STUDENT SUPPLEMENT. Approved and Adopted by the Office of State Fire Marshal

Transcription

1 F I R E A P P A R A T U S DRIVER/OPERATOR 1B Approved and Adopted by the Office of State Fire Marshal Recommended for adoption by the Statewide Training and Education Advisory Committee and the State Board of Fire Services STUDENT SUPPLEMENT October 2008 CAL FIRE/OSFM State Fire Training

2 PUMP OPERATIONS STUDENT SUPPLEMENT Published by TRAINING PO Box Sacramento, CA October 2008

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4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Mission Statement... i California Fire Service Training and Education System... i Acknowledgments... i Course Outline... iii Texts and References... iv Calendar of Events... vi Topic 1-1: Orientation and Administration... 1 Course Prerequisites... 1 Student Evaluation... 1 Course Description... 1 Course Objectives... 2 Historical Overview... 2 National Fire Protection Association Standards... 3 Individual Activity Topic 1-2: Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Responsibilities... 9 Fire Fighter Injury and Death Statistics... 9 Safety... 9 Apparatus Placement and Operation... 9 Other Responsibilities Topic 2-1: Types of Fire Pumps Topic 2-2: Pump Mounting and Drive Arrangements Topic 2-3: Pump Piping and Valves Topic 2-4: Automatic Pressure Control Devices Topic 2-5: Priming Devices Topic 2-6: Pump Panel Instrumentation Topic 2-7: Auxiliary Cooling Devices Topic 3-1: Basic Hydraulic Terminology and Symbols Terminology Quick Reference Chart Hydraulic Symbols Topic 3-2: Mathematics Review Individual Activity Topic 3-3: Characteristics of Water and Principles of Pressure Topic 3-4: Principle Features of Water Systems Topic 3-5: Nozzle Theory Topic 3-6: Calculating Gallons Per Minute Individual Activity Topic 3-7: Principles of Friction Loss Topic 3-8: Friction Loss Formulas and Calculations Individual Activity

5 Topic 3-9: Calculating Pump Discharge Pressure Individual Activity Topic 3-10: Fireground Hydraulics Calculations Individual Activity Topic 4-1: Inspecting the Pump Drive System Topic 4-2: Inspecting the Pump Priming Systems Topic 4-3: Inspecting the Pump Pressure Control Systems Topic 4-4: Pump Service Testing Topic 4-5: Maintenance of the Pump and Control Systems After Each Operation Weekly Monthly Annually Topic 5-1: Making the Pump Operational Topic 5-2: Transitioning to an External Water Supply Topic 5-3: Operating From a Hydrant Topic 5-4: Principles and Practices of Drafting Operations Topic 5-5: Principles of Relay Topic 5-6: Troubleshooting Group Activity Topic 5-7: Principles of Tandem Pumping Operations Topic 5-8: Principles of Dual Pumping Operations Topic 5-9: Principles and Practices of Foam Operations Topic 5-10: Sprinkler and Standpipe Support Topic 6-1: Mandatory Pumping Exercises Pumping Exercise Pumping Exercise Scoring Sheet Pumping Exercise Pumping Exercise Scoring Sheet Pumping Exercise Pumping Exercise Scoring Sheet... 90

6 Mission Statement Mission Statement The mission of State Fire Training is to enable the California fire service to safely protect life and property through education, training, and certification. California Fire Service Training and Education System The California Fire Service Training and Education System (CFSTES) was established to provide a single statewide focus for fire service training in California. CFSTES is a composite of all the elements that contribute to the development, delivery, and administration of training for the California Fire Service. The authority for the central coordination of this effort is vested in the Training Division of the California State Fire Marshal's Office with oversight provided by the State Board of Fire Services. The role of CFSTES is one of facilitating, coordinating, and assisting in the development and implementation of standards and certification for the California fire service. CFSTES manages the California Fire Academy System by providing standardized curriculum and tests; accredited courses leading to certification; approved standardized training programs for local and regional delivery; administering the certification system; and publishing Career Development Guides, Instructors Guides, Student Manuals, Student Supplements, and other related support materials. This system is as successful and effective as the people involved in it are. It is a fire service system developed by the fire service, for the fire service... and we believe it is the best one in the country. Acknowledgments State Fire Training coordinated the development of the material contained in this guide. Before its publication, the Statewide Training and Education Advisory Committee (STEAC) and the State Board of Fire Services (SBFS) recommended this guide for adoption by the State Fire Marshal (SFM). This guide is appropriate for fire service personnel and for personnel in related occupations that are pursuing State Fire Training certification. Ruben Grijalva Director of CAL FIRE Kate Dargan State Fire Marshal Mike Richwine Chief, State Fire Training Tonya Hoover Assistant State Fire Marshal Ronny Coleman Chair, STEAC - i -

7 Acknowledgments Special acknowledgement and thanks are extended to the following members of State Fire Training for their diligent efforts and contributions that made the final publication of this document possible. Alicia Hamilton Fire Service Training Specialist III The material contained in this document was compiled and organized through the cooperative effort of numerous professionals within, and associated with, the California fire service. We gratefully acknowledge the following individuals who served as principal developers for this document. David Anderson CDF Riverside Unit Gus Bryant Kern County Fire Department Robert Confer Tiburon And Ben Lomond Fire Districts Tom Davis Modesto Regional Fire Training Center Roy Francis Pasadena Fire Department Thomas D. Gallinatti Oakland Fire Department Tom Hostetter CDF Nevada/Yuba/Placer Unit Don Mashburn Sacramento Fire Department Tom Murray San Francisco Fire Department (Retired) Don Ockey Fresno City Fire Department John Owens CDF San Luis Obispo Unit Mark Romer, Team Leader Roseville Fire Department "We gratefully acknowledge the hard work and accomplishments of those before us who built the solid foundation on which this program continues to grow." - ii -

