Carbon Dioxide Flooding. Dr. Helmy Sayyouh Petroleum Engineering Cairo University
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1 Carbon Dioxide Flooding Dr. Helmy Sayyouh Petroleum Engineering Cairo University
2 Properties of CO 2...
3 Properties of CO2... CO2 density increases with:.increasing pressure.decreasing temperature
4 Viscosity of Natural Gas Sample Lee et al., 1966 CO2 viscosity is two or three times higher than N.G
5 CO2 Properties.. CO2 viscosity is two or three times higher than N.G. Still low relative to oil and T=300ºF μng =0.022 cp μco2=0.04 cp
6 If solvent miscible with oil will cause high recovery A slug is used for economical limitation
7 The use of carbon dioxide to increase the recovery of oil has received considerable attention recently. CO2 is a colorless, inert, and noncombustible gas. Its density varies with pressure and temperature as does its viscosity and compressibility factor.
8 Carbon dioxide is a familiar substance. It occurs in many forms: gas, liquid, and solid. Some important properties are: Symbol = CO2 Molecular Weight = 44 Specific Gravity = Heating Value = 0
9 CO2 is transported as a liquid in refrigerated tank cars and trucks at 300 psig and 100 F.. CO2 is transported as a dense gas in pipelines at pressures exceeding the critical pressure.
10 solubility of CO2 in crude oil The solubility of CO2 in crude oil and the resulting changes in the physical and chemical properties of the crude oil are important considerations while designing a CO2 flood project. A reasonable estimate can be made from a published correlation between solubility, pressure, temperature, and oil composition.
11 Solubility (mole fraction) of Carbon Dioxide UOPK =Universal oil characterization factor Simon and Graue, 1965
12 Viscosity for Carbon- Dioxide Oil Mixtures Ps= 1000 psia μm/μo = 0.18 μo= 10 mpa-s get μm = 1.8 mpa-s Simon and Graue, 1965
13 Simon and Graue, 1965 Oil Swelling Example Mole fraction of CO2 = 0.3 Mwt / ρs = 200 SF = 1.1
14 Acid effect on carbonate and shaley rock CO2 in solution with water forms carbonic acid which increases the permeability of the carbonate rock. Miscibility effects CO2 may develop miscibility through multiple contacts.
15 Summary of Slim Tube Experiments... Length: ID: Packing: m cm Glass beads-220 mesh sand Permeability: mm 2
16 Defining Minimum Miscibility Pressure... MMP corresponds to the pressure at which the critical tie line passes through the crude oil composition
17 Ways to Estimate MMP... Experimental. Multiple contact experiments Slim tube experiments Rising bubble method Vanishing interfacial tension Calculation Mixing cell method Method of characteristics Correlation.
18 CO2 FLOOD Performance Predictions CO2 flood design and performance predictions differ from reservoir to reservoir and for different operation strategies.
19 Reservoir pressurization is an initial phase of the CO2 miscible flood. CO2 requirements are determined in many ways depending on the reservoir geometry and displacement direction and on the miscibility conditions and injection strategy.
20 CO2 injection pressure care must be taken to ensure that the injection pressures are always below formation parting pressure. The surface CO2 injection pressure is calculated to assure the required miscibility pressure in the reservoir.
21 Preliminary Screening Procedure Assess Reservoir Suitability Criteria based upon theoretical and practical considerations have been identified which provide initial (go/no go) screening of a candidate reservoir for a CO2-flood project.
22 Determine Source of CO2 Volume Requirement Natural or By-Product Supply - pipeline, truck, tank car. Assess Injection/Production Facilities Modification or New Metallurgy Produced gas re-injection or processing
23 Availability of Trained Manpower Project Economics
24 CO2 Sources, Transportation and Operational Problems The main CO2 sources are: Naturally occurring high-pressure gas reservoirs with high-purity CO2. CO2 removed from gas processing plants. CO2 produced as a by-product.
25 The method of transportation of CO2 from its source to the oil field depends on whether the CO2 is liquid or gas.
26 Corrosion, asphaltene deposition, and handling of the produced CO2 are some of the operational problems in field applications.
27 Miscible Slug Concentration Profiles Concentration profiles from miscible slug displacement at different throughputs t1 t2 t3
28 Displacement Mechanisms Fingering/bypassing Residual saturation to solvent - Dead end pores - Water blocking
29 Effluent History of a CO2 Flood
30 Trapped Miscible Flood Oil Saturation
31 Sacroc 4-Pattern Pilot Performance... Conducted on 40-acre spacing WF near depletion at pilot start Clearly defined oil response Water/CO 2 injection profiles the same Successfully predicted EOR after waterflood history match Recovery efficiencies % OOIP P + S = 57 EOR = 9 Indicated volumetric sweep % P + S = 84 (S orwf = 26%) EOR = 48 (S orm = 15%)
32 Summary Points Many different solvent types, CO2 most common Increases capillary number, mobility ratio Miscibility=no interface with oil - First contact - Developed Miscibility determined by - Intermediate HC content - Temperature Substantial sweep issues bco large M
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