SF2. Electronically controlled Closed circuit rebreather User Manual Version 1.3

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1 User Manual 1

2 Electronically controlled Closed circuit rebreather User Manual Version 1.3 SF2 January 2011 dive2gether.net Tauchsport GmbH Siemensstraße Jüchen (Hochneukirch) Germany Text, Photos and Numbers Copyright 2011 with SF2 No part of this book is supposed to be reproduced or transmitted in any way, neither electronically nor mechanically including copying, recording or saving without written permission of an authorized representative of dive2gether. Danger: The SF2 is a fully electronic closed circuit rebreather whose functions are significantly different from a traditional open circuit diving system. Do not use the SF2 without proper professional instruction by an authorised SF2 Instructor and without proper and complete knowledge of the contents of this manual. Careless use of the SF2 can lead to unconsciousness due to a lack of oxygen in any environment without any prior warning signs. Careless use of the SF2 in depths underwater exceeding 6 MSW (meters sea water) [20 FSW (feet sea water)] can lead to unconsciousness without any prior warning signs. Both situations can cause severe injuries or death. The SF2 is equipped with a sophisticated electronic control system which allows for a properly trained user to avoid these situations. It is solely the responsibility of user to monitor the displays of this system carefully when using the SF2, and to have the knowledge of bailout procedures in case of a problem. 2

3 Table of Contents Accordance with CE-Standards (page 5,6) Aim of this User Manual (page 7) Glossary of Terms (page 8, 9) Chapter 1 Overview of the SF2 Head (page 10) Upper Section (page 10) Bottom Section and SS Frame (page 11) Soda Lime Canister (page 11) Automatic Diluent Gas Valve (page 11) Manual Gas Feed Connection (page 11) Counter lung Securing Plate (page 12) ADV Activation Plunger (page 12) Counter lung combined Water Trap (page 12) Breathing Hoses (page 13) Chapter 2 Assembling the SF2 Counter lung and combined Water Trap (page 14, 15) Inserting Middle Section in Bottom Section and SS Frame (page 15) Attaching the Upper Section (page 15) Filling the Soda Lime Canister (page 16) Inserting the Soda Lime Canister (page 17) Soda Lime (page 18) Battery Fitting (page19) Oxygen Sensor Fitting (page 19, 20) Head Cover Plate Assembly (page 20) Attaching the Head (page20) Overview of Breathing Hoses (page 20) Breathing Hoses Leak Test (page 21,22) Attaching Breathing Hoses (page 20) Diluent and Oxygen Cylinders (page 23) Tank Mounting (page 24) Screwing on the First Stages(page 23,24) Mounting the Tanks to the SF2 (page 24) Attaching the Wing and Backplate (page 25) Manual Adds (page 25) Chapter 3 Electronics Shearwater Predator Original Predator Manual (page 26) 3

4 Chapter 4 Care and Maintenance (page 76) First Stage requirements (page 79) Gas Cylinders and Filling Gas Cylinders (page 79) Clearing and Equalizing the Mask (page 80) Breathing Hoses (page 80) Chapter 5 Pre-Dive Procedures First Steps before Diving (page 79) Soda Lime Canister (page 79) Gas Cylinders (page 80) Breathing Hoses (page 82) Starting the Electronics (page 82) Battery state (page 80) Calibrating the Oxygen Sensors (page 81) Negative Pressure Test (page 79) Positive Pressure Test (page 80) Bailout Gases (page 81) Ready to Dive (page 83) Chapter 6 Diving Procedures Monitoring Alarms (page 82) Minimum Loop Volume (page 82) Buoyancy Control (page 83) Removing Water from the Breathing Hoses (page 83) Performing Ascents (page 83) Ending the Dive (page 83) Safe Diving with the SF2 (page 84) Post Dive Care (page 84) Problem Solving (page 85) Chapter 7 Care and Maintenance after the Dive After Every Dive (page 86) More Than One Dive Per Day (page 86) After Every Full Day of Diving (page 86) Disinfection (page 88) Long-term Storing and Care (page 87) Travelling with the SF2 (page 87) 4

5 Accordance with CE-Demands In accordance with the European Standard EN14143, paragraph 8 we hereby supply the following information: 8.1 This manual contains information which authorizes trained and qualified persons to assemble and use the SF2 in a secure and safe way. 8.2 This manual was originally written in German. 8.3 The application of the SF2 is an autonomic recreational diving device. For dives with Air and Trimix 10/70 gas. The SF2 is licensed for a maximum depth of 40 mtrs (130ft) with Air Diluent or to 100mtrs (325ft) with Trimix 10/70 Diluent. The SF2 uses two gas supplies: Trimix 10/70 or Air diluents and Oxygen; and those which are produced by the breathing gas mixture mixed by the SF2. The use of the SF2 is limited to diving underwater only by properly trained persons. Detailed instructions concerning the assembly of the SF2 including descriptions of the single components, the special connection between the components as well as the various safety elements are contained in this manual. The user should be able to understand the risks and should also appreciate the risks associated with the use of the SF2 and the use of this manual in conjunction with qualified SF2 instructor training prior to the diving. The operating temperature for the SF2 lies between a minimum of 4 Celsius and a maximum of 34 Celsius. Using the device outside of these limits can lead to malfunctions. The SF2 is intended for use on dives that require low to moderate work performance. Although the SF2 is capable of standing up to high work performances, this is not its intention. The SF2 is intended to supply a breathing gas mixture with a partial pressure between 0.4 bar (0.35 bar minimum) and 1.3 bar (1.5 bar maximum). Depending on the depth of the dive, the fraction of oxygen in the breathing gas should be between 21% and 100%, nitrogen between 0% and 79% and helium between 0% and 70% depending on Diluent used i.e Air or Trimix 10/70. Users have to monitor the displays, gauges and alarm systems and react appropriately when the concentration of oxygen becomes dangerous. The SF2 requires the monitoring of an OLED display and, accordingly, should only be used in waters with a minimum visibility of at least 30cm. The use of the SF2 under conditions that do not allow monitoring of the OLED display presents an increased risk. The SF2 includes oxygen at high pressure as one of its gas supplies and employs equipment that has been specially cleaned and prepared for dealing with high pressure oxygen. Accordingly, special care has to be applied when handling these gas mixtures, especially when refilling the gas cylinders. Adequate maintenance and cleanliness suitable for oxygen must thus be supplied for every component that gets in touch with high pressure oxygen (e.g. oxygen breathing regulators and connected pneumatic parts). Components which are exposed to high pressure oxygen have to be maintained by qualified Service Center. Not complying with these instructions can lead to an oxygen fire and serious injuries including death. The SF2 requires a proper assembly prior to diving and some important testing procedures that have to be carried out by the diver. Details regarding these procedures are included in this manual. The use of the SF2 without complete testing of the system poses an increased risk on the diver. Chapter 7 of this manual describes appropriate procedures after the dive as well as requirements for long-term storing and care-taking of the SF2, including storage conditions, 5

6 durability of certain components and appropriate safety measures; moreover a maintenance and inspection routine. Not complying with these procedures may lead to damage of the components, which in turn may lead to malfunctions of the SF The diluent gas cylinder of the SF2 is only to be filled with Trimix 10/70 or Air. The Helium used must comply with category 6.0. The oxygen cylinder is only to be filled with medical or diving grade oxygen of category 5.1. The SF2 must only be filled and used with Dräger Divesorb Pro soda lime. Only CE certified accessories and/or other personal safety equipment should be used with the SF2. All other additions or changes by a third party are not covered by the intended use of this device. 8.5 The soda lime duration time of this device is 60 minutes under the following conditions: diving depth 50 meters, water temperature 4 Celsius. AMV 40 liters / minute 6

7 Aim of this Manual This manual is not intended to be a training manual or a substitute in any way for a proper training provided by a SF2-certified Instructor or Facility. There are warning boxes everywhere in this manual to draw your attention to important information. Three stages of warning are highlight by the following coloured triangles: Danger: Warning boxes with a red triangle contain highly critical information on the diver's safety and well-being. Disregard of the information in these boxes can lead to serious injuries or death. Warning: Warning boxes with a yellow triangle contain vital information that can have influence on the safety and/or the proper function of the SF2. Important: Warning boxes with a blue triangle contain important information on the appropriate care and maintenance of the SF2. These can increase comfort and fun during the dive. 7

8 Explanation of Terms SF2: Scuba Force 2 Breathing Hoses: Consists of the breathing hoses, the mouth piece and the connection threads. Soda Lime: ADV: Bailout: CO 2 : Lime that binds CO 2 in a chemical process, and thus keeps the gas in the circuit breathable. Automatic Diluent Valve Diluent is automatically supplied as soon as the volume in the circuit drops below the inhaled volume. This can happen due to descending, clearing the mask, metabolizing etc. Emergency procedure, exit from the circuit into an open system Carbon dioxide Diluent: A gas that is used for the dilution of oxygen to reduce PPO 2 ECCR: Electronic Complete Closed Rebreather. Counterlung: Bag to collect the exhaled gas and water Hypercapnia: Where there is too much carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the blood Hypoxia: Condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of an adequate Oxygen supply Hyperoxia: It refers to excess oxygen in the lungs or other body tissues leading to oxygen toxicity. Controller: Is connected to the sensors and measures their single values, calculates the average and compares it to the preset set point. Calibrating: All oxygen cells must be calibrated with 100% oxygen 8

9 Soda Lime Canister: Container in which the soda lime is packed PPO 2 : Loop: hoses Predator: Set point: Partial Pressure Oxygen Circuit consisting of lungs, counter lung, soda lime canister and breathing Controller and dive computer in a display unit worn on the arm A preset oxygen partial pressure which is monitored and maintained by the controller Oxygen Cells: Sensor cells that measure the oxygen level in the gas Oxygen Solenoid: A valve that is set by the controller. Oxygen is used up while diving and the sensors measure the oxygen level in the gas. When the oxygen partial pressure drops below the preset set point, the controller electronically opens the valve and oxygen flows into the loop Over Pressure and Water Outlet Valve: The SF2 is equipped with an over pressure and water outlet valve, the water outlet valve is used for clearing water from the loop; the over pressure valve opens as soon as the pressure (gas volume) in the system increases e.g. during ascents. Water Trap: Saliva and moisture produced by the chemical process of CO2 binding but also the moisture from the exhaled gas condenses in the rebreather. This moist and warm gas condenses forming water droplets. To avoid malfunction, the SF2 is build so that water and saliva produced by the above reactions can move into the water trap and can be removed via the Water Outlet Valve. 9