8 Course Outline Course Outline Course Objectives: To a) Provide students with information on pump construction and theory of pump operations. b) Provide students with methods for performing basic hydraulics. c) Provide students with information and techniques on basic inspections, documentation, maintenance, and troubleshooting fire pumps. d) Provide students with the opportunity to increase their pumping skills during simulated pumping conditions. Course Content... 40:00 Unit 1: Responsibilities, Standards, and Laws 1-1 Orientation And Administration... 1: Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Responsibilities... 0:30 Unit 2: Fire Pump Construction and Theory 2-1 Types of Fire Pumps... 0: Pump Mounting And Drive Arrangements... 0: Pump Piping And Valves... 0: Automatic Pressure Control Devices... 0: Priming Devices... 0: Pump Panel Instrumentation... 0: Auxiliary Cooling Devices... 0:15 Unit 3: Hydraulics 3-1 Basic Hydraulic Terminology And Symbols... 0: Mathematics Review... 1: Characteristics Of Water and Principles Of Pressure... 0: Principle Features Of Water Systems... 0: Nozzle Theory... 0: Calculating Gallons Per Minute... 0: Principles Of Friction Loss... 0: Friction Loss Formulas And Calculations... 4: Pump Discharge Pressure... 0: Fireground Hydraulic Calculations... 1:00 - iii -

9 Texts and References Unit 4: Inspection, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting 4-1 Inspecting The Pump Drive Systems... 0: Inspecting The Pump Priming Systems... 0: Inspecting The Pump Pressure Control Systems... 0: Pump Service Testing... 0: Maintenance Of The Pump And Control Systems... 1:00 Unit 5: Pump Practices 5-1 Making The Pump Operational (From Tank)... 0: Transitioning To An External Water Supply... 0: Operating From A Hydrant... 0: Principles And Practices Of Drafting Operations... 0: Principles Of Relay... 1: Troubleshooting... 1: Principles Of Tandem Pumping Operations... 0: Principles Of Dual Pumping Operations... 0: Principles And Practices Of Foam Operations... 1: Sprinkler And Standpipe Support... 0:30 Unit 6: Pumping Exercises 6-1 Introduction To The Pumping Exercises... 0:30 Practice and Testing the Pumping Exercises... 13:00 Unit Tests... 2:00 Review And Certification Exam... 2:00 Texts and References Driver Operator Training Program, Modesto Regional Training Center, Modesto Junior College, 2002 Edition Engineer Training Program, Tiburon Fire District, 2001 Edition Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator 1B Student Supplement, SFT, 2008 Edition Fire Fighting Hydraulics, Purington, First Edition Fire Service Instructor's Manual, Waterous Pump Company, 1996 Edition NFPA 1002: Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications, 2009 Edition NFPA 1451: Standard for a Fire Service Vehicle Operations Training Program, 2007 Edition NFPA 1500: Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program, 2007 Edition - iv -

10 Texts and References NFPA 1582: Standard on Comprehensive Occupational Medical Program for Fire Departments, 2007 Edition NFPA 1901: Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, 2009 Edition NFPA 1911: Inspection, Maintenance, Testing, and Retirement of In-Service Automotive Fire Apparatus, 2007 Edition Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition Title 49 CFR Transportation, U.S. Government Printing Office, October 2006 Edition Type III Training Manual, Rincon Valley Fire District, 2002 Edition - v -

11 Calendar of Events Calendar of Events DAY TOPIC TITLE TIME ACTIVITY EVALUATION 1-1 Orientation And Administration 1: Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Responsibilities 0: Types Of Fire Pumps 0: Pump Mounting And Drive Arrangements 0: Pump Piping And Valves 0: Automatic Pressure Control Devices 0: Priming Devices 0:15 Day 1 Day 2 Day Pump Panel Instrumentation 0: Auxiliary Cooling Devices 0: Basic Hydraulic Terminology And Symbols 0: Mathematics Review 1: Characteristics Of Water And Principles of Pressure 0: Principle Features Of Water Systems 0: Nozzle Theory 0: Calculating Gallons Per Minute 0: Principles Of Friction Loss 0:15 Day 1 Total 8: Friction Loss Formulas And Calculations 4: Pump Discharge Pressure 0: :00 Test Fireground Hydraulic Calculations 1: Inspecting The Pump Drive Systems 0: Inspecting The Priming Pump Systems 0: Inspecting The Pump Pressure Control Systems 0: Pump Service Testing 0:45 Day 2 Total 8: Maintenance Of The Pump And Control Systems 1:00 0:30 Test Making The Pump Operational (From Tank) 0: Transitioning To An External Water Supply 0: Operating From A Hydrant 0: Principles And Practices Of Drafting Operations 0: Principles Of Relay 1: Troubleshooting 1: Principles Of Tandem Pumping Operations 0: Principles Of Dual Pumping Operations 0: Principles And Practices Of Foam Operations 1: Sprinkler And Standpipe Support 0:30 - vi -

