1.2 The structure and functions of the cardio-respiratory system Learning objectives

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1 1.2 The structure and functions of the cardio-respiratory system Learning objectives To understand the functions of the circulatory system. To be able to identify the differences between veins, arteries and capillaries. To be able to identify and label the components of the heart. To describe the components of blood and the role they play in the body. To be able to define heart rate and describe the effect training has on resting heart rate.

2 Cardiovascular System This involves the HEART, BLOOD VESSELS & BLOOD. Why is the circulatory system key to physical education?

3 Functions of the Cardiovascular System 1.Transporting substances around the body. These include oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide and waste products. 2.Controlling body temperature. 3.Protecting the body. Blood contains cells and anti-bodies that fight infection and stop bleeding.

4 Types of blood vessels Once blood leaves the heart, it is transported around the body in three main types of blood vessels: Arteries Veins Capillaries

5 Types of blood vessels Arteries transport the oxygenated blood away from the left side of the heart. The largest artery in the body, connected directly to the heart, is the Aorta Arteries carry blood under a high pressure

6 Types of blood vessels Veins transport blood from all over the body back to the heart and lungs for re-oxygenation. They are blue because they carry blood that is full of waste products, and are low in oxygen. Veins carry blood under a low pressure

7 Types of blood vessels An unique feature of veins is that they have valves. Like the valves in the heart, they are there to prevent a backflow of blood. The blood must flow in one direction only, against gravity in most cases, back to the heart. Remember = Veins have Valves

8 Types of blood vessels Capillaries are small blood vessels that carries blood to and from the body s cells. They are one cell thick and are exchange points where oxygen and carbon dioxide cross into the tissue cells (muscles) from the arterioles.

9 Arteries Veins Arteries and Veins What are the differences between arteries and veins? Take blood away from the heart Walls are thick and elastic Transports oxygenated blood Take blood to the heart Walls are thin Transports de-oxygenated blood Has small lumen Has large lumen Has a pulse and blood travels in spurts Has no pulse and blood travels smoothly Has no valves Has valves

10 Structures of the cardiovascular system What type of muscle is the heart? Cardiac muscle

11 Structures of the cardiovascular system RIGHT ATRIUM LEFT VENTRICLE RIGHT VENTRICLE LEFT ATRIUM An upper chamber receiving deoxygenated blood An upper chamber receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs A lower chamber containing oxygenated blood A lower chamber containing deoxygenated

12 The 4 main blood vessels Pulmonary artery Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. Aorta Oxygenated blood is pumped at high pressure from the heart to the body Vena Cava Returns deoxygenated blood to the heart. Pulmonary vein Returns oxygenated blood to the heart.

13 Other important structures of the cardiovascular system Septum Tricuspid valve Semi-lunar valves Bicuspid valve Prevent blood flowing back into the left atrium. Prevent expelled blood flowing back into the heart. Prevent blood flowing back into the right atrium from the ventricle. The wall dividing the left and right sides of the heart.

14 The components of blood 1. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the muscles + Removes CO2 from muscles to lungs. Contain a red-coloured compound called haemoglobin which bonds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin How do red blood cells help a sports performer? These cells are responsible for carry oxygen to working muscles. Without these cells performers would fatigue and stop.

15 The components of blood 2. White blood cells defend against disease. They are vital to health and preventing infection after injury. 3. Platelets and plasma clot the blood to stop bleeding. Platelets are important in healing injuries.

16 Vascular Shunting During exercise, blood flow to muscles increases to meet the increase in oxygen demand. This redirection of blood flow to the areas where it is most needed is known as a vascular shunt.

17 Blood Redistribution The body uses two mechanisms to control this Vascular Shunting. Vasoconstriction (narrowing) and Vasodilation (expanding) is used to redistribute blood to essential areas of the body while decreasing blood flow to others. Think about the following: 1. Where is the blood needed during exercise? 2. Where is blood needed just after a meal? 3. What will happen to blood vessels around the muscles?

18 Recall it! What has stuck with you? Explain 2 functions of the cardiovascular system? Explain the purpose of arteries and veins in the body? Cardio- Respiratory system Describe the terms vasoconstriction and vasodilation. What is the function of red blood cells, white blood cells and platlets?

19 Practice it! Exam questions 1. (i) Blood is circulated around the body. Name the type of blood vessel that returns blood to the heart. (1)... (ii) This type of blood vessel contains valves. What is the function of these valves? (1)

20 Practice it! Exam questions 2. Blood is made up of different components. Complete the table below by identifying the: (6) (i) components; (ii) function of each component; (iii) importance to the sports performer. Component of blood Function of each component Importance to sports performer Oxygen delivery for activity White blood cells Stops blood loss so the performer can continue to play

21 Practice it! Marks Scheme: 1. (i) Veins/vena cava/ pulmonary vein. (ii) Stop backflow of blood/stop blood going backwards/stop blood going the wrong way 2. Component of blood Function of each component Importance to sports performer Red blood cells Platelets Carry/ collect/ transport oxygen/o2 Fight disease/help immune system/ Aid clotting/form a scab Keep the performer healthy so they can compete

22 1.2 The structure and functions of the cardio-respiratory system Learning objectives To understand the structures of the respiratory system and their functions. To be able to describe the mechanisms of breathing To learn the composition of inhaled and exhaled air To be able to describe how gases are exchanged during breathing. To understand the different measurements of lung capacity and breathing.

23 Respiratory System This involves the LUNGS and works closely with the cardiovascular system. What is the key function of the respiratory system?

