01 (A) The partial pressure in

More information

1.2 The structure and functions of the cardio-respiratory system Learning objectives

1.2 The structure and functions of the cardio-respiratory system Learning objectives 1.2 The structure and functions of the cardio-respiratory system Learning objectives To understand the functions of the circulatory system. To be able to identify the differences between veins, arteries

More information

Pulmonary Function I (modified by C. S. Tritt, April 10, 2006) Volumes and Capacities

Pulmonary Function I (modified by C. S. Tritt, April 10, 2006) Volumes and Capacities I. Introduction Pulmonary Function I (modified by C. S. Tritt, April 10, 2006) Volumes and Capacities The volume of air a person inhales (inspires) and exhales (expires) can be measured with a spirometer

More information

Respiratory System Review

Respiratory System Review KEY THIS TEST WILL BE COMPLETED IN ONE CLASS PERIOD MONDAY, MARCH 10. 2014 Respiratory System Review Name A. Directions: Fill in the blank with the appropriate vocabulary word or words (several examples

More information

Recitation question # 05

Recitation question # 05 Recitation and Lab # 05 The goal of this recitations / labs is to review material related to the CV and respiratory lectures for the second test of this course. Info required to answer this recitation

More information

P215 Respiratory System, Part 2

P215 Respiratory System, Part 2 P15 Respiratory System, Part Gas Exchange Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide constant need for oxygen constant production of carbon dioxide exchange (and movement) lung alveoli pulmonary arteries pulmonary capillaries

More information

Lung Volumes and Capacities

Lung Volumes and Capacities Lung Volumes and Capacities Experiment 19 Measurement of lung volumes provides a tool for understanding normal function of the lungs as well as disease states. The breathing cycle is initiated by expansion

More information

Respiration. The ins and outs

Respiration. The ins and outs Respiration The ins and outs Functions 1. To bring O 2 into the body and transfer it to the blood stream 2. To remove CO 2 Circulation and respiration work together to achieve these functions Why Do We

More information

Chapter 13 The Respiratory System

Chapter 13 The Respiratory System VI edit Pag 451-499 Chapter 13 The Respiratory System V edit. Pag 459-509 Tissue cell Alveoli of lungs Atmosphere 1 External respiration Ventilation or gas exchange between the atmosphere and air sacs

More information

1 CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES https://biologyaipmt.com/

1 CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES https://biologyaipmt.com/ 1 CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES https://biologyaipmt.com/ CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES Oxygen (O2) is utilised by the organisms to indirectly break down nutrient molecules like

More information

CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES

CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES 268 BIOLOGY CHAPTER 17 BREATHING AND EXCHANGE OF GASES 17.1 Respiratory Organs 17.2 Mechanism of Breathing 17.3 Exchange of Gases 17.4 Transport of Gases 17.5 Regulation of Respiration 17.6 Disorders of

More information

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY. Anaesthesiology Block 18 (GNK 586) Prof Pierre Fourie

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY. Anaesthesiology Block 18 (GNK 586) Prof Pierre Fourie RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY Anaesthesiology Block 18 (GNK 586) Prof Pierre Fourie Outline Ventilation Diffusion Perfusion Ventilation-Perfusion relationship Work of breathing Control of Ventilation 2 This image

More information

25/4/2016. Physiology #01 Respiratory system Nayef Garaibeh Rawan Alwaten

25/4/2016. Physiology #01 Respiratory system Nayef Garaibeh Rawan Alwaten 25/4/2016 Physiology #01 Respiratory system Nayef Garaibeh Rawan Alwaten Respiratory System Introduction: - We breath while we are sleeping, talking, working and resting. - Respiratory diseases are abundant

More information

inquiry question How does the respiratory system contribute to energy production for movement? UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS

inquiry question How does the respiratory system contribute to energy production for movement? UNCORRECTED PAGE PROOFS inquiry question How does the respiratory system contribute to energy production for movement? chapter 7 Structure and functions of the respiratory system The respiratory system is the starting point for

More information

Experiment B-3 Respiration

Experiment B-3 Respiration 1 Experiment B-3 Respiration Objectives To study the diffusion process of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries. To determine the percentage of oxygen in exhaled air while

More information

Capnography in the Veterinary Technician Toolbox. Katie Pinner BS, LVT Bush Advanced Veterinary Imaging Richmond, VA

Capnography in the Veterinary Technician Toolbox. Katie Pinner BS, LVT Bush Advanced Veterinary Imaging Richmond, VA Capnography in the Veterinary Technician Toolbox Katie Pinner BS, LVT Bush Advanced Veterinary Imaging Richmond, VA What are Respiration and Ventilation? Respiration includes all those chemical and physical

More information

Exploring the relationship between Heart Rate (HR) and Ventilation Rate (R) in humans.

Exploring the relationship between Heart Rate (HR) and Ventilation Rate (R) in humans. Exploring the relationship between Heart Rate (HR) and Ventilation Rate (R) in humans. The Research Question In this investigation I will be considering the following general research question: Does increased

More information

Section 01: The Pulmonary System

Section 01: The Pulmonary System Section 01: The Pulmonary System Chapter 12 Pulmonary Structure and Function Chapter 13 Gas Exchange and Transport Chapter 14 Dynamics of Pulmonary Ventilation HPHE 6710 Exercise Physiology II Dr. Cheatham

More information

Exercise and Respiration Rate

Exercise and Respiration Rate Activity 17 PS-2820 Physiology: Breathing, respiration rate Exercise and Respiration Rate DataStudio GLX setup file: respiration.glx Qty Equipment and Materials Part Number 1 PASPORT Xplorer GLX PS-2002

More information

Directions: The following two questions refer to the diagram below, which shows a group of cells from the respiratory tract.

Directions: The following two questions refer to the diagram below, which shows a group of cells from the respiratory tract. Topic 7 Gas exchange in humans Directions: The following two questions refer to the diagram below, which shows a group of cells from the respiratory tract. X Y 1. What is the function of structure X? A.

More information