12 Calendar of Events DAY TOPIC TITLE TIME ACTIVITY EVALUATION Day 3 Total 8:00 0:30 Test 3 Introduction To The Mandatory Pumping 6-1 0:30 Exercises Day Operating From Draft Exercise Operating Using A Forward Lay Exercise 7: Operating Using A Reverse Lay Exercise Day 4 Total 8:00 Practice Pumping Exercises 6:00 Day Graded Exercises Performance Exams 5 Review And Certification Exam 2:00 Certification Exam Day 5 Total 8:00 *Mandatory Pumping Exercises - vii -

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14 Topic 1-1: Orientation and Administration Topic 1-1: Orientation and Administration Student information for this topic can also be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages Course Prerequisites California driver's license. You must bring your license to the instructor for verification. Class B. Fire fighter restricted (minimum). Fire Fighter I training recommended. Student Evaluation Activities. Complete all activities. Three written unit tests. Each followed with group discussion. All tests must be completed and passed with a minimum score of 80%. Tests must be returned to the instructor after review. Pumping exercises. Manipulative skills tracking and accountability. Minimum score of 80% required to pass each mandatory manipulative performance test. Progress chart. State certification exam. Not related to final course grade. Must pass the class first before taking the exam. 50 question multiple-choice exam. Minimum 70% required to pass the certification exam. Course Description 40-hour class. Classroom information and activities. Reading assignments. Apparatus inspection. Hands-on pumping exercises

15 Topic 1-1: Orientation and Administration Identify start and end times. Class will begin on time. Student attendance requirements. Must attend the entire course. Excused absences may be considered for emergencies. Proper attire. Classroom. Station wear or equivalent. Station boots or equivalent. Field exercises. Station wear or equivalent. Station boots or equivalent. Helmet. Gloves. Required textbooks. Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition State Fire Training student supplement Course Objectives Provide the students with Information on pump construction and theory of pump operations. Information on methods for performing basic hydraulics. Information and techniques on basic inspections, documentation, maintenance, and troubleshooting fire pumps. The opportunity to increase their pumping skills during simulated pumping conditions. Historical Overview The first course, and foundation, of the current Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator certification program was titled Driver/Operator I and II. This course was first offered through the California State Fire Marshal's Office in September The program consisted of sixteen 8-hour classes that had to be completed to receive California State Fire Marshal certification. The course objectives and direction was based upon the career development guide, derived from the California Fire Service Occupational Analysis. Also used as a reference and basis of the course objectives was the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Pamphlet 1002 titled: Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications. Since the inception of the Driver/Operator I and II courses, the demands and expectations placed upon the fire service and the professional apparatus driver/operator have greatly increased. Legal, ethical, and operational responsibilities have grown in dimension, requiring several revisions and modifications to the - 2 -

16 Topic 1-1: Orientation and Administration original Driver/Operator I and II. This most recent redesign of the fire apparatus driver/operator curriculum encompasses these new and critical responsibilities, while maintaining the foundation of the original Driver/Operator I and II programs. The intent of this course is to maintain the highest level of ability, skills, and integrity of the professional fire apparatus driver/operator, while preparing all personnel to face the ongoing challenges of their profession. Desirable Skills The following skills and senses have been found to be critical to be a successful driver/operator: Reading ability: for understanding all laws, signs, and relevant memos/orders. Writing ability: clearly and concisely for documentation and reporting. Mathematical ability: basic algebra skills necessary for hydraulics. Physical fit: high demands both physical and mental. Hearing and vision: as required by law and department standards. Mechanical ability: A critical skill of the professional driver/operator. If Plan A fails, what is Plan B? If Plan B fails, what is Plan C, and so on? Basis supervisory skills: If the company officer is injured or unavailable, it may be necessary for the fire apparatus driver/operator to make officer-level decisions. Have the ability to remain calm, think, and make decisions under pressure. Must have the ability to avoid "tunnel vision," always be aware of surroundings and the entire situation. Have the ability to identify safety hazards. National Fire Protection Association Standards The following information is paraphrased from the actual code. The standard listing is in a priority order for this program. NFPA 1002: Standard For Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications Chapter 1: Administration. Chapter 4: General Requirements. Chapter 5: Apparatus Equipped with a Fire Pump. Appendix A: Explanatory Material. NFPA 1915: Standard For Fire Apparatus Preventive Maintenance Program Chapter 1: Administration. Chapter 4: General Requirements. Chapter 6: Out-of-Service Criteria

17 Topic 1-1: Orientation and Administration Chapter 9: Inspection and Maintenance of Water Pumping Systems and Water Tanks. Chapter 11: Inspection and Maintenance of Foam Proportioning Systems. Chapter 12: Inspection and Maintenance of Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS). Chapter 18: Performance Testing of Fire Pumps and Industrial Supply Pumps. Chapter 20: Performance Testing of Foam Proportioning Systems. Chapter 21: Performance Testing of Compressed Air Foam Systems (CAFS). Appendix A NFPA 1451: Standard For A Fire Service Vehicle Operations Training Program Chapter 1: Administration. Chapter 4: General Rules and Considerations. Chapter 5: Training and Education. Chapter 6: Laws and Liabilities. Chapter 10: Vehicle and Apparatus Care. NFPA 1500: Standard for Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program Chapter 6: Fire Apparatus, Equipment, and Driver/Operators