10 Chapter 1 1. Head: Fig1 SF2 Single Parts Overview Oxygen supply (9/16 18G Standard MD) Oxygen Solenoid (Jaksa) Oxygen line to exhale opening 3 oxygen cells and wiring (numbered1to3) Battery compartment (1X PP9 battery) Inhale opening Cable Connection to Oxygen Solenoid Exhale opening Ab2 Breathing Hose Connections Cable with Predator Cable with Fischer connector Fig2 Head cover plate protects the parts in the head Preparation: The SF2 rebreather is sealed with a radial O-ring in machined groove on the head. It is necessary prior to every assembly to clean and slightly grease this O-ring with O2 grease. Please notice that in order to do this; you should rub a small amount of O2 grease between your first finger and thumb and then slide the O-ring through the two fingers. Doing so ensures that the O-rings are evenly and glossily greased. Avoid applying a thick layer of O2 grease to the O-ring since this can cause leakage. Before the O-ring can be reinserted into the groove make sure that the groove is clean and free of fibers and dirt. This is easily done by using Q-tips or cotton buds. 2. Upper Section: Connection between head and middle section; contains the soda lime canister (due to the manufacturing process the pipe is tapered and can only be assembled in correct orientation.) Fig3 Fig4 10

11 3. Bottom Section and SS Frame: Mounting for oxygen and diluent cylinders as well as for wing and back plate provides a solid stand and serves as a cover for the counter lung. Fig5 4. Soda Lime Canister(Scrubber) Canister s capacity is 2kg soda lime. 5. Middle Section: Strict attention must be paid that the maximum breathing time of 3 hours for the soda lime is not exceeded, especially when using it for more than one dive. Automatic Diluent Valve (ADV) Diluent enters the loop via a second stage (Apeks XTX20). During the descent, gas is supplied via the ADV, due to the volume being decreased with the higher ambient pressure. Each time the volume in the counter lung is compressed to lowest point the plunger activates the ADV and diluent is added Fig6 Fig7 Manual Gas Feed Connection Manual gas feed connection allows the operator to manually add both oxygen and diluents to the SF2. All connections are standard 3/8``UNF threads. If the ADV is activated at every breath, could be due to a leak in the counter lung, overpressure valve set too slack or poor diving techniques i.e breathing out through the nose or poor fitting mask. This will result in an increased consumption of breathing gas both for the oxygen and the diluent. The consumption of breathing gas has to be constantly monitored. Every diluent addition causes the PPO2 to drop which is instantaneously recognized by the controller and oxygen added, if below setpoint, via the oxygen solenoid, so that the PPO2 remains at the preset set point., 11

12 6. Counter lung Securing Plate: Fig8 Counter lung is attached to the securing plate. Using 6 screws the securing plate with the counter lung is screwed onto the middle section. The counter lung also serves as container for water from water trap. 7. Middle Section: This is connection between Bottom and Upper Sections. It houses ADV,manual add inlet pipe and large O ring on the upper side. On the bottom side is attached a activation plunger for ADV. This is enclosed inside counter lung Activation plunger can be seen in fig9 with counter lung removed Fig9 8. Counter lung and Water Trap: Fig10 A bellow counter lung, reservoir for the exhaled gas. Over pressure valve on the bottom which can be adjusted to the diver s requirements also can be used to remove water and saliva that has collected in the loop. This is also used for flood recovery which will explained by your instructor Moisture is produced as a byproduct due to the chemical process of binding CO2 in the soda lime but also due to respiration in the lungs. Because of the difference in temperature (inner parts outer parts) condensation occurs. This small amount of water could interfer with the function of the rebreather. The water trap collects the water which in turn falls into the counter lung, this water can be removed through the overpressure valve in the bottom of counter lung, wherever it originates from, by simply moving in an upright position manually adding diluent via manual add and strongly exhaling which forces open the overpressure valve The SF2 rebreather has the ability to cope with larger amounts of ingressed water which can enter the rebreather due to loss of mouth piece, either entering the water with an unclosed mouth piece or removing the mouth piece without closing it. By moving in an upright position, the majority of the water will be collected in the water trap and flows into the counter lung where it can be removed by the method described this will be shown by your instructor on your diver course. 12

13 Breathing Hoses Breathing hoses with mouth piece and connection threads. The mouth piece is opened and closed by using the stainless steel extension arm which rotates the inner portion of the mouthpiece. The connections can only be attached in correct orientation as the thread sizes are different from left and right. Fig11 Warning: Never remove the mouth piece from your mouth in the open position. Water will enter the SF2 and the rebreather, in extreme cases, may lead to a total failure. Important: Always close the mouthpiece before removing from your mouth. This rule applies whether on land or in water. Mouthpiece open when in your mouth. Mouthpiece closed when out of your mouth 13

14 Chapter 2 Assembling the SF2 Step 1 The counter lung/water trap bag is fitted onto the middle section using the securing plate and six screws. Only the first lip of the bellow on the counter lung is sandwiched between securing plate and middle section.make sure that the Retaining Ring fig12 is inside the counter lung before attaching to middle section. Step 2 The securing plate with the counter lung is now screwed onto the middle piece (Fig 13) making sure that the first lip of the counter lung is sandwiched between securing ring and middle section as it acts as a seal. It is recommended to tighten the screws a little more than hand-tight do not over tighten. Fig12 Outlet valve Retaining Ring Fig13 Step 3 The Retaining Ring (inside the counter lung) and the outlet valve are screwed together. Ensure that the six screws are tight and there is a good seal all round the securing plate. Fig 14 Fig 15 Warning: Ingress of water can impair the function of the SF2 and in extreme cases cause a total failure. Although the SF2 can tolerate a large amount of water ingress and flood recovery is possible bailout is the required procedure. 14

15 Step 4 The middle section with the screwed-on counter lung (Fig 23) is inserted into the bottom section. Fig 24 shows how the middle piece is inserted into the foot. This position ensures a proper orientation of ADV and manual add inlet pipe. Fig 23 Fig24 Step 5 The Upper Section is attached in the right orientation as this has a slight taper and only fits one way over the large O ring fitted to middle section. Fig25 15

16 Step 6 Filling the Soda Lime Canister (Scrubber) It is very easy to change the soda lime: remove the soda lime canister, loosen the wing nut in the middle of the container, remove the tension spring plus washer and pull out the mesh cover, empty the used soda lime into a suitable container for later disposal. Making sure there is no used soda lime remaining, proceed to fill canister with new soda lime by filling half way up the canister and tapping the sides to make sure there are no large air spaces fill the remainder of the canister to 7mm below the bottom lip to allow for refitting mesh. Attach the mesh onto the compressed soda lime granule and place tension spring and washer over threaded rod tighten down with wing nut Danger: This process is very important, since loosely filled soda lime can leave air spaces which can cause gas channeling. These channels allow exhaled gas to track through the soda lime without removal of the CO2. This can lead to hypercapnia and could lead to unconsciousness and death. Tighten the wing nut so that the tension spring is compressed fully. If the SF2 is being transported with canister in place on rib or by car the tensioned spring helps prevent channeling however the scrubber canister should be checked before diving. After the soda lime canister has been filled, insert it into the upper section making sure the three stainless steel feet on the bottom of the canister are resting evenly on the middle section and check that the canister is properly fitted before continuing the assembly. Check the O ring housed in the top part of the canister tube is clean and lightly O2 greased. The canister tube is connected between head and middle piece please ensure that the O is in good condition. The soda lime container is filled (Fig 26) It is essential that the soda lime is well compressed this is achieved by tapping the sides of the canister Mesh cover grid put on top (Fig27) The tension spring with washer and plate on top (Fig28) Properly compressed spring with the wing nut.the soda lime canister is now ready to use (Fig29) Fig26 Fig27 Fig28 Fig29 16

17 17

18 Step 7 Inserting the soda lime container(scrubber) After the soda lime container has been filled, insert it into the upper section and check for a proper fit before continuing with the assembly. The upper section is the connection between head and middle piece and at the same time serves as a cover for the soda lime container (scrubber). When attaching it a proper fit has to be ensured and O ring is free from debris and slightly lubricated. Fig30 Soda lime container (scrubber) is inserted into the upper section of the SF2 (Fig30) Soda Lime In the soda lime container (scrubber), the carbon dioxide contained in the exhaled gas is filtered. The chemical material in this container forms a mild carbonic acid from the carbon dioxide in the exhaled gas and water vapour. This acid reacts with the soda lime material producing the following by- products, chalk (Ca (OH) 2), moisture and heat. The amount of absorbed carbon dioxide depends on the time that the gas has spent in the soda lime or dwell time, the temperature of the soda lime. It is important that the Soda lime is packed correctly to avoid channeling which would allow the CO2 to take a path of least resistance thus allowing improper dwell time which could lead to CO2 breakthrough as the chemical reaction has not taken place properly with this CO2 gas. Over packing can lead to increased work of breathing and high CO2 during your course you will be shown the proper procedure to pack your scrubber. It is vital that the user develops a solid understanding for how the rebreather is assembled and used. It is the responsibility of the diver to satisfy himself that the rebreather has been assembled correctly. If the scrubber floods, it is possible that the diver gets pieces of the soda lime in his mouth. The mixture of soda lime and water is known as a caustic cocktail and can be easily avoided by connecting all parts of the rebreather properly. The Chemical Reaction is two parts Soda lime is probably the safest and cheapest material for dives. It consists of: Calcium hydroxide Ca (OH) 2 Sodium hydroxide Na OH Carbon dioxide reacts with water and water vapour and produces a mild carbonic acid: 18

19 1. CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 2. H2CO3 + 2NaOH = Na2CO3 + 2H2O + heat H2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCO3 + 2H2O + heat 3. Na2CO3+Ca(OH)2= CaCO3 +2NaOH +heat 100 gram soda lime neutralize approximately 25 liters of carbon dioxide The reaction is termed exothermic meaning it produces heat hence loop gas is warm and the scrubber feels warm after your dive Step 8 The Head of the SF2 All the sensors, the solenoid, a battery compartment delivering power to the solenoid, the inhale as well as the exhale opening, the oxygen addition pipe work, the cables for the Predator Fischer connector and the cover plate with its screw connected plus 3 O rings are located here. Fig31 Fig32 Inserting the batteries Carefully remove the battery compartment's lid (Fig33) Now insert the 3.6V AA battery and make sure that plus and minus are not mixed up (Fig34) Now carefully reattach the compartment's lid (Fig35) Fig33 Fig34 Fig35 Inserting/Changing the Oxygen Sensors The oxygen sensors are always displayed in the same order on the hand set. It is of advantage to label both the sensors and the cables in the head of the SF2 in order; this simplifies the search for single sensors if they have to be exchanged. Only sensors by Analytical Industries must be used. 19

