14/10/2013' Bathymetric Survey. egm502 seafloor mapping

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1 egm502 seafloor mapping lecture 10 single-beam echo-sounders Bathymetric Survey Bathymetry is the measurement of water depths - bathymetry is the underwater equivalent of terrestrial topography. A transect of water depths along a straight line is termed a bathymetric profile. A contour map of water depths is a bathymetric chart. The production of a detailed bathymetric basemap is a critical method for marine studies - and bathymetric data often forms baseline data for further marine geological, biological, engineering and archaeological investigations. reading lurton, 2010, Section 8.1 time Admiralty Chart Example Portrush and The Skerries adu / reson 1'

2 Single Beam Echo Sounders (SBES) SBES consist of a single hull-mounted transducer that acts as both an acoustic transmitter and receiver (transceiver): The echo-sounder system produces a vertically transmitted acoustic pulse with a single frequency, typically within the khz range. The pulse is typically short (10-4 to 10-3 s) with a beam angle of The system records the time taken for an acoustic pulse to travel from the transducer to the sea-bottom and back again. The water depth is then calculated as half the product of the two-waytravel-time and the mean vertical sounding velocity. The average velocity of an acoustic pulse travelling through the seawater column is 1480 ms -1, a figure that varies from place to place due to changes in seawater temperature, pressure and salinity. The returns (or echoes) are detected by the transceiver and recorded and displayed in hardcopy or digital format. Hull-mounted SBES using the minimum slant range as a proxy for the vertical depth. Typical beam angles: 200kHz = 6 ; 30-50kHz = ; kHz = Low frequencies for deep water; high frequencies for shallow water. SBES Survey Design: Regular survey lines Check lines (~10 th regular line denisty) Shoal Exams Shore perpendicular survey lines as bathymetric variation is (usually) greatest in that direction. 2'

3 Echo-sounders have theoretical sub-centimetre vertical resolutions in ideal conditions. However, in reality, sea conditions (swell causing heave, pitch and roll) and survey conditions usually mean the degree of accuracy is at least an order of magnitude worse. Transducers cannot be fixed to a vessel without some form of stabilisation or else their focused beam will be displaced to the side, ahead or astern by the motion of the vessel even in a calm sea. To combat the effects of heave and roll on the motion of a survey vessel (and therefore on the transducer), more sophisticated bathymetric survey suites include heave compensators and gyros. Typically, the bathymetric survey suite comprises a DGPS, a topside recorder/ viewer (usually a laptop PC), a transducer and a cable. The resultant data from a bathymetric survey is usually a 3-column ascii data file containing X, Y and Z values, where: X = Longitude Y = Latitude Z = Depth (m) DGPS antenna Positional data Depth data sea surface Echo-sounder transceiver Components of the vertical can introduce errors into the data therefore they need to be corrected for. waves / heave / swell vessel draft chart datum unreduced depth hull plate steel' pizo0electric'ceramic'element' piezo0electric'ceramic'element' steel' hull plate V reduced depth radiated pulse 3'

4 The transducer produces an acoustic pulse with a beam angle of 1-40 o, orientated vertically downwards, thereby concentrating the energy of the transmitted pulse in a circular area on the seabed. The geometry of this configuration is a major factor controlling the resolution of the system. For example, in a water depth of 50m, with a cone angle of 40 o, the circular area insonified by the beam is 36m. To calculate the point depth at this site, the acoustic returns from the circular area are inetgrated to a single point. The corresponding footprint for a 1 o cone angle is 0.87m, which clearly provides much higher resolution data. Spherical source spherical spreading spherical radiation Directional source improved beam focus smaller area insonified. The radius of the circular area insonified by the acoustic pulse is primarily dependent upon the water depth, i.e. the deeper the water, the larger the radius of the circular area insonified by the echo-sounder. The size of the area from which the transceiver will identify reflected rays is proportionally smaller than the insonified area. The circular area of reflection is known as the Fresnel Zone - the diameter of this zone corresponds to the effective horizontal resolution (R fz ) of the echosounder. The diameter of the Fresnel Zone (and therefore the horizontal resolution of the system) is primarily dependent upon the dominant frequency (f d ) of the source pulse and the two-way-time (twt) from the source to the reflector: R fz = V 2 twt f d 4'

5 Problems with a directional low-frequency source: sub-bottom penetration, refraction, volume scattering and subsurface reflections. amplitude time amplitude Bottom Detection time For hydrographic purposes we want to identify the first arrival (i.e. the seabed). That is, we want to pick the seabed reflector from the 3 reflections recorded by the echo-sounder in the previous example (labelled a, b, c). incoherent surface scattering We can do this 2 ways: subjectively (manual picking) or objectively (using a digital algorithm). a depth incoherent volume scattering incoherent volume scattering coherent reflection coherent reflection coherent reflection b c incoherent volume scattering Real Data Example Bottom detection algorithms are sensitive to change in character of seafloor return. Often average over a number of pings (use lateral coherency of reflectors). Real Data Example 5'

6 The origin of the first arrival can be anywhere in the beam footprint. Positioning error is a direct result potential error is proportional to the beamwidth of the source. Angular uncertainty inherent in SBES Post-processing of the bathymetric survey data must be conducted to correct for (i) tidal variations during the survey period and (ii) position changes during the survey. Applying incorrect tidal data will yield processing artefacts within the dataset (i.e. artificial highs and/or lows ). Thus, it is critical to have accurate tidal measurements. Tidal data can be either collected using a tide gauge deployed in the survey area over the survey period, or tidal predictions for the survey period can be read from tidal prediction software. Poor tidal control Good tidal control Position Processing 6'

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