18 Topic 1-1: Orientation and Administration INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY TITLE: TIME FRAME: 0:30 Basic Math Skills MATERIALS NEEDED: Calculator Square root chart Pen or pencil INTRODUCTION: This activity provides you the opportunity to become familiar with or sharpen your math skills as they relate to fire hydraulics. DIRECTIONS: 1. Complete Sections I, II, III, and IV. 2. You have 15 minutes to complete this activity. 3. Be prepared to discuss your answers with the class. SECTION I: CALCULATE THE FOLLOWING EQUATIONS Whole Numbers x (128)(15) /21 Decimals x ( )(10) /10-5 -

19 Topic 1-1: Orientation and Administration Fractions / / / 4 1 / / 4 x 1 / / 4 1 / 2 Percentages % of % of / 8 = % Proportion What is the value of x? = 2 x Square Root Numbers Squared

20 Topic 1-1: Orientation and Administration SECTION II: CONVERT THE FOLLOWING FRACTIONS TO A DECIMAL / / / / / 3 SECTION III: CALCULATE THE AREA OF EACH CIRCLE Round your answer to the nearest whole number. 35. Diameter = 6 feet 36. Diameter = 8 feet 37. Diameter = 14 feet 38. Diameter = 28 feet 39. Radius = 16 feet SECTION IV: CALCULATE THE CAPACITY OF EACH CYLINDER TANK (IN GALLONS) Round your answer to the nearest whole number. 40. Diameter = 3 feet Length = 14 feet 41. Diameter = 10 feet Length = 12 feet 42. Diameter = 15 feet Length = 40 feet 43. Diameter = 20 feet Length = 4 feet 44. Diameter = 25 feet Length = 8 feet - 7 -

21 Topic 1-1: Orientation and Administration SQUARE ROOTS OF NUMBERS n n n n n n n n n n

22 Topic 1-2: Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Responsibilities Topic 1-2: Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Responsibilities Student information for this topic can also be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages 1-20, 31-54, Fire Fighter Injury and Death Statistics According to NFPA statistics, the second leading cause of on-duty deaths to fire fighters is vehicle crashes and collisions. Of the 102 total "Line of Duty Deaths" of fire fighters in 2007, 20 deaths occurred in collisions or rollovers. Whether responding to an emergency incident, or in nonemergency status, safety for fire service personnel and civilians alike is of paramount importance. Not only is it the responsibility of the fire apparatus driver/operator to observe and enforce all safety issues, it is the responsibility of all fire service personnel to watch for any possible safety hazards. Safety Safety is of the highest importance in every aspect of our profession. Regardless of whether you are responding to, or involved in, an active emergency incident, or merely in the nonemergency status, we all must be alert to any possible hazard. As a fire apparatus driver/operator, your primary responsibility and obligation to prevent any injury from occurring to both fire service and nonfire service personnel occurs in several areas. Prior to leaving the fire station. All personnel must be seated, with seat belts on. All cords and attachments to apparatus are removed. Apparatus bay doors are completely opened. Apparatus compartment doors are closed. All equipment is properly stored and removed from apparatus area. Proper apparatus checks have been performed. Driving status. Always drive in the defensive mode. Observe all laws and regulations related to the safe operation of fire apparatus. Use a spotter whenever backing up or when proceeding forward, if necessary. Spotters should always remain in the view of the driver/operator, either by line of sight or by mirror. Apparatus Placement and Operation Scene hazards include: Possible building collapse

23 Topic 1-2: Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator Responsibilities Electrical or wire hazards. Passing vehicles. Ground integrity. Civilian or emergency personnel. Other emergency vehicle placement. Weather and topography. Other Responsibilities A critical responsibility of the fire apparatus driver/operator is knowledge of your emergency response district. Time is of essence in any emergency, as is safety. A thorough knowledge of your response district, including traffic thoroughfares, traffic habits and hazards, will reduce critical minutes from the overall response time. Other points of importance include, but are not limited to: Hydrant locations and any unusual hydrants, such as a dead-end main. High life hazards such as, hospitals, low- and high-rise residential care homes, etc. High hazard facilities such as, chemical storage, radiation, high storage, etc. Access problems such as narrow roads, setbacks, loading zones, etc. Operation of pumps and associated components to produce and maintain effective fire streams

24 Topic 2-1: Types of Fire Pumps Topic 2-1: Types of Fire Pumps Student information for this topic can be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages

25 Topic 2-2: Pump Mounting and Drive Arrangements Topic 2-2: Pump Mounting and Drive Arrangements Student information for this topic can be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages

26 Topic 2-3: Pump Piping and Valves Topic 2-3: Pump Piping and Valves Student information for this topic can be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages

27 Topic 2-4: Automatic Pressure Control Devices Topic 2-4: Automatic Pressure Control Devices Student information for this topic can be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages

28 Topic 2-5: Priming Devices Topic 2-5: Priming Devices Student information for this topic can be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages

29 Topic 2-6: Pump Panel Instrumentation Topic 2-6: Pump Panel Instrumentation Student information for this topic can be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages

30 Topic 2-7: Auxiliary Cooling Devices Topic 2-7: Auxiliary Cooling Devices Student information for this topic can be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages

31 Topic 3-1: Basic Hydraulic Terminology and Symbols Topic 3-1: Basic Hydraulic Terminology and Symbols Student information for this topic can also be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages Terminology Appliance Loss...(AL) Portion of pressure lost when water flows through an appliance; friction loss. Area... (A) Surface measurement; noted as a squared linear measurement such as square inches. Atmospheric Pressure... Weight of the air or atmosphere (14.7 psi at sea level). Pressure gauge that reads zero is actually 14.7 psi. Cavitation... The formation of a vacuum around a propeller or fan revolving at a speed above a certain critical value. Vacuum pockets form in a pump and cause vibrations, loss of efficiency. Circumference... (c) The distance around the outside of a circle. If the circumference were stretched out in a straight line, it would be 3.14 times as long as the diameter. Coefficient... (C) Number assigned to a math equation. Constant... A fixed value assigned to a mathematical equation. Critical Velocity... The friction loss becomes so great that the entire stream is agitated by the resistance and causes turbulence. At this point, it becomes necessary to parallel lines to reduce the friction. Diameter...(d) The distance from one edge of a circle to the other, passing through the center. Elevation Pressure... (EP) Gain or loss of pressure in a hoseline due to change in elevation. The pressure lost from overcoming the effects of forcing water above the level of the pump discharge

32 Topic 3-1: Basic Hydraulic Terminology and Symbols Flow Pressure...(FP) Forward velocity pressure measured at a discharge opening. Can be measured with a pitot tube and gauge. Friction Loss... (FL) That part of the total pressure lost while forcing water through pipe, fittings, hoselines, adapters, and appliances. Varies with the type of construction and shape of pipe, fittings, hoselines, adapters, and appliances. Gallons Per Minute...(gpm) Measurement of water flow. Volume per time measurement. Head Pressure... Water pressure due to elevation. Measured from the surface of the water source to the discharge orifice (0.434 psi per foot of elevation). Height...(h) Measurement of elevation above a given point. Hydraulics... The science that treats the mechanics of fluid at rest and in motion. Lift... Elevation difference between the surface of the static water source and the eye of the pump impeller. Distance from the surface of the water to the center of the pump. Net Pump Discharge Pressure... (NPDP) Actual amount of pressure being produced by the pump. Normal Operating Pressure... Pressure normally found in a water distribution system during normal consumption demands. Nozzle Pressure... (NP) Pressure of the water discharged at the nozzle. Nozzle Reaction...(NR) Counterforce directed against a person holding a nozzle. Pi...(π) The constant derived from the length of the circumference of a circle (3.14 times the length of the diameter). Used as part of the formula to determine the volume of a round area. Pressure...(P) Has a variety of meanings, but generally defined as the force per unit area, measured in pounds per square inch (psi). Pump Discharge Pressure...(PDP) Pressure of the water as it leaves the pump

33 Topic 3-1: Basic Hydraulic Terminology and Symbols Radius... r The distance from the outer edge of the circle to the center of the circle. Residual Pressure... Remaining water pressure while water is flowing (left over); available pressure. Measured at compound gauge with water flowing. Specific Gravity...(sg) The weight of a substance compared with the weight of an equal volume of water. Square Root...( ) A given number multiplied by itself. Static Pressure... Water pressure that is not flowing (standing still). Stored potential energy to force water through pipe, hoselines, and fittings. Suction (Draft)... Process of taking water from static sources located below the level of the fire apparatus by exhausting the air from the pump chamber and using atmospheric pressure to force water through the suction hose and into the pump. Total Pressure Loss...(TPL) The amount of pressure loss due to total friction loss and elevation pressure loss Vacuum... Any pressure below atmospheric pressure; a negative pressure. Usually indicated in inches of mercury (in. Hg). Velocity... The speed of travel. Linear measurement per time measurement. Measured in feet per seconds (fps) or miles per hour (mph). Volume... (V) Measurement of cubic scale in a container. Noted as a cubed linear measurement and measured in cubic inches. Water Flow... Measurement in gallons per minute (gpm). Water Hammer... Force created by the sudden deceleration or acceleration of water caused by the sudden opening or closing of nozzles or valves. Has damaging effects to hoselines, water mains, hydrants, fire pumps and related accessories, piping, life safety; sudden, violent jerking of hoselines and possible rupturing creates extreme, unsafe conditions

34 Topic 3-1: Basic Hydraulic Terminology and Symbols Quick Reference Chart Hydraulic Symbols π AL... appliance loss A... area c... circumference C... coefficient d... diameter EP... elevation pressure fps... feet per second FP... flow pressure FL... friction loss gpm... gallons per minute G... gravity h... height in. Hg... inches in mercury LL... length of line NPDP... net pump discharge pressure NP... nozzle pressure NR... nozzle reaction psi... pounds per square inch psig... pounds per square inch gauge P... pressure PDP... pump discharge pressure Q... quantity of water r... radius sg... specific gravity... square root TPL... total pressure loss V... volume L... length

35 Topic 3-2: Mathematics Review Topic 3-2: Mathematics Review INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY TITLE: TIME FRAME: 0:15 Mathematics Review MATERIALS NEEDED: Square root chart Calculator Pen or pencil INTRODUCTION: This activity provides you the opportunity to reference and sharpen your math skills as they relate to fire hydraulics. DIRECTIONS: 1. Complete Sections I through V. 2. You have 10 minutes to complete this activity. 3. Be prepared to discuss your answers with the class. SECTION I: CALCULATE THE FOLLOWING SQUARE ROOTS SECTION II: SQUARE THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS

36 Topic 3-2: Mathematics Review SECTION III: CONVERT THE FOLLOWING FRACTIONS TO A DECIMAL 9. 7/ / / /2 SECTION IV: CALCULATE THE AREA OF EACH CIRCLE Round your answer to the nearest whole number. πr 2 ) 13. Radius = 2 feet 14. Radius = 10 feet 15. Radius = 15 feet 16. Radius = 20 feet SECTION V: CALCULATE THE CAPACITY OF EACH CYLINDER TANK Round your answer to the nearest whole number. (d 2 6L) 17. Diameter = 2 feet Length = 14 feet 18. Diameter = 10 feet Length = 10 feet 19. Diameter = 15 feet Length = 3 feet 20. Diameter = 20 feet Length = 5 feet

37 Topic 3-2: Mathematics Review SQUARE ROOTS OF NUMBERS n n n n n n n n n n

38 Topic 3-3: Characteristics of Water and Principles of Pressure Topic 3-3: Characteristics of Water and Principles of Pressure Student information for this topic can be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages

39 Topic 3-4: Principle Features of Water Systems Topic 3-4: Principle Features of Water Systems Student information for this topic can be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages and

40 Topic 3-5: Nozzle Theory Topic 3-5: Nozzle Theory Student information for this topic can be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages

41 Topic 3-6: Calculating Gallons per Minute Topic 3-6: Calculating Gallons per Minute Student information for this topic can be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages 166 and 179. INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY TITLE: Calculating Nozzle and Hydrant gpm TIME FRAME: 0:20 MATERIALS NEEDED: Pen or pencil INTRODUCTION: This activity provides you the opportunity to calculate gpm for nozzles and hydrants in a step-by-step format using standard formulas. DIRECTIONS: 1. Calculate the gpm for each of the following using the appropriate formula. 2. You have 15 minutes to complete this activity. 3. Be prepared to discuss your answers with the class. NOZZLES 1. Nozzle = 1 1 / 8 " tip and NP of 60 psi gpm = (29.7)(d 2 x NP) gpm = gpm = gpm = gpm = 2. Nozzle = 1" tip and NP of 50 psi gpm = (29.7)(d 2 x NP) gpm = gpm = gpm = gpm =

42 Topic 3-6: Calculating Gallons per Minute 3. Nozzle = 1¼" tip and NP of 50 psi gpm = (29.7)(d 2 x NP) gpm = gpm = gpm = gpm = 4. Nozzle = 1½" tip and NP of 80 psi gpm = (29.7)(d 2 x NP) gpm = gpm = gpm = gpm = 5. Nozzle = 1¾" tip and NP of 80 psi gpm = (29.7)(d 2 x NP) gpm = gpm = gpm = gpm = 6. Nozzle = 7 / 8 " tip and NP of 50 psi gpm = (29.7)(d 2 x NP) gpm = gpm = gpm = gpm =

43 Topic 3-6: Calculating Gallons per Minute HYDRANTS 7. Hydrant =.7 coefficient, 2½" outlet, and FP of 43 psi gpm = (29.7)[c x (d 2 x FP)] gpm = gpm = gpm = gpm = gpm = 8. Hydrant =.8 coefficient, 2½" outlet, and FP of 90 psi gpm = (29.7)[c x (d 2 x FP)] gpm = gpm = gpm = gpm = gpm = 9. Hydrant =.7 coefficient, 2½" outlet, and FP of 86 psi gpm = (29.7)[c x (d 2 x FP)] gpm = gpm = gpm = gpm = gpm = 10. Hydrant =.9 coefficient, 2½" outlet, and FP of 75 psi gpm = (29.7)[c x (d 2 x FP)] gpm = gpm = gpm = gpm = gpm =

44 Topic 3-7: Principles of Friction Loss Topic 3-7: Principles of Friction Loss Student information for this topic can be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages

45 Topic 3-8: Friction Loss Formulas and Calculations Topic 3-8: Friction Loss Formulas and Calculations Student information for this topic can also be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages FRICTION LOSS COEFFICIENT DETERMINATION CHART Date: 11/06/2002 Hose Size: 1¾" Hose Construction: Person(s) Conducting The Tests: Double jacket, rubber lined R. Confer, G. Bryant, T. Hostetter, D. Ockey Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5 Column 6 Column 7 Column 8 Column 9 Test Run # Pump Discharge Pressure psi Gauge 1 psi Gauge 2 psi Nozzle Pressure* psi Flow from Flow meter or by Equation** n/a n/a n/a *Not necessary if flow meter is used **gpm = 29.7 d 2 NP Total of all Column 9 answers Average C = # of tests conducted Average C =

46 Topic 3-8: Friction Loss Formulas and Calculations INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY TITLE: TIME FRAME: 0:15 Calculating Friction Loss MATERIALS NEEDED: Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages Pen or pencil INTRODUCTION: This activity provides you the opportunity to become familiar with and sharpen your calculating skills as they relate to friction loss formulas. DIRECTIONS: 1. Calculate the friction loss for the following scenarios. 2. You have 10 minutes to complete this activity. 3. Be prepared to discuss your answers with the class

47 Topic 3-8: Friction Loss Formulas and Calculations SECTION I: SIMPLE HOSE LAYS 1. Find the correct friction loss. 200 gpm 300-feet of 2½" FL = (C x Q 2 )(L) C = Q = L = FL = FL =

48 Topic 3-8: Friction Loss Formulas and Calculations 2. Find the correct friction loss. 200-feet of 1¾" 200 gpm 200-feet of 1¾" " 200 gpm FL = (C x Q 2 )(L) C = Q = L = FL = FL =