20 Expiry dates on the sensors must be adhered too By using other brands or using it after expiry it is possible that wrong values may be displayed and you dive with an unknown gas content in the breathing loop. The sensors are housed in the designated recesses (Fig36). The sensors are held in position by three screws and a mounting plate. These screws and plate need only be hand tight over tightening will crush the cells.all sensors in place as shown in Fig36. Fig36 For protection we now place the head cover plate on top (Fig42) and screw it together (Fig43) Fig42 Fig43 Step 9 Placing the head on the SF2 The head is now placed on top of the SF2 upper section making sure O ring is in place clean of debris and lightly lubricated with O2 grease making sure the head is evenly pushed into the upper section. It should slide into its final position by applying a slight and even pressure. The breathing tube openings have to face in direction of the bladder and back plate mounting. The side tension catches can be hooked up and closed. Fig44 Fig45 20

21 Step 10 Breathing Hoses Overview Fig 46 The breathing hoses need to be checked for any tears, flaws or damage and all connections are in place. The breathing hoses need to be checked before every dive with a series of safety checks as will be shown by your instructor. Check O-rings on the screw connections which can only be screwed on in one orientation : cleanliness and integrity of the O- rings must be maintained at all times. 46a Mouthpiece Exhale Side Mushroom Valve Carrier Inhale Side Mushroom Valve Mushroom Valve Mushroom Valve Carrier O-Ring O-Ring Fig 46b Fig 46c Exhale Side Inhale Side Place the O-ring in the designated groove of the mushroom valve carrier. Next put the mushroom valve on the outside of the mushroom valve carrier (see Fig 46b) so that the locking tab can be guided through the central hole of the mushroom valve carrier. By slightly pulling it, lock the mushroom valve to the mushroom valve carrier. Make sure that the mushroom valve on the exhale side is outside on the left of the mouth piece. Place the O-ring in the designated groove of the mushroom valve carrier. Next put the mushroom valve on the inside of the mushroom valve carrier (see Fig 46c) so that the locking tab can be guided through the central hole of the mushroom valve carrier. By slightly pulling it, lock the mushroom valve to the mushroom valve carrier. Make sure that the mushroom valve on the inhale side is inside on the right of the mouth piece. Before assembling the breathing hoses, you should first test them for leaks as follows: 21

22 With the mouthpiece rotated to open position, breathe gently from the mouthpiece sealing exhale side hose against the cheek you should hear the mushroom valves opening and closing through the inhale hose but no feeling of gas against the cheek reversing this you should feel gas against the cheek as the inhale opens and closes to double check breathe into the exhale hose and you should feel no gas coming through the mouthpiece and using the inhale hose you should feel the gas moving out of the mouthpiece Fig47 Fig48 Danger: If the hoses do not pass this test, it is possible you have mushroom valve problems! You must not dive! This is a life-threatening risk! Contact SF2 Instructor or a certified retail store! Fig49 Once the hoses have been checked they can be screwed on to the SF2 (there can be no confusion to attaching the hoses as they only screw together in one orientation.) The screw connections are different sizes.make sure the mouthpiece has been attached in the right direction inhale gas over the right shoulder and exhale over left shoulder Fig50 22

23 Step 11 Diluent and Oxygen Cylinders (not included) Diluent: Cylinder valve (G5/8 ) with hand wheel left, pressure gauge hose, over pressure valve, inflator hose, low pressure hose to ADV (automatic diluent valve) and low pressure hose for manual ADD Oxygen: Cylinder valve (M26x2) with hand wheel right, oxygen pressure gauge, over pressure valve, low pressure hose to solenoid valve and low pressure valve for manual ADD SF2 recommends the use of separate cylinder for dry suit inflation The cylinder mountings (included with the rebreather) are screwed to the cylinders (Fig 51) Fig51 The cylinder configuration is usually pillar valves to the bottom configuration, which means that the cylinders are mounted with the pillar valves pointing to the bottom of the SF2. This method of mounting allows access to the pillar valves for turning on and off much faster than above your head. Fig52 Fig53 As seen from figs above attaching diluent and oxygen 1st stage is straight forward this should be done before attaching cylinders to the rebreather. Ist stages need to be CE approved and have adequate number of low pressure ports you will need at least three low pressure ports. 23

24 Step 12 Mounting the cylinders to the SF2 With the male part of the cylinder mounting located on the side of the cylinder, place the male part into the female part of the bracket which is attached to the SF2, push the cylinder towards the SF2 and press the unlocking pin that is on the female part of the mounting bracket. As soon as the cylinder mounting is in position tight against the SF2, release the unlocking pin. Fig54 Step 13 Connecting the gas supply to the SF2 Located on the middle piece of the SF2 there is a 9/16 unf connection for the diluent gas, to which the low pressure hose of the 1st stage of the diluent side is connected (Fig55).Black arrow On the head of the SF2 there is a 9/16 unf connection for oxygen gas, to which the low pressure hose of the 1st stage of the oxygen side is connected (Fig56).Green Arrow Fig55 Common 9/16 unf connection for the attachment of the manual add manifold 24

25 Step 14 Attaching the bladder and back plate (not included) Fig7 Fig58 Back plate Wing and Harness Fig57 & Fig58 As seen from the diagrams above any back plate, wing or harness system as long as they are CE approved can be used for the SF2. This allows for streamlined approach and clutter free front as there are no counter lungs in front and the manual add system is attached to the waist straps Manual Adds (Optional Extra) The SF2 has two manual adds one for the diluent side and one for the oxygen side,these can be positioned on the waist belt of the harness or over the shoulder.the low pressure hoses are connected through a common manifold to enter the SF2 unit at the middle section where the gases enter the unit through the addition pipe as shown in Fig.24 &55 The manual adds give the diver the ability to operate the rebreather in manual mode i.e The setpoint is controlled by the diver manually adding Oxygen or if the ADV failed closed to adjust addition of diluent. During your course you will be instructed in various skills which employ the use of the manual adds Important: The manual adds when fitted to the harness need to be accessible to the diver. The manual adds kit supplied include all fitting and hoses,it is recommended that flow stop valves be fitted in the event of a gas leak at the manual adds 25

26 Shearwater Predator Manual 26

27 Shearwater Predator Table of Contents Introduction Features Decompression and Gradient Factors Display Buttons Menu Basic Setup...35 Display Elements Descriptions Simple Example Dive Complex Example Dive Menu Reference Turn Off Calibrate Switch Setpoint Select Gas Radio Station Gases Switch to OC/CC Dive Setup Low Setpoint High Setpoint Define Gas Dive Planner NDL Display External PP02 Monitoring Dive Log Menu Firmware Upload and Dive Log Download Instructions System Setup Dive Setup Conservatism OC Gases CC Gases Setup Cal. PP Solenoid Speed Set SC Identity Auto SP Switch Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 27

28 Shearwater Predator Display Setup Units Brightness Range Altitude Flip Screen System Setup Date Unlock Code Load Upgrade Reset to Defaults Error Displays Battery Change Storage Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 28

29 Shearwater Predator DANGER This computer is capable of calculating deco stop requirements. These calculations are at best a guess of the real physiological decompression requirements. Dives requiring staged decompression are substantially more risky than dives that stay well within nostop limits. Diving with rebreathers and/or diving mixed gases and/or performing staged decompression dives and/or diving in overhead environments greatly increases the risk of scuba diving. You really are risking your life with this activity. WARNING This computer has bugs. Although we haven't found them all yet, they are there. It is certain that there are things that this computer does that either we didn't think about, or planned for it to do something different. Never risk your life on only one source of information. Use a second computer or tables. If you choose to make riskier dives, obtain the proper training and work up to them slowly to gain experience. This computer will fail. It is not whether it will fail but when it will fail. Do not depend on it. Always have a plan on how to handle failures. Automatic systems are no substitute for knowledge and training. No technology will keep you alive. Knowledge, skill, and practiced procedures are your best defense. (Except for not doing the dive, of course.) Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 29

30 Shearwater Predator Introduction Features Depth, time and oxygen sensor display Buhlmann algorithm with gradient factors conservatism Imperial and metric displays Two set points, each of which can be set between.4 and 1.5 A menu system that adapts to diving status Automatic turn off after 30 minutes on the surface Depth sensor rated to 450 feet Dive Planner Any combination of oxygen, nitrogen, and helium Open and closed circuit, switchable during a dive 5 CC and 5 OC gases Gases can be changed and added during a dive CNS tracking No lockout Automatic setpoint switching (configurable) Battery life of over 100 hours of diving or 1 year of standby Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 30

31 Shearwater Predator Decompression and Gradient Factors The basic decompression algorithm used for the computer is Buhlmann ZHL-16C. It has been modified by the use of Gradient Factors that were developed by Erik Baker. We have used his ideas to create our own code to implement it. We would like to give credit to Erik for his work in education about decompression algorithms, but he is in no way responsible for the code we have written. The computer implements Gradient Factors by using levels of conservatism. The levels of conservatism are pairs of number like 30/85. For a more detailed explanation of their meaning, please refer to Erik Baker's excellent articles: Clearing Up The Confusion About "Deep Stops" and Understanding M-values. The articles are readily available on the web. You might also want to search for "Gradient Factors" on the web. The default of the system is 30/85. The system provides several settings that are more aggressive than the default. Don't use the system until you understand how it works. Pressure Graph: Gradient Factors r J..6.c..2 D A Gradient Fac.1cr is simply a decimal fraction (or p HC mta!jet of lhe M-value Gradient. M-value Gradicflt ----.,.,, rear l'tlnd.i:.lrt fur gradual dlimgein Grad nt F l:o GF lo gei'b(ltes first stop Gradien1 Factoi!S (GF) are dffiined bet'tween zero,and one, 0 GF.!: 1. A GrndienlFac'lor oi 0 represens the ambient pressure line. A Gradient Fao1or of 1represents the M-value line. Gradient Factors modify the original M-value eq;uaoon:s fur con ervatism within 1Re decompfessioo zooe. I } ' "---GF HI (surtaong v.:ltue) ntaintairs sa :-: y margin h'rs;l s Ambi«<lProssum, absojuln ' The lower Gtradient Factor value (GF Lo) delermines he depth ai Lhe first srop. Used to generate deep Slops to the dth of1he a:eepest po ie deco s.1np." Graph from Erik Baker's "Clearing Up The Confusion About Deep Stops" Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 31