24 Inhaled and exhaled air On average a person breathes 15 times a minute. The table shows the composition of air. Gas Amount in inhaled air Amount in exhaled air Oxygen Carbon dioxide Trace 4 Nitrogen Water vapour Small amount Large amount

25 Breathing Volumes Tidal volume: This is the amount you breathe in and out in one normal breath. Vital capacity: This is the maximum volume of air you can breathe out after breathing in as much as you can. (peak flow) Look at the two tidal volume readings below. What changes have taken place and why? Name Tidal volume at rest (ml) James Tidal volume during exercise (ml)

26 How exercise effects breathing Name Tidal volume at rest (ml) James Exercise causes an increase in breathing rate and depth of breathing. This is due to a greater need for oxygen in the body and removal of carbon dioxide. Tidal volume can increase up to 5-9 times higher than at rest to cope with exercise demands. As we become fitter, the body s Vital Capacity will increase as will blood carrying capacity. These adaptations will contribute to better performance. Tidal volume during exercise (ml)

27 Vital Capacity Measurements Vital capacity: is the maximum volume of air you can breathe out after breathing in as much as you can. (peak flow) What is your peak flow measurement? Best score What factors will effect your peak flow score?

28 Peak flow values/averages BOYS Standard Measurement Very Poor 300 Poor 400 Average 500 Good 600 Very Good/Excellent 700 GIRLS Standard Measurement Very Poor 250 Poor 350 Average 450 Good 550 Very Good/Excellent 650

29 Components of the respiratory system Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Lungs Alveoli Diaphragm

30 Gaseous exchange at the alveoli Gaseous exchange takes places at the alveoli. The alveoli are tiny air sacks inside the lungs. When you breathe in, they fill with air. The alveoli are covered in tiny capillaries (blood vessels). Gases can pass through the thin walls and travel into the blood stream. With training this process of gaseous exchange becomes more efficient and therefore improves performance.

31 Inspiration and Expiration During inspiration how does air enter the lungs?

32 The mechanism of breathing Breathing is the first stage in supplying oxygen to our body cells. When breathing in (inspiration): The intercostal muscles contract, lifting the ribs upwards and outwards causing the to chest expand. The diaphragm contracts. It pulls down and flattens out the floor of the rib cage. The lungs increase in size as the chest expands. The pressure inside our lungs falls as they expand. The higher pressure of air outside means air is now sucked into the lungs through the nose and mouth.

33 The mechanism of breathing When breathing out (expiration): The intercostal muscles relax. The ribs move downwards and inwards under their own weight. The cheat gets smaller. The diaphragm relaxes. It is pushed back into a domed position by the organs underneath it. The lungs decrease in size as the chest gets smaller. They are squeezed by the ribs and diaphragm. The pressure inside the lungs increases as they get smaller. The air pressure outside is now lower than in our lungs. Air is forced out of the lungs through the nose and mouth.

34 Cardiovascular and respiratory System Responses by the respiratory and cardiovascular system do not work in isolation. The demands of exercise cause changes in both systems and one cannot work without the other. i.e. Increases in tidal volume means more oxygen is inhaled and can only benefit the body if heart rate increases too to pump to working muscles.

35 Interpreting data and graphs Figure 1 below shows a comparison of Emily s exhaled air both at rest and during exercise Rest During Exercise What do you notice about the difference between the 2 pie charts? What is the reason for this?

36 Apply it! What has stuck with you? Explain the terms below: - Tidal volume - Alveoli - Expiration Describe the process of inspiration? Explain the route of oxygen from the trachea to the muscles. Cardio- Respiratory system Complete the table below? Gas Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Water vapour Amount in inhaled air Amount in exhaled air

37 Practice it! Exam questions 1. (i) Which of the following statements describes the movement of the ribs and diaphragm during expiration? (1) A The ribs move up and out and the diaphragm moves down. B The ribs move up and out and the diaphragm moves up. C The ribs move down and in and the diaphragm relaxes. D The ribs move down and in and the diaphragm contracts. (ii) Which of the following statements describes the correct passage of air into the lungs? (1) A Nasal passages, trachea, bronchioles, alveoli B Trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli C Larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, ribs D Larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

38 Practice it! Exam questions (iii) The following statements all relate to the relative composition of air. Which of the statements is referring to the typical composition of oxygen and carbon dioxide in exhaled air? (1) A oxygen 21%, carbon dioxide 0.04% B oxygen 16%, carbon dioxide 0.04% C oxygen 16%, carbon dioxide 4% D oxygen 21%, carbon dioxide 4%

39 Practice it! Exam questions 2. Figure 8 is a diagram of the respiratory system. (a) Give the anatomical names of the parts labelled A, B and C. A... B... C... (3) (b) (i) In order to get oxygen into the lungs the player breathes in. Describe the movement of the ribs and diaphragm during inspiration. (2) Ribs... Diaphragm... (ii) Why do the ribs and diaphragm move in this way? (1)

40 Practice it! Exam questions 3. The composition of inspired air differs from expired air. Complete the table below by adding the values for expired air (2) Gas % in inspired air % in expired air Oxygen 21 Carbon Dioxide 0.03

41 Practice it! Marks Scheme: 1. i) C ii) A iii) C 2. a) A Trachea, B Bronchiole, C Alveoli/ Alveolus. b) i) Ribs move up and out. Diaphragm contracts/flattens/moves down. ii) Make more room for more air/cause pressure difference to cause air to move in % / 4%

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