49 Topic 3-8: Friction Loss Formulas and Calculations 3. Find the correct friction loss. 150-feet of 2½" 150-feet of 1¾" 150 gpm 150-feet of 1¾" 150 gpm 2½" Line: Wye Line: FL = (C x Q 2 )(L) FL = (C x Q 2 )(L) C = C = Q = Q = L = L = FL = FL = FL = FL =

50 Topic 3-8: Friction Loss Formulas and Calculations 4. Find the correct friction loss. 900-feet of 3" 250 gpm 900-feet of 3" 100-feet of 2½" Siamese Lines: 2½" Line: FL = (C x Q 2 )(L) FL = (C x Q 2 )(L) C = C = Q = Q = L = L = FL = FL = FL = FL = TOTAL FL =

51 Topic 3-8: Friction Loss Formulas and Calculations SECTION II: COMPLEX HOSE LAYS 5. Find the correct friction loss. Line 1: 150-feet of 2½" 250 gpm Line 2: 250-feet of 2½" 250 gpm Line 1: Line 2: FL = (C x Q 2 )(L) FL = (C x Q 2 )(L) C = C = Q = Q = L = L = FL = FL = FL = FL =

52 Topic 3-8: Friction Loss Formulas and Calculations 6. Find the correct friction loss. 300-feet of 2½" 200-feet of 1¾" 125 gpm 150-feet of 1¾" 125 gpm 2½" Line: 150' Wye Line: FL = (C x Q 2 )(L) FL = (C x Q 2 )(L) C = C = Q = Q = L = L = FL = FL = FL = FL = 200' Wye Line: FL = (C x Q 2 )(L) C = Q = L = FL = FL =

53 Topic 3-8: Friction Loss Formulas and Calculations 7. Find the correct friction loss. 1,000-feet of 3" 250 gpm 900-feet of 3" 100-feet of 2½" Total length of Line 1 and Line 2 = 50% of total length = Siamese Lines: 2½" Line: FL = (C x Q 2 )(L) FL = (C x Q 2 )(L) C = C = Q = Q = L = L = FL = FL = FL = FL = TOTAL FL =

54 Topic 3-9: Calculating Pump Discharge Pressure Topic 3-9: Calculating Pump Discharge Pressure Student information for this topic can also be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY TITLE: TIME FRAME: 0:20 MATERIALS NEEDED: Calculator Pen or pencil INTRODUCTION: Calculating Pump Discharge Pressure This activity provides you the opportunity to develop your skill to calculate PDP using the proper formula. DIRECTIONS: 1. Complete all problems using the pump discharge pressure formula. 2. You have 15 minutes to complete this activity. 3. Be prepared to discuss your answers with the class

55 Topic 3-9: Calculating Pump Discharge Pressure 1. Calculate the correct pump discharge pressure. 150-feet of 2½" 250 gpm 200-feet of 1¾" 200 gpm 2½" Line: 1¾" Line: PDP = NP + [FL + (AL +/- EP)] PDP = NP + [FL + (AL +/- EP)] NP = NP = FL = FL = AL = AL = EP = EP = PDP = PDP =

56 Topic 3-9: Calculating Pump Discharge Pressure 2. Calculate the correct pump discharge pressure. Line 1: 150-feet of 2½" 300 gpm Line 2: 250-feet of 2½" 250 gpm Line 1: Line 2: PDP = NP + [FL + (AL +/- EP)] PDP = NP + [FL + (AL +/- EP)] NP = NP = FL = FL = AL = AL = EP = EP = PDP = PDP =

57 Topic 3-9: Calculating Pump Discharge Pressure 3. Calculate the correct pump discharge pressure. 400-feet of 2½" 300 gpm 150-feet of 2½" 125 gpm 100-feet of 1¾" 125 gpm 100-feet of 1¾" 2 ½" Line: Wye Line: PDP = NP + [FL + (AL +/- EP)] PDP = NP + [FL + (AL +/- EP)] NP = NP = FL = FL = AL = AL = EP = EP = PDP = PDP =

58 Topic 3-9: Calculating Pump Discharge Pressure 4. Calculate the correct pump discharge pressure. 200-feet of 2½" 250 gpm 300-feet of 2½" 125 gpm 150-feet of 1¾" 125 gpm 150-feet of 1¾" 2½" Line: Wye Line: PDP = NP + [FL + (AL +/- EP)] PDP = NP + [FL + (AL +/- EP)] NP = NP = FL = FL = AL = AL = EP = EP = PDP = PDP =

59 Topic 3-9: Calculating Pump Discharge Pressure 5. Calculate the correct pump discharge pressure. 250 gpm 400-feet of 2½" PDP = NP + [FL + (AL +/- EP)] NP = FL = AL = EP = PDP =

60 Topic 3-9: Calculating Pump Discharge Pressure 6. Find the correct pump discharge pressure for the hoselines connected to a standpipe, with fire floor on the third floor, and using 100-feet of 2 ½" hoseline with a fog nozzle at 200 gpm. Line 3: 100-feet of 2½" 200-feet of 2½" 100 gpm 200 gpm 100-feet of 2½" 100 gpm PDP = NP + [FL + (AL +/- EP)] NP = FL = AL = EP = PDP =