32 Shearwater Predator Display The display has five areas. There are three title areas and three data display areas. Across the top line is the title for the first row of information. This area only changes during the display of the dive log. The first data area shows depth, battery warning, dive time, ascent rate, first stop depth, and first stop time. It is showing a depth of 34.7 meters, a low battery alarm, 15 minute dive time, a 3 meter per minute ascent rate, and a stop at 24 meters for 1 minute. The low battery indicator glows yellow after the battery is less than 3.28V for 30 seconds. Below 3.15V the battery indicator will flash red. You will need to change your battery immediately. It is recommended to change your battery when the battery indicator steadily glows yellow. The ascent rate indicator shows 6 levels of ascent rate. Each block represents either 10 fpm or 3 mpm. 1, 2 and 3 bars will be green, 4 and 5 bars will be yellow, 6 bars will be red. When the ascent rate is greater than 6 units, the whole block will be filled in red, and it will flash. If you are above the indicated stop depth, the stop depth will flash red. The next data line has the three 02 sensor readings. If a sensor is voted out, it will display the current value, but it will flash and the value will not be considered in the average PP02. This area will also display fixed PP02 or nothing in OC models. The next area is the title for the bottom line. This title changes frequently in the menu system to provide additional information about the bottom line. The last line shows that the computer is in closed circuit (CC) mode with a gas containing 21% oxygen and 0% helium. lfthere is a gas programmed in the current mode (OC or CC) that would normally be used at the current depth, the system will flash the gas contents in red to remind you to either switch gases, or remove the gas if you aren't using it. In addition, there is a context sensitive area at the bottom which is implemented when cycling through menus. The no decompression limit (NDL) is zero since we are in decompression, and the time to surface (TTS) is 15 minutes. The computer works in both metric and imperial for depths and temperatures. The depth shows a decimal point when the depth is between 0 and 99 meters. It shows no decimal point if the display is set to feet. To turn the computer on, press both the MENU and the SELECT buttons at the same time. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 32

33 Shearwater Predator Buttons MENU (Left) From the default display, pressing MENU brings up the menu. Once in the menu system, MENU moves to the next menu item. If the current function is an edit, pressing MENU increments the current display. SELECT (Right) In the menu system, the select button saves the current value or executes the command. Out of the menu system, the select button brings up information displays. BOTH BUTTONS When the computer is off, pressing MENU and SELECT at the same time will turn the computer on. The left button (MENU) can be used to scroll through the menu. Please note, the menus vary depending on the various models. When the "Switch Setpoint" menu item is displayed, MENU will move to the "Select Gas" menu item. The right button (SELECT) is used to accept the current choice. Pressing SELECT with this screen displayed will enter the Select Gas function. In the "Select Gas" function, MENU increments the gas number. SELECT would select closed circuit gas 2. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 33

34 Shearwater Predator When the system is not in a menu, pushing SELECT will bring up information displays with various dive status information. This is the first information display showing the diluent PP02 amount, the current CNS loading, the setpoint (if applicable), and the average PP02 being used for decompression calculation. Menu The system is designed to make the selection of the common operational functions while diving easy. The menu selections are separated into two sets. The "Operation" menu is to provide easy access to commonly used functions. The "Setup" menu is to change system settings. The system will continue to read the sensors and update the sensor display while you are in the menu system. If no buttons are pushed for a minute, the menu system will time-out. Anything that had been previously saved will be retained. Anything that was in the middle of editing will be discarded. A key characteristic of the menu system is that it is adaptive. It uses the information that it knows about its current state to only ask questions or offer menu items that make sense given the current situation. For example, on the surface, the first menu item you will see is Turn Off. During a dive, the Turn Off menu item doesn't appear. The second menu item is Calibrate. That item only shows on the surface. In addition, it only shows on models that have external sensors enabled, and on those models, only when they are in closed circuit mode. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 34

35 Shearwater Predator The full menu structure is below: Turn Off Calibrate Switch Setpoint Select Gas Switch Open Circuit I Closed Circuit (Open Circuit I Semi-Closed Circuit) Dive Setup Edit Low Setpoint Edit High Setpoint Define Gases Dive Planner NDL Display External PP02 Monitoring Brightness Dive Log Display Log Upload Log Edit Log Number Clear Log Setpoint ->.19 System Setup Dive Setup OC Gases CC Gases 02 Setup Auto SP Switch Display Setup System Setup The Turn Off, Calibrate, Dive Log, Setpoint ->.19, and System Setup menus are only available on the surface. This is the menu during a dive: Switch Setpoint Select Gas Switch Open Circuit I Closed Circuit (Open Circuit I Semi-Closed Circuit) Dive Setup Edit Low Setpoint Edit High Setpoint Define Gases NDL Display Brightness Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 35

36 Shearwater Predator The status screens are: Gases, no-decompression limit and time to surface Diluent PP02, CNS, and average PP02 Oxygen sensor millivolts Max depth, average depth, average atmospheres Water temperature, current Gradient Factor, current fixed Oxygen GF99, decompression ceiling, time-to-surface in 5 minutes and time-to-surface Battery voltage Pressure Date and time Surface interval Serial number and version number Basic Setup Before using the computer there are several things that need to be configured. This is not an exhaustive list of the pre-requisites for diving the system, but a suggestion of key tasks. On a system with external oxygen sensors, calibrate the oxygen sensors. In the System Setup menu set the units to metric or imperial, also set the date and time. Depending on the model of computer, enter the gases that you will use for the closed circuit portion of your dive, and/or enter the gases for you will use for open circuit. The system will use the gases that are available in the order of oxygen content during the Time To Surface (TTS) prediction. The system will use the next available gas that has a PP02 of less than 1.0 for closed circuit diving. If the computer is in open circuit or is switched to open circuit during a dive, the system will calculate the TTS based on the configured open circuit gases that are available. It will use the next available gas that has a PP02 of less than 1.6 for open circuit diving. NOTE: These gases are used automatically only for TTS predictions. The gas used to calculate the current tissue load and the current ceiling is always the gas actually selected by the diver. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 36

37 Shearwater Predator Display Elements Descriptions: Closed-Circuit Partial Pressure of 0 2 (PP02): The CC PP02 display depends on the Predator model: All models Flash Red PP02 when less than 0.4 or greater than 1.6. Controller (PRC): Displays 3 sensors. Displays PP02 in when sensor is voted out. Displays when calibration is not valid. When in OC mode, the sensor values continue to display. This shows the state of the breathing loop, but not what is currently being breathed. PROCT-E: Can show external sensor PP02 (will show three values) or internal PP02. See PROCT for internal PP02 description. Displays 3 sensors. Option to show only middle sensor. To show middle sensor only, perform calibration with only sensor 2 connected. Displays PP02 in when sensor is voted out. Displays when calibration is not valid. When in OC mode, the sensor values continue to display. This shows the state of the breathing loop, but not what is currently being breathed. PROCT (or PROCT-E in internal PP02 mode): Internal PP02 mode only. Shows the current setpoint, which is the PP02 at which the Predator assumes the breathing loop is being maintained. Shows 1 value only. When in OC mode, the value disappears. PROT (open circuit only model): Not available. See GasPP02 instead. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 37

38 Shearwater Predator Fraction Inspired 0 2 (Fi02): The fraction of the breathing gas composed of 0 2. This value is independent of pressure. Ascent Bar graph: Imperial: Shows 1 bar for every 10 feet per minute (fpm) of ascent rate. Metric: Shows 1 bar for every 3 meters per minute (mpm) of ascent rate. Green when 1 to 3 bars, when 4 to 5 bars, and Flashes Red when 6 bars or more. Battery Symbol: When the battery is good, the battery symbol does not display. Displays when the battery needs to be changed. Flashes Red when the battery is dangerously low and must be replaced immediately. Depth: Shows the depth in the currently selected units (feet or meters). Meters are displayed with 1 decimal place up to 99.9 meters. Feet are never displayed with a decimal place. Note: If the depth shows a Flashing Red zero, then the depth sensor needs service. Dive Time: The length of the current dive in minutes. Does not display when not diving. Stop Depth and Time: Stop- the next stop depth in the currently selected units (feet or meters). Time- the time in minutes to hold the stop. Will Flash Red when you ascend shallower than the current stop. Note on 1Oft/3m last stops: The Predator uses 1Oft/3m last stops. You may perform 20ft/6m stops with no penalty, since the Predator is always calculating tissue loading at your actual depth. The only difference is that the predicted time-to-surface will be shorter than the actual TTS since offgasing is occurring slower then expected. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 38

39 Shearwater Predator Average Depth: Displays the average depth of the current dive, updated once per second. When not diving, shows the average depth of the last dive. Average Depth in Atmospheres (AvgATM): The average depth of the current dive, measured in absolute atmospheres (i.e. a value of 1.0 at sea level). When not diving, shows the average depth of the last dive. Circuit Mode: The current breathing configuration. One of: OC = Open circuit CC = Closed circuit SC = Semi-closed circuit Current Gas (02/He): The current gas shown as a percentage of Oxygen and Helium. The remainder of the gas is assumed to be Nitrogen. In closed circuit mode, this gas is the diluent. In open circuit mode this is the breathing gas. Flashes Red when there is another programmed gas that is more appropriate at the current depth than the current gas. No Decompression Limit (NDL): The time remaining, in minutes, at the current depth until decompression stops will be necessary. Displays in!lie when the NDL is less than 5 minutes. Once the NDL limit has been exceeded, this value can be set to optionally display other information. These options are: CEIL: The current ceiling in the currently selected units (feet or meters). Flashes Red if you ascend shallower than the current ceiling. GF99: The raw percentage of the Buhlmann allowable supersaturation at the current The time-to-surface (TTS) if you were to stay at the current depth for 5 more minutes. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 39

40 Shearwater Predator Time-to-Surface (TTS): The time-to-surface in minutes in the current circuit mode. Assumes an ascent rate of 30 feet per minute (10 meters per minute), that stops will be followed and programmed gases will be used as appropriate. Maximum Depth: The maximum depth of the current dive. When not diving, displays the maximum depth of the last dive. CNS Toxicity Percentage: Central Nervous System oxygen toxicity loading percentage. Flashes Red when 100 or greater. The CNS percentage is calculated continuously, even when on the surface and turned off. Removing the battery will reset the CNS percentage. Setpoint: The current PP02 setpoint. Displays in setpoint is 0.19.!lie when the Average PP02: The average PP02 of the current breathing gas. In OC mode, displays in Flashing Red when less than 0.19 or greater than In CC mode, displays in Flashing Red when less than 0.40 or greater than 1.6. In CC mode, averages all sensors that are not voted out. Diluent PP02: Only displayed in CC mode. Displays in Flashing Red when the partial pressure of the diluent is less than 0.19 or greater than Gas PP02: Only displayed in OC mode. Displays in Flashing Red when less than 0.19 or greater than Gradient Factor: See "Clearing up the Confusion About Deep Stops" by Erik Baker Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 40

41 Shearwater Predator Pressure: The pressure in millibars. Two values are shown, the surface (surf) pressure and the current (now) pressure. The current pressure is only shown on the surface (i.e. when not diving). The surface pressure is set when the Predator is turned on. If the Altitude setting is set to Sealvl, then surface pressure is always 1013 millibars. Temperature: The current temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (when depth in feet) or degrees Celsius (when depth in meters). External Voltage: The external voltage of the solenoid battery. Not available on all models. Internal Voltage: The Predator's internal battery voltage. Displays in when the battery is low and needs replacement. Displays in Flashing Red when the battery is critically low and must be replaced as soon as possible. Millivolts: The raw millivolt readings from the PP02 sensors. Only available on models with external monitoring. Date and Time In the format mm/dd/yy 24-hour clock time. Serial Number: Unique serial number identifier for every Predator. Version: The version number indicates the features available on the Predator computer. The last two numbers are the firmware version. Surface Interval: The time in days, hours and minutes since the last dive ended. Reset when the battery is removed. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 41

42 Simple Example Dive Shearwater Predator Here is an example of a simple air dive. It will help to introduce the screen displays as the diver progresses. As the dive starts, the depth increases. The display is showing the computer programmed for open circuit (OC) air. As we pass through 30 feet, the time-to-surface (TTS) shows one minute. This shows that the computer is expecting the diver to ascend at approximately 30 feet per minute or 1 meters per minute. The dive predictions are based on this ascent rate. The no-decompression limit (NDL) starts off showing 99, but then starts to show a smaller number as the depth increases. The 3rd screen above shows that we will go into deco in 12 minutes. As we ascend, the ascent rate indicator shows about 30 fpm or 9 mpm. When we approach the first stop, our ascent rate slows to about 10 fpm and when we go shallower than our first stop, the stop depth starts to flash red. When we clear the last stop, the stop depth and time goes blank, and now we see a NDL of 99 minutes again. Once we surface, the depth is 0 and a minute later when the computer comes out of dive mode, the NDL goes to 0 as well. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 42

43 Complex Example Dive Shearwater Predator This is an example of the displays that might be seen on a dive. This example shows a complicated dive with multiple Closed Circuit (CC) gases and multiple Open Circuit (OC) bailout gases. A normal, single gas CC or OC dive wouldn't have any button pushes at all, so there isn't much to show. The first step is to calibrate. Since we are on the surface and not diving, MENU will bring up "Turn Off'', then "Calibrate." Once the loop is flushed with oxygen, SELECT will bring up the confirmation display, and another SELECT will calibrate. Next, we check the closed circuit gases that we have programmed. Entering the gas selection function by pressing SELECT with the "Select Gas" menu item showing will display the first CC gas that is available. MENU will increment to the next gas available. Another MENU takes us back to the "Select Gas" menu item. Those are the only two gases configured. We SELECT gas number 2, the Trimix 10/50. The system will use both of these gases for our dive when calculating the TTS. It assumes a diluent switch at a PP02 of 1.0. That means that it will assume that you have switched to an air diluent at 124 feet. This is only for TTS. The computer will always use the currently selected gas for tissue loading calculations. Then we switch to open circuit to look at our bail-out gases. Flipping through the gases with MENU shows that we have three gases available. (Whether they are appropriate gases is a subject for one of the web forums.) Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 43

44 Shearwater Predator These are the gases that will be used to estimate TTS in the event that you switch to open circuit during a dive. The computer will assume that you will switch gases when the PP02 of the next available gas is less than 1.6. Automatic decisions of when to switch gases for the TTS calculation means that it is very easy to set up your CC and OC gases. There is no need to enter a depth or a PP02 to switch gas. There is no need to keep track of which gases are turned on and off in which mode. If a gas is available in the CC gas list it will be used in CC, and it will be used at an appropriate depth. The same is true for OC. It is always configured correctly if you actually have the gases you have created. If it is necessary to switch to OC while diving, 4 button pushes will do it. You will be switched to OC and will be using the gas that has the highest PP02 less than Your OC gas list is likely very different from your diluent gas list, but all of the OC gases are automatically selected and available. Now switch back to closed circuit and start the dive. We have reached a depth now that will incur decompression soon. The NDL is 8 minutes, and the TTS is 4 minutes. The TTS just reflects the ascent time at 30 fpm. The computer has automatically switched to the high setpoint. This can be disabled if automatic setpoint switching isn't required. We are now at our maximum depth. Our first stop is at 90 feet. The diver is ascending to the 90 foot stop. Note the ascent rate indicator showing a 30 fpm I 10 mpm ascent rate. Although the ascent rate is 30 fpm now, during the 7 minute ascent, the diver ascended slower than was predicted, and now there is a 100 foot stop. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 44

45 Shearwater Predator But the diver missed the stop, and has ascended to 95 feet. At this point, the stop depth and time is flashing red to show that the depth is above the recommended stop. The diver switches to the other programmed CC gas, air. Note that if you change the diluent on the computer you must flush the loop to change the diluent in the loop. At the same time the 100 foot stop clears. It is common for the first stops to clear in less than a minute. They mainly just slow down the ascent. At 60 feet a problem develops that causes the diver to bail out to open circuit. The first push on MENU brings up Select Gas. The second push brings up Switch CC -> OC. A push on SELECT does the switch. The system has switched the gas set from the closed circuit gas set to the open circuit gas set, picked the gas with the highest PP02 less than 1.6, and recalculated the decompression based on the new profile. At 20 feet, one push on MENU brings up select gas. A push on SELECT enters the select gas menu, and another SELECT picks the 02. Since the gases are sorted by oxygen content, the 02 is the first gas offered. This was a multi-gas trimix dive with a multi-gas open circuit bailout, and it required 9 button pushes. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 45

46 Shearwater Predator Menu Reference Turn Off The "Turn Off' item puts the computer to sleep. This menu item will only appear if the water contacts are dry on controllers. While sleeping, the screen is blank, but the tissue contents are maintained for repetitive diving. The "Turn Off' menu item will not appear during a dive on any model. It will also not appear for 2 minutes after a dive to allow for a continuation dive. Calibrate This will calibrate the sensor displays to oxygen. Flood the breathing loop with pure oxygen, SELECT with "Calibrate" in the display, and the confirmation message will display. On the top line, the millivolt reading will show. Good sensors should be in the range of mv at sea level in 100% oxygen. The valid millivolt range for calibration is mv. This scales with percentage of oxygen and barometric pressure. Pressing the MENU button will prevent the calibration. Pressing SELECT will calibrate the sensor displays. The displays should now all read.98. If any display shows FAIL, the calibration has failed because the mv reading is out of range. The system defaults to a calibration gas of 98% oxygen. This is to compensate for the difficulty in completely filling the loop with 100% oxygen and also to allow for water vapour. If you are using a calibration kit with no water vapour and 100% 02, you can set the calibration gas to 100. It can also be set to other values if pure oxygen is not available. The calibration takes into account the altitude at which the computer was turned on. For example, if the altitude was 885 mbar or.87 ATA, then with a 98% calibration gas, the sensors would calibrate to.85. The "Calibrate" menu item will not display during a dive. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 46

47 Shearwater Predator Calibration Problems Here are some common calibration problems. In this display, one sensor is flashing This shows that the sensor is voted out. If it comes back within range, it will be voted back in, stop flashing and return to green. A failed sensor is a different situation. In this case, the sensor failed calibration. Changing the sensor won't make it register again. Once a sensor has failed calibration, the only way to bring it back is to successfully calibrate. If the computer were to display a value with a new sensor, it would be a meaningless value without calibration. If this was the display, it would indicate a faulty sensor. It is not within the normal range for a sensor in oxygen. Most sensors are designed to output 10 mv +/- 3 mv in air. If the output is linear, then that translates to a range of 30 to 70 as valid mv readings in 98% oxygen. The computer will refuse to calibrate outside that range. Three sensors all showing FAIL is usually caused by an accidental calibration in air, or a calibration with the cable unplugged. Plugging the cable back in won't change anything. Failed calibrations can only be fixed by successful calibrations. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 47

48 Shearwater Predator Switch Setpoint With a controller, when SELECT is pushed with either of these displays, the displayed setpoint on the right will be selected. During a dive, the "Switch Setpoint" menu item will be the first item displayed. The "Turn Off' and "Calibrate" displays are disabled. With a closed circuit computer that is not a controller, and does not have external monitoring turned on, the switch is between 2 user assigned set points. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 48

49 Shearwater Predator Select Gas This menu item allows you to pick a gas from the gases you have created. The selected gas will be used either as the diluent in closed circuit mode, or the breathing gas in open circuit mode. Gases are always sorted from most to least oxygen content. Press the SELECT button when "Select Gas" is displayed, and the first available diluent/gas will be displayed. Use the MENU button to increment the diluent/gas to the one you want, then press the SELECT button to select that diluent/gas. If you increment past the number of gases available, the display will fall back out of the "Select Gas" display without changing the selected gas. Use the "Confirm" button to select a gas. The bottom line of the display shows the selected gas. An 'A' will appear next to the currently active gas. Radio Station Gases For computer models that support open circuit and closed circuit operation, the system maintains two sets of gases- one for open circuit and one for closed circuit. The way they operate is very similar to the way car radios work with AM and FM stations. When you are listening to an FM station and you push a station selection button, it will take you to another FM station. If you add a new station, it will be an FM station. Similarly, if you are in the AM mode, adding or deleting a station would add or delete an AM station. With radio station gases, when you are in open circuit, adding, deleting or selecting a gas will refer to an open circuit gas. Just like the FM stations are selected when your radio is in FM mode, the closed circuit gases are available in the closed circuit mode. When you switch to open circuit, the gases available will be open circuit gases. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 49

50 Shearwater Predator Switch to OC/CC Depending on the current computer setting, this selection will show as either "Switch CC -> OC" or "Switch OC -> CC". Pressing SELECT will select the displayed mode for decompression calculations. When switching to open circuit while diving, the most appropriate open circuit gas will become the breathing gas for calculations. At this point, the diver may want to switch to a different gas, but since the diver may have other things to deal with, the computer will make a "best guess" of which gas the diver would choose. On computers with external oxygen sensor monitoring, there is also an option to set the computer to calculate decompression predictions using semi-closed circuit. This is enabled in the System Setup menu. You can also switch to from CC to OC on a fixed PP02 model and vice versa. Dive Setup+ These screens are showing controller displays. Pressing SELECT will enter the Dive Setup sub-menu. Low Setpoint This item allows you to set the low setpoint value. It will display the currently selected value. Values from 0.4 to 1.5 are allowed. A press of MENU will increment the setpoint. Press the SELECT button when "Edit Low SP" is displayed and the edit display will be shown. It is set at the lowest valid value for setpoint,.4. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 50

51 Shearwater Predator Another press of MENU will increment it again. If SELECT is pushed, the currently displayed setpoint will be selected, and the display will return to the "Low SP" menu item. If the highest allowable value, 1.5, has been passed, the value will return to 0.4. High Setpoint The high setpoint function works exactly like the low setpoint function. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 51