61 Topic 3-10: Fireground Hydraulics Calculations Topic 3-10: Fireground Hydraulics Calculations Student information for this topic can be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY TITLE: TIME FRAME: 0:30 Fireground Hydraulics MATERIALS NEEDED: Rule of Thumb charts Calculator Pen or pencil INTRODUCTION: This activity provides you the opportunity to become familiar with and sharpen your skills on fireground hydraulics. DIRECTIONS: 1. Using the Rule of Thumb charts, calculate the gpm and PDP for the following scenarios. 2. You have 0:15 minutes to complete this activity. 3. Be prepared to discuss your answers with the class

62 Topic 3-10: Fireground Hydraulics Calculations RULE OF THUMB CHARTS Nozzle Pressure Fire Hoseline Friction Loss Per 100' Of Hoseline Nozzle psi gpm 3" FL Tip Size gpm 2½" FL Smooth Tip (1") / 8 " Fog Nozzles " Portable Monitor Same as above / 8 " ¼" Q 2 Flow less than 500 Appliance Friction Loss Master Stream Flows (80 psi) Appliance psi Tip gpm Wye 10 1¼" 400 Siamese / 8 " 500 Portable Monitor 25 1½" 600 Standpipe / 8 " 700 1¾" 800 2" 1,000 Preconnect 1½" and 1¾"...PDP = 135 psi PDP...Do Not Exceed 250 psi Intake (Residual Pressure)...Do Not Drop Below 20 psi Use Volume Mode...2 or more 2½" or larger hoselines are used pumping 50% or more than the pump capacity Elevation...PDP 5 psi per story minus first story Supply an Engine...50 psi to start

63 Topic 3-10: Fireground Hydraulics Calculations 1. Find the correct gpm and PDP for the hose lay using the information in the Rule of Thumb chart. 1" tip 400-feet of 2½" gpm = PDP = NP + FL PDP = PDP = PDP =

64 Topic 3-10: Fireground Hydraulics Calculations 2. Find the correct gpm and PDP for the hose lay using the information in the Rule of Thumb chart. 1¼" tip 600-feet of 2½" gpm = PDP = NP + FL PDP = PDP = PDP =

65 Topic 3-10: Fireground Hydraulics Calculations 3. Find the correct gpm and PDP for the hose lay using the information in the Rule of Thumb chart. 1⅛" tip 800-feet of 3" gpm = PDP = NP + FL PDP = PDP = PDP =

66 Topic 3-10: Fireground Hydraulics Calculations 4. Find the correct gpm and PDP for the hose lay using the information in the Rule of Thumb chart. Fog nozzle 500-feet of 3" gpm = PDP = NP + FL PDP = PDP = PDP =

67 Topic 3-10: Fireground Hydraulics Calculations 5. Find the correct PDP for the hose lay using the information in the Rule of Thumb chart. 100 gpm 150-feet of 1½" 100 gpm 150-feet of 1½" PDP = NP + FL

68 Topic 3-10: Fireground Hydraulics Calculations 6. Find the PDP for the hose lay using the information in the Rule of Thumb chart. 150-feet of 1½" 400-feet of 2½" 100 gpm 100 gpm Wye Line: 2½" Line: PDP gpm = FL = FL = PDP =

69 Topic 3-10: Fireground Hydraulics Calculations 7. Find the correct gpm and PDP for the hose lay up to the fourth floor of a building using the information in the Rule of Thumb chart. 4 th Floor 1" tip 300-feet of 2½" gpm = PDP = NP + FL + EL PDP = PDP = PDP =

70 Topic 4-1: Inspecting the Pump Drive System Topic 4-1: Inspecting the Pump Drive System Student information for this topic can be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages and

71 Topic 4-2: Inspecting the Pump Priming Systems Topic 4-2: Inspecting the Pump Priming Systems Student information for this topic can be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages and

72 Topic 4-3: Inspecting the Pump Pressure Control Systems Topic 4-3: Inspecting the Pump Pressure Control Systems Student information for this topic can be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages and

73 Topic 4-4: Pump Service Testing Topic 4-4: Pump Service Testing Student information for this topic can be found in Pumping Apparatus Driver/Operator Handbook, IFSTA, Second Edition, Pages

74 Topic 4-5: Maintenance of the Pump and Control Systems Topic 4-5: Maintenance of the Pump and Control Systems In order to ensure proper operation of fire apparatus, routine inspection and maintenance must be performed. After Each Operation Transfer valve. If transfer valve has lubrication fitting, add grease and switch back and forth between positions. With the apparatus engine off, turn the handwheel between the volume and pressure positions a few times to verify that the valve operates freely. Priming pump. Operate primer. Tighten all caps. Close all pump valves. Pull the primer control while watching for a below-zero reading on the master intake gauge. Verify that the master intake gauge readings hold for approximately 5 minutes after you release the primer control. Priming tank. Check lubricant level. Add if necessary. Weekly Relief valve system or governor. Test at 150, 200, 250 psi. If the apparatus is equipped with an electronic governor, follow the manufacturer's recommendations and specifications for weekly preventive maintenance. Transfer valve (if applicable). Test two-stage pumps only. Manual transfer valves. With the apparatus engine turned off, turn the handwheel between the volume and pressure positions a few times to verify that the valve operates freely. Set up the apparatus for pumping, with the transfer valve in the volume position. Leave the apparatus engine at idle speed and move the transfer valve to the pressure position. Verify that the discharge pressure gauge readings have approximately doubled. Power transfer valves. With the apparatus engine turned off, follow the manufacturer's recommendations and specifications to verify that the valve operates freely. Set up the apparatus for pumping, with the transfer valve in the volume position