52 Shearwater Predator Define Gas The function allows you to set up 5 gases in Closed Circuit and 5 gases in Open Circuit. You must be in Open Circuit to edit open circuit gases, and you must be in Closed Circuit to edit closed circuit diluents. For each gas, you can select the percentage of oxygen and helium in the gas. Pushing SELECT when "Define Gas" is displayed presents the function to define gas number 1. Pushing the MENU button will display the next gas. Pushing SELECT will allow you to edit the current gas. The gas contents are edited one digit at a time. The underline will show you the digit being edited. Each push of the MENU button will increment the digit being edited. When the digit reaches 9, it will roll over to 0. Pushing SELECT will lock in the current digit, and move on to the next digit. Pushing SELECT on the last digit will finish editing that gas, and bring you back to the gas number. Any gases that have both oxygen and helium set to 00 will not be displayed in the "Select Gas" function. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 52

53 Shearwater Predator Pushing MENU will continue to increment the gas number. Note: The "A" denotes the active gas. You cannot delete the active gas. If you try, it will generate an error. You can edit it, but cannot set both the 02 and HE to 00. The computer will display all 5 gas entries available to allow you to enter new gases. Pressing MENU one more time when the fifth gas is displayed will return you to the "Define Gas" menu item. Only enter the gases you are actually carrying on the dive. With radio station gases, the computer has a full picture of the OC and CC gases you are carrying and can make informed predictions about decompression times. There is no need to turn gases off and on when you switch from CC to OC, because the computer already knows what the gas sets are. You can still add or remove a gas during the dive if needed. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 53

54 Shearwater Predator Dive Planner+ INTRODUCTION: Calculates decompression profiles for simple dives. In closed-circuit (CC) mode, also calculates open-circuit (OC) bail-out (BO). SETUP: Uses the current gases programmed into the Predator, as well as the current GF low/high settings. Deco profile is computed for the current circuit mode (CC or OC). ON THE SURFACE: Enter the dive bottom depth, bottom time, respiratory minute volume and PP02 (closed-circuit only). Note: Residual tissue loading (and CNS%) from recent dives will be used in calculating the profile. DURING A DIVE: Computes the decompression profile assuming the ascent will begin immediately. There are no settings to enter. (RMV is last used value) Dive Plan Setup LIMITATIONS: The Predator Dive Planner is intended for simple dives. Multi-level dives are not supported. The Predator Dive Planner makes the following assumptions: Ascent and descent rates are 33ft/min (1Om/min). For OC, the gas in use will be the gas with the highest PP02 less than For CC, the gas in use will be the gas with the highest PP02 less than Last stop is 1Oft (3m). For CC, the PP02 is constant for the entire dive. The RMV is the same while diving as during deco. Semi-closed is not currently supported. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 54

55 Shearwater Predator The Dive Planner does not provide any validation of the profile. It does not check for nitrogen narcosis limitations, gas usage limitations, CNS percentage violations, or isobaric counterdiffusion violations due to sudden helium switches. The user is responsible for ensuring a safe profile is followed. RESULT SCREENS: The results are given in tables showing: Stp: Stop Depth Tme: Stop Time Run: Run Time Qty: Gas Quantity In feet (or meters) In minutes In minutes in CuFt (or liters). OC and BO only The first two rows are special, the first row showing the bottom time and the second showing the ascent to the first stop. When diving, these two rows are not displayed. Example Results Table for Closed-Circuit and Bailout. If more than 5 stops are needed, the results will be split onto on several screens. Use the right button to step through the screens. For OC or BO profiles, a total gas consumption report is given. Gas Usage Report Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 55

56 Shearwater Predator The final result screen shows the total dive time, the time spent on deco and final CNS%. Results Summary Screen If no decompression is required, no table will be shown. Instead, the total No-Decompression- Limit (NDL) time in minutes, at the given bottom depth will be reported. Also, the gas quantity required to surface (bailout in CC) will be reported. No Decompression Results Screen Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 56

57 Shearwater Predator NDL Display The NDL Display option allows you to display four different values during the dive. The display can be changed during the dive to provide different information. Pushing SELECT will make the NDL display editable. The first choice available will be NDL. If you select NDL, the NDL will always be displayed during the dive whether or not you have a decompression ceiling. The next selection is CEIL. With this setting, as long as the NDL time is 0 (you have a decompression ceiling), the raw ceiling will be displayed instead of the NDL. This is the equivalent of the 'Man on a rope.' It will show your ceiling without it being rounded up to the next even 10 foot or 3 meter stop. Please note that there is very limited information on the effects of following a continuous ceiling instead of stopping at stops and only moving up to the next stop when the stop has cleared. It is the author's opinion that all stops should be honored. It seems intuitive that if you have bubbles, and you stop, you give the bubbles an opportunity to be resorbed. If you continuously ascend, the ambient pressure is continuously reduced which prevents bubbles from shrinking. Because of this belief, the computer will give one MISSED DECO STOP message during the dive and one after the dive, and will flash the stop depth and time in red as long as you are above the stop depth. It will use the increased gradient though, and your calculated off-gassing will be faster than staying at the stops. The next option is to display the actual supersaturation gradient for a pure Buhlmann (99/99) profile. The selection is GF99. With this setting, as long as the NDL time is 0 (you have a decompression ceiling), the gradient will be displayed instead of the NDL. The number shown is the percentage of supersaturation. The number is calculated by reference to the Ambient Pressure Line and the M-Value line. It can be thought of as the current GF, but it is different in a couple of ways. First, the current GF generates stops rounded to the nearest 10 feet or 3 meters. So a gradient of 40 may reflect a ceiling of 15 feet, but the computer will show a rounded-up 20 foot stop. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 57

58 Shearwater Predator This number can be used in several ways. First, it can be used to calculate an aggressive ascent that still has some justification in decompression science. For example, if a diver were to lose a significant portion of their gas and needed to get shallow fast, they could ascend until they reached a gradient of 90, then stop until it dropped to 80, then ascend to 90 again, etc. That would produce a Buhlmann-like profile with very little conservatism. In an emergency, that may be an acceptable risk. Another use might be to do a slower ascent on a dive to sightsee, but to stay in the decompression zone by keeping the gradient above 0. Another use would be to observe the rapidly increasing gradient in the last 10 feet to the surface and slow that ascent. Pressure Graph: Gradient Factors Y r All of this is based on gradient theory that may be completely false. There is significant disagreement in the decompression research community about the nature and practice of decompression. Any techniques described here should be considered experimental, but the concepts may be useful to the advanced diver. Q) -s 0 (/) _o :s 251 {g I m (f) a) 1 (/) (/) Q) cl 01 (/) m (9 t Q) c Q) E t m 0... E 0 GF Hi (surfacing value) maintains safety margin linear function for gradual change in Gradient Factors First Stop generates first stop Ambient Pressure, absolute X The last selection This feature has been borrowed from Dan Wible's CCR2000 computer. It is the time-to-surface (TTS) if you were to stay at the current depth for five more minutes. This can be used as a measure of how much you are on-gassing or off-gassing. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 58

59 Shearwater Predator External PP02 Monitoring The next menu item is used to turn external PP02 monitoring on and off. By default, external monitoring is turned off and reads 'Int.' for Internal. To turn external monitoring (Ext.) on, press the MENU button to change from Internal to External, then press the SELECT button on this menu item. Now the PP02 of the the three sensors is displayed. In the displayed screens, we have three sensors and they have been calibrated at some point. This system is plugged into three sensors and is the primary display for the system. Note that since we are in Closed Circuit mode, that the PP02 used to calculate decompression is the average of the three sensors after voting. In this case, sensor three has been voted out, and the decompression calculation will use the average of sensor 1 and 2. Sensor 3 will be flashing!llow. Switching to Open Circuit mode.. The PP02 used for calculation is now is the PP02 of the selected gas at the current depth. If we now unplug sensor 1 and sensor 3, the computer will use voting logic to pick the two sensors that agree and will think the PP02 is 0. Sensor 2 will be voted out and flashing This is one of those times that the user will have to determine which sensors are correct. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 59

60 Shearwater Predator With sensors one and three unplugged, we simulate the situation with fourth sensor monitoring. If we calibrate in this situation, the system will assume that this computer is only attached to one sensor, and will re-configure for fourth sensor monitoring. It will no longer average the sensors or vote on them. Now the single sensor is the only one considered and the PP02 used for calculations is the PP02 of the single sensor. Setpoint ->.19 This menu item will only be displayed on controllers and only on the surface. It allows the solenoid to be turned off while on the surface when the loop is exposed to air. This prevents the solenoid from firing continuously. It is mainly used while uploading logs or other maintenance functions. To switch back to normal low setpoint, select the Switch Setpoint menu item. The setpoint will also switch to normal low setpoint if a dive is started with the.19 setpoint selected. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 60

61 Shearwater Predator Dive Log Menu Display Log: At the "Display Log" prompt, press SELECT to view the most recent dive. The profile of the dive is plotted in blue, with decompression stops plotted in red. The following information is displayed: Maximum depth - Average depth Dive number Date (mm/dd/yy) and time (24 hr clock) of dive start Length of dive in minutes Press MENU to see the next dive, or SELECT to quit viewing logs. Upload Log: See "Firmware Upload and Dive Log Download Instructions." Edit Log Number: The dive log number can be edited. This is useful if you need to clear the dive log, but want the numbering to continue from where you left off. At the "Edit Log Number" prompt, press SELECT to begin editing. While editing, use MENU to change the value ofthe currently underlined digit, and SELECT to move to the next digit. The next dive number will be +1 from the value entered here. For example, if you enter 0015, then the next dive will be dive number 16. Clear Log: At the "Clear Log" prompt, press SELECT You will be asked to SELECT again. Press SELECT to begin clearing the log, or press MENU to cancel. It will take about 1 minute to clear the log. Do not remove the battery during this time. Clearing the log will not clear the dive number. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 61

62 Firmware Upload and Dive Log Download Instructions Shearwater Predator Plug the Bluetooth dongle into your PC. Put the Predator within 6 inches of the Bluetooth dongle. Go to http-:1/w_w_w.shearwaterresearch.com/rages/library_ and download the most recent version of 'Shearwater Desktop with Air' and the latest firmware update. Uninstall any old versions and install the new Desktop. If "Dive Computer" menu item is greyed out, the PC cannot find a Bluetooth device plugged into it. If you cannot connect to either 'update firmware' or "download dive log" then you need to ensure that Bluetooth is working on your PC or laptop. Ot12711!n'11 1 U.1-'00 2 Ut Once you can access "dive computer" run the program and select 'Update Firmware' from the 'Dive Computer Menu.' Select the Predator.AES file that is with the document. No firmware file sel ected = G - -u..jg..._ p.. tdet D-....) Predator_V15.aes 1.c.t"l... 1 lnrtializt Btuotooth on Predator and atart - Start Closo Now on the Predator, go to the "Dive Log" menu and select "Upload Log". Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 62

63 Shearwater Predator The Predator screen will switch from "Initializing" to "Wait PC" which will have a countdown. Now go back to the Shearwater Desktop. Click start from the open "Update Firmware Box", or "Download Log." The PC will then connect to the Predator, and send the new firmware. Predator_V15.aes Initialize. Btuatooth on Predator and abrt - Start j :solecti"u... I,,,,,, Connecting to ctve computaf. Sen:ting 29% Closo Cloae Cion The Predator screen will give percentile updates of receiving the firmware, then the PC will read"firmware successfully sent to the computer." Firmware ucc.tfully aant to dtve comput.r. C lou Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 63

64 Shearwater Predator The Predator will now Decrypt, which will take approximately 4 minutes. Warning: Do not remove the battery during this time. After decryption the Predator will process, which will take an additional 4 minutes. The screen upon completion of processing will read 'Tissues Cleared' which must be confirmed. The screen will then read 'Upgrade Reser which also must be confirmed. The Predator now has the most up to date firmware. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 64

65 Shearwater Predator System Setup System Setup contains configuration settings that are only set between dives. This menu item doesn't appear during dives. Each of the items in the System Setup menu can only be accessed on the surface. All of the submenus contained within System Setup make use of a convenient user interface. The MENU and SELECT buttons are context sensitive to each sub menu and individual setting. When cycling through the sub-menus, MENU will carry the user to the next sub-menu, while SELECT will allow the user to edit the options in this submenu. Once the user has pressed SELECT to edit a submenu, MENU will cycle the user through the different submenu listings, while SELECT will let the user edit those listings. Once the user has pressed SELECT to edit a submenu listing MENU will be used to change the context sensitive variable, while the SELECT button will be used to move to the next field. Once the user has pressed SELECT through all the fields, the new user preferences will be saved. Dive Setup The first submenu is Dive Setup. The options contained here are the same as those accessed from the "Dive Setup" section described above, except under System Setup all of the functionality is conveniently placed on one screen as opposed to the multiple screens seen is the above described "Dive Setup" menu. For a description of the functionality of each option, please see the above "Dive Setup" section. Conservatism The final setting in the Dive Setup Submenu, conservatism, is not found under the above 'Dive Setup' section. The Shearwater Predator implements Gradient Factors by using levels of conservatism. For a more detailed explanation of their meaning, please refer to Erik Baker's excellent articles: Clearing Up The Confusion About "Deep Stops" and Understanding M-values. The articles are readily available on the web. You might also want to search for "Gradient Factors" on the web. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 65

66 Shearwater Predator OC Gases The second submenu is OC Gases. This menu allows the user to edit the open circuit gases. The options contained here are the same as those in the "Define Gases" subsection of the "Dive Setup" section contained earlier in this manual. The interface conveniently displays all five gases simultaneously. For a description of how to appropriately set each gas, please see the above Define Gas section CC Gases The third submenu is CC Gases. This menu allows the user to edit the closed circuit gases. The options contained here are the same as those in the "Define Gases" subsection of the "Dive Setup" section contained earlier in this manual. The interface conveniently displays all five gases simultaneously. For a description of how to appropriately set each gas, please see the above Define Gas section 02 Setup The fourth submenu is 02 Setup. This menu allows the user to edit the Oxygen settings. Cal. PP02 This allows the user to set the expected PP02 for calibration. It is used in three situations. The first is when pure oxygen isn't available and the oxygen is being generated by a membrane system. The oxygen in that case might be 96% 02 and a few percent of Argon. The second is when you are using a calibration kit and are assured of using 100% 02 with no water vapour. The third situation is for Semi-Closed rebreather use. SCR users may not have oxygen available. If the SCR identity is selected, the computer may be calibrated in air. If any change is made in this screen, the current calibration will be discarded. The computer must be re-calibrated with the new settings. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 66

67 Shearwater Predator Solenoid Speed The firing pattern of the solenoid can be changed between fast and slow on controllers. The FAST setting uses frequent short injections of oxygen and is generally more accurate. The SLOW setting is more familiar to many users. Set SC Identity This function is used to switch between Semi-Closed circuit and Closed circuit operation and is only available on the PROCTE. It allows the computer to make accurate projections based on the way the PP02 changes during ascents. It allows much more accurate predictions for Time To Surface (TTS) for Semi-Closed circuit divers. It also allows SCR divers to set their calibration percentage to.21. Note: When in semi-closed mode the user cannot utilize internal monitoring. In Semi-Closed mode you have the option of displaying the partial pressure of oxygen (PP02) or the fraction of inspired oxygen (Fi02) for the three oxygen sensor displays in the default screen. Auto SP Switch This feature is on controllers and computers with external monitoring turned off. Auto Setpoint Switch configuration sets up the setpoint switching. It can be set up to switch up only, down only, both, or neither. The first option is the switch up function. This configures the switch up from the low set point to the high setpoint. Pushing MENU switches it back and forth between "Auto" and "Manual." Note: The Up Auto SP switch occurs during the descent. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 67

68 Shearwater Predator The next option is still a part of the switch up function, and enables the editing of the switch depth. Next is the switch down function. This configures the switch up from the high set point to the low setpoint. Pushing MENU switches it back and forth between "Auto" and "Manual." The final option is still a part of the switch down function, and enables the editing of the switch depth. Either switch can be turned on or off independent of the other switch. The system limits the allowable setpoint settings. Switching up is allowed from feet and from meters. Switching down is allowed from feet and from meters. If you enter a setting that is outside the allowed range, the existing (valid) setting is retained with no change. Display Setup Units The first 'Display Setup' changeable option is 'Units,' which allows the computer to switch back and forth between Metric and Imperial units of measurement. Brightness Range The next 'Display Setup' changeable option is 'Brightness' which allows the computer to switch between four brightness settings: Auto, Low, medium and High. It should be noted that Shearwater Research suggests the use of the auto function, as it makes use of a light sensor to provide maximum brightness when there is an excess of ambient light, yet will dim when there is less ambient light in order to conserve battery life. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 68

69 Shearwater Predator Altitude The altitude setting when set to 'Auto' will compensate for pressure changes when diving at altitude. If all your diving is at sea level, then setting this to 'Seavli' will assume that surface pressure is always 1013 mbar (1 atmosphere). Important: When diving at altitude you must set this option to 'Auto' (the default setting is 'Sealvl'). Further, when diving at altitude, you must turn the computer on at the surface. If the auto-on safety feature is allowed to turn the computer on after a dive has started then the computer assumes the surface pressure is 1013 mbar. If at altitude this could result in incorrect decompression calculations. Flip Screen This function displays the contents of the screen upside down. This is used for systems with a permanent connection to a rebreather. It allows the computer to be worn on the right arm. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 69

70 Shearwater Predator System Setup Date The first 'System Setup' changeable option is 'Date,' which allows the user to set the current date. The date will have to be re-entered after a battery change. Time The next 'System Setup' changeable option is 'Time,' which allows the user to set the current time. The time will have to be re-entered after a battery change. Unlock Code The next 'System Setup' changeable option is 'Unlock,' which allows the user to enter in an unlock in order to change models and to set other features. It can change a "PROT" OC Trimix computer to a "PROCTE", OC/ CC Trimix computer with external monitoring (only available on cases with a fischer connector). It can also change a PROT-SA, OC Trimix (no fischer connector) to a PROCT-SA, OC/CC Trimix (no fischer connector). Load Upgrade The next 'System Setup' changeable option is 'Load Upgrade,' which allows for the user download version upgrades. The documentation on how to use the 'Load Upgrade' option can be found in the above 'Firmware Upload and Dive Log Download Instructions.' Reset to Defaults The finai'system Setup' option is 'Reset to Defaults'. This will reset all user changed options to factory settings and clear the tissues on the Predator. 'Reset to Defaults' cannot be reversed. Note: This will not delete dive logs, or reset dive log numbers. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 70

71 Error Displays Shearwater Predator The system has several displays that alert an error condition. All of these displays share a common limitation of error alarms. There is no way to distinguish between an error alarm that is not in alarm, and an error alarm that is broken. For example, if an alarm is silent when it is not in alarm and is silent when it is broken, then there is no way to be sure that the alarm isn't broken. So by all means respond to these alarms if you see them, but NEVER depend on them. Each of the alarms will display the message in yellow until dismissed. The error is dismissed by pressing SELECT. Other functions continue to operate as normal, so that the MENU button will take you into the menu, and a push on both buttons will show the millivolt display. The error message will keep returning until it is dismissed with a SELECT. This message will appear if the average PP02 goes above 1.6 for more than 10 seconds. It will come back after being dismissed if the situation occurs again. This message will appear if the average PP02 goes below 0.4 (.25 for SC) for more than a few seconds. It will come back after being dismissed if the situation occurs again. It is not unusual to get this error immediately after submerging with a manual CCR and a hypoxic mix. The first breath after submerging floods the loop with low PP02 gas. The situation is usually resolved by increasing depth such that when the error is noticed, the PP02 is no longer low. This condition will also cause the "LOW PP OXYGEN" display to appear. Here, the computer does not have two sensors that have confirming values. There is no way to know the actual PP02, and the average PP02 will be calculated as This message will appear when your internal battery reads less than 3.2 v for 30 seconds. The battery needs to be changed. The computer will also flash the battery symbol red. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 71

72 Shearwater Predator This alarm appears when the voltage on the external solenoid battery is low (controller only). The solenoid may still be firing, but the battery must be replaced before any further diving. The external solenoid battery is measured during load, so it may appear even though the battery looks good on a voltmeter. This alarm will only appear once during a dive. When it is dismissed, it will not return during the current dive. This alarm alerts that the battery is not supplying enough power for the solenoid to fire correctly, or the solenoid has failed, or the connection to the solenoid has failed. (controller only) If this alarm occurs, corrective action must be taken at once. Even if the solenoid can be heard to fire, it is not functioning correctly. This alarm will only appear once during a dive. When it is dismissed, it will not return during the current dive. This alarm is a notification that there has either been a very fast ascent for a short period of time, or that there has been an ascent of more than 66 fpm I 20 mpm maintained for over a minute. This alarm may return after being dismissed if the condition occurs again. The alarm occurs when the diver has been above the minimum depth for a decompression stop for more than one minute. This alarm will only appear once during a dive, but it will also appear once on the surface after the dive. This alarm will show every time the computer loses power. All decompression information has been lost. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 72

73 This alarm happens when the computer does not complete all of its tasks in the time allotted. It can happen occasionally from a transient problem like a battery bounce after an impact. It can also be the result of a hardware problem. This reset shows up after a software update. This is the normal event that shows the computer has been rebooted after the software update. This error usually occurs when the battery dies while the computer is asleep. If the battery gets too low to maintain system integrity, the hardware will force the system into reset. The following messages are reporting internal hardware failures. The system will continue to retry and may recover, but they would normally mean that something that should never happen, has happened. These messages should always be recorded and reported to the factory or your local service center. This is not an exhaustive list. There are other errors that could be reported and more checks are added with each software update. Shearwater Research Inc. 73

74 Battery Change The Predator has a battery compartment in the side of the case. With a large coin unscrew the battery cap. Carefully pull out the battery holder. To prevent battery bounce and rattling, it's fitted tightly, so you will need something like a dental pick or a paper clip to pull out the holder. Pull out the battery holder and change the battery. The battery is a Saft LS The wires come from the main compartment of the computer through to the battery compartment on one side of the battery compartment. The bottom of the battery holder is flat. Revision 2.3 Shearwater Research Inc. 74

75 The bottom needs to be aligned with the wires as they feed through the case. Carefully fold the wires along the bottom of the holder and insert back into the compartment. Care must be taken not to pinch and score the wires. Inspect and, if necessary, apply a light coat of lubricant to the 0 ring on the battery cap. Reinstall the battery cap taking care not to pinch or deform the 0 ring. Finger tighten with a coin. Do not over tighten. Over tightening can cause the 0 ring to deform and causes stress points on the case. Storage The Predator dive computer should be stored dry and clean. Do not allow salt deposits to build up on your dive computer. Wash your computer with fresh water to remove salt and other contaminants. Do not use detergents or other cleaning chemicals. Allow to dry naturally before storing. Do not wash under high pressure as it may cause damage to the depth sensor. Also do not remove the strap bracket assembly as it acts as protection for the depth sensor After cleaning, store the apparatus upright, out of direct sunlight in a cool, dry and dust free place. Avoid exposure to direct ultra-violet radiation and radiant heat. 75

76 Chapter 4 O-Ring Care and Maintenance The SF2 rebreather is a highly precise underwater breathing device. The safe operation of SF2 depends on all O-rings being inspected and cleaned before diving. Middle section and head are radially sealed to the upper section and should be checked cleaned and lightly lubricated before every dive. Breathing hose head connections checked and lightly lubricated. Soda lime canister most important O-ring checked and lubricated. All of these O-rings are located in a specially designated groove, and have to be taken out of these grooves for cleaning and maintenance. During this process, make sure that the O-rings are not damaged. After the O-rings have been removed, clean the groove first. This is easily done with a Q-tip (cotton bud). Make sure that all dust and dirt as well as old grease is removed. To clean the O-rings, simply take a clean, dry cloth and the O-ring, holding the cloth over the O-ring between thumb and fore finger.pull the O-ring through your thumb and forefinger and again make sure that you remove all dirt. To grease the O-rings use oxygencompatibile grease,do not overload the O-ring with grease but just apply enough to give the O-ring a shine. Return the O-rings back in their grooves. Before the SF2 is reassembled again, check that the seal faces i.e. the faces that meet the O- rings are clean, free from scratches and other damages. Summary: O-ring grooves cleaned and checked for proper condition. O-rings checked for damages O-rings slightly greased with oxygen compatible grease O-rings reinserted into their respective notches Seal faces cleaned and checked for potential damages Maintenance The SF2 has to be returned annually to the manufacturer or an authorised retailer for revision and thorough servicing. Information: Dive cylinders must have hydro check at least every 5 years and have a visual inspection every year. Please refer to the manufacturer or your reatil store. Regulators and cylinder valves should be oxygen serviced every year. 76

77 1st Stages Recommended regulators for the SF2 are Apeks Tec3, the oxygen side must be equipped with a M26x2 connection thread.first stages should be CE approved and have at least 3 low pressure ports to allow for over pressure valves to be fitted and low pressure hoses for solenoid and adv connection. Cylinders The SF2 is designed for the use of 3ltr cylinders Filling the Cylinders The SF2 rebreather is operated using two cylinders. One is pure oxygen and the other diluent gas Air or (Trimix 10/70). The pure oxygen replaces the oxygen that is used by the body. Diluent of either Air or Trimix 10/70 is used to dilute the level of oxygen in the loop gas to a breathable gas. Reminder: oxygen becomes toxic to the human body above a 1.6 PPO2. If pure oxygen is breathed, you must not dive deeper than 6m. The cylinders (oxygen and diluent air or trimix 10/70) of the SF2 should only be filled at a certified filling station. DANGER: It is dangerous to fill your cylinder yourself. Pleae follow all manafacturers recommendations WARNING: Always use diluent gas that you have been trained to use. Clearing and Equalizing the Mask The mask is equalized by exhaling through the nose during ascent and descent.the effect of masking clearing cuauses loss of loop gas that is either replaced by ADV or manual addition this will be demonstrated on your course Important: If you exhale through your nose constantly it is like diving with an open circuit system. The gas supply will be used up quickly and the rebreather is less efficient. 77

78 Breathing Hoses Before assembling the breathing hoses, you should first test them for leaks as follows: With the mouthpiece rotated to open position, breath gently from the mouthpiece sealing exhale side hose against the cheek you should hear the mushroom valves opening and closing through the inhale hose but no feeling of gas against the cheek reversing this you should feel gas against the cheek as the inhale opens and closes to double check breathe into the exhale hose and you should feel no gas coming through the mouthpiece and using the inhale hose you should feel the gas moving out of the mouthpiece Danger: If hoses are leaking you must not dive with it! This is a lifethreatening risk! Please refer to SF2 Instructor or an authorised retailer. 78

79 Chapter 5 Pre-Dive Procedures The SF2 is a high performance life support system that differs in certain areas with other systems due to its compact, precise and simple design. The SF2 uses high quality materials, the first class components, specially developed software, computer and sensors. The technology has been tested in numerous dives under the most extreme conditions i.e temperature and depth.it is still the responsibility of all SF2 divers to carry out all pre dive checks to make sure the SF2 is working to the best of its capibilities DANGER: The tests must be completed. This allows the proper function of the SF2. If you do not follow the instructions you expose yourself to dangers that can lead to injuries or death. First Steps Before Diving Soda Lime Canister In chapter 1 the filling of the scrubber canister was explained be sure to note the scrubber used time at end of each dive to allow for a total of 3hours. After a days diving keeping the used soda lime in the unit to maximum of seven days as long as the dive time has not exceeded or close to maximum of three hours. This 3 hour rule applies whether the conditions are cold or warm The reaction to an increased CO2 level in the loop gas e.g. due to usage or poor packing of the soda lime, will lead to Hypercapnia see glossary of terms Warning: Always be aware and note scrubber time usage, if unsure of time or time left on the scrubber pack a fresh scrubber.if manufacturer s instructions are not followed may lead to HYPERCAPNIA Breathing Hoses, Postive & Negative Tests As described in chapter 1 check hoses for mushroom valve function and leak testing,the breathing hoses can then be screwed onto the unit making sure they are in correct orientation. Negative Test Place mouthpiece in open position inhale through mouth and exhale through nose continue until thers is resistance and no remaining gas make sure first stages and ADV are isolated set mouthpiece in closed position allowing no gas to enter system leave for at least five minutes in this position. When you open the mouthpiece after this period of time you should hear a rush of gas entering the system if not then check for leaks and redo the test 79

80 Positive Test First screw the overpressure valve on bottom of counterlung to closed position (clockwise) this tightens the spring allowing the counterlung to pressurise when inflated.on this occasion inhale through the nose and breathout through your mouth into mouthpiece which should be in the open position.continue until the overpressure valve on bottom of counterlung allows gas to escape this confirms the valve is operating.close mouthpiece again try and prevent gas from escaping from the pressurised SF2 unit wait for at least five minutes then open mouthpiece this time you should hear gas escaping from the SF2 unit When both these tests have been carried out and no leaks detected srew overpressure valve to dive position again you will be shown how to set this by your instructor on your course for optimum performance Cylinders Prior to every dive, make sure that you have enough diluent (Trimix 10/70) and oxygen to conduct the planned dive. The SF2 can utilize cylinders of different sizes but the size should always reflect the objective of the dive undertaken.bailout gas is recommended.these options will be explained on the user course by your instructor.start all dives with full cylinders that have been analysied for gas content. Be aware of the maximum filling pressure suggested by the manufacturer. Mount the cylinders and screw all Ist Stages and hoses on. Slowly open the cylinders, Check pressure gauge to verify pressure contents. Close the cylinders again and observe the cylinder pressure for at least one minute,if the gauge drops in pressure check for leaks.reopen cylinders if the unit passes this test Starting the Electronics Battery State of Charge Test Start the electronics by pressing both buttons, after the initial press the right hand button 6 times and 'Ext V Int V' show up in the fourth line of the display. Below that you find numbers that give the voltage of the external and internal power supply. Replacement of batteries will be covered in your course. EXT powers the solenoid INT powers the display Battery voltage should be checked before every dive. 80

81 Calibrating the Oxygen Sensors Calibrate This function allows the sensors to be calibrated in 98% oxygen to allow for purity of gas. Manually add with pure oxygen and choose 'Calibrate', a message to confirm shows up. The mv of the power supply are shown In the upper line, this value should be between 35 and 60mV in pure O2 at sea level for good sensors. Depending on the ambient pressure and the purity of the O2, values between 30 and 70mV are also acceptable. By pressing the 'Menu' button and then the 'select' button, the calbration will be performed. All sensors should now display '.98'. If a sensor is out of range it displays 'FAIL'. Calibration should be performed at the start of every dive Check Manual Adds Manuals adds need to be checked if fitted by simple depression of the button checking there are no leaks and the gas is entering the SF2 at the common manifold.please check function of gas isolaters if fitted Pre- Breath Breathing on the unit for 5 mins allows the diver to start the chemical reaction in the scrubber canister also to check for leaks and CO2 by pass. It is recommended that this be done with either nostrils pinched or wearing a diving mask to prevent contamination of the loop gas from accidently introducing gas from the surroundings Bailout Gases Check that you have sufficent bailout gas for the intended dive and that drysuit and wing are functioning.if fitted with either HUD or back up computer check these are set and functioning correctly Ready to Dive 81

Shearwater GF Computer

Shearwater GF Computer Shearwater GF Computer DANGER This computer is capable of calculating deco stop requirements. These calculations are at best a guess of the real physiological decompression requirements. Dives requiring

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