REDUCING EMISSIONS WHEN TAKING COMPRESSORS OFF-LINE
|
|
- Josephine Flowers
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Lessons Learned From Natural Gas STAR Partners REDUCING EMISSIONS WHEN TAKING COMPRESSORS OFF-LINE Executive Summary Compressors are used throughout the natural gas system to move natural gas from production and processing sites to customer distribution systems. When compressors are off-line, methane can leak from a number of sources, the amount depending on system pressurization. In a depressurized system, methane emissions result from the blowdown, or venting of the high-pressure gas left within the compressor and from continued leakage of unit isolation valves. In a fully pressurized system, methane can leak from the closed blowdown valve and the compressor rod packings. Natural Gas STAR partners have found that simple changes in operating practices can save money and significantly reduce methane emissions. Keeping compressors pressurized when they are off-line for operational reasons achieves immediate payback there are no capital costs and emissions are reduced by avoiding "blowdown." Two additional options further reduce methane emissions. Connecting the blowdown vent lines to the fuel gas system allows normally vented gas to be used while the compressor is off-line. A static seal can be installed on a pressurized compressor s rods to eliminate rod packing leaks during shutdown. Benefits of these practices include fewer bulk gas releases, lower leak rates, and lower fuel costs, with a payback in most cases of less than a year. Action (Reduce Compressor Emissions by:) Net Volume of Gas Saved (Mcf/year) Net Value of Gas Saved ($/year) 2 Cost of Implementation($) Payback 3 Option 1: Keeping pressurized 4,400 13,200 0 Immediate Option 2: Keeping pressurized and Routing Gas to Fuel Option 3: Keeping pressurized and Installing Static Seal +1, , ,250 4 months +1, , , months 1 Incremental over base 2 Value of gas = $3.00/Mcf 3 10 percent discount rate This is one of a series of Lessons Learned Summaries developed by EPA in cooperation with the natural gas industry on superior applications of Natural Gas STAR Program Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Partner Reported Opportunities (PROs).
2 Technology Background Compressors used throughout the natural gas system are cycled on- and off-line to meet fluctuating demand for gas. Maintenance and emergencies are other occasions compressors are taken off-line. Standard practice is to "blow down," or vent the high pressure gas left in the compressor when it is taken off-line. While the compressor is blown down, leakage continues from the unit isolation valves. When a compressor is fully pressurized, methane can leak from the closed blowdown valve and the compressor rod packings (see Exhibit 1). Exhibit 1: Compressor Diagram Blowdown Scenario Compressor Rod Packing Pressurized Scenario Compressor Rod Packing (leak) Depressurized Pressurized Blowdown Valve (Open) Blowdown Valve (Closed-leak) Unit Valve (closed-leak) Unit Valve (closed) Leaks - Unit Valves (1.4 Mcf/hour) - Blowdown (15 Mcf/event) Leaks - Blowdown Valves (1.5 Mcf/hour) - Compressor Rod Packing (4 rods per compressor, 0.30 Mcf/hour) The number of times a compressor is blown down for operational purposes depends on its operational mode. Some compressors are base loaded, meaning they operate most of the time, and might be blown down only three times per year. Down time for these compressors averages 500 hours per year. Other compressors operate in peak load service, coming on line as demand increases and higher pipeline pressures are required, and dropping off the system as market demand decreases. These compressors can be off-line on average 40 times per year, for approximately 4,000 hours. The ratio of base load compressors to peak load compressors varies widely between pipeline companies because of different operating strategies, system configurations, and markets. On some pipelines, 40 percent of the compressors might be base loaded; on others, 75 percent might operate in a base load mode. The largest source of methane emissions associated with taking compressors off-line is from the blow down or venting of gas remaining within the compressor (i.e., depressurizing the system). On average, a single blowdown will result in the release of approximately 15 Mcf of gas to the atmosphere. 2
3 Unit isolation valves are another source of methane emissions from off-line compressors. These large valves isolate the compressor from the pipeline and can leak significant amounts of methane between the high pressure pipeline and atmospheric pressure. A typical leak rate for unit valves is 1,400 scf per hour (scfh). Although unit valves are periodically maintained to reduce leaks, their inaccessibility results in increasing leakage between scheduled maintenance. Other sources of emissions from off-line compressors are the compressor rod packings and blowdown valves. Seals on compressor piston rods will leak during normal operations, but this leakage increases approximately four fold (to about 75 scfh per rod, or 300 scfh per four-cylinder compressor) when a compressor is idle and fully pressurized, that is, not blown down. Leaks occur through gaps between the seal rings and their support grooves, which are closed by the dynamic movement of the piston rod and lubricating oil (see EPA s Lessons Learned: Reducing Methane Emissions from Compressor Rod Packing). Blowdown valves also leak from pressurized systems at a typical rate of 150 scfh. Natural Gas STAR partners have significantly reduced methane emissions from compressors taken off-line for operational reasons by applying one or more of the following three measures: 1. Keep compressor pressurized. Avoid compressor blowdown emissions by keeping compressors fully pressurized. This will substantially reduce the leak rate from 1,400 scfh at the unit valve to approximately 450 scfh from the blowdown valve and rod packings. With no facility modifications required, this is the best measure for all compressors whenever possible. 2. Keep pressurized and route gas to fuel. Connecting the blowdown vent lines to the fuel gas system allows the normally vented gas to be used when taking a compressor off-line. Once the pressures between the fuel system and the compressor are equalized, the compressor "floats" at the fuel gas pressure (typically pounds per square inch (psi)). Leakage from the compressor packings and blowdown vent is reduced to about 125 scfh. Leaks across the unit valves into the compressor continues to feed the fuel system via the vent connection. 3. Keep pressurized and install a static seal. A static seal on the compressor rods eliminates rod packing leaks during shutdown when the compressor is kept pressurized. A static seal is installed on each rod shaft outside conventional packing. An automatic controller activates when the compressor is shutdown to wedge a tight seal around the shaft; the controller deactivates the seal on start-up. Leakage occurs only from the blowdown valve at about 150 scfh when at system pressure. 3
4 Economic and Environmental Benefits Natural Gas STAR partners can achieve substantial environmental and economic benefits by taking simple steps to avoid blowing down, or depressurizing, off-line compressors whenever possible: Fewer Bulk Gas Releases: By not depressurizing off-line compressors, operators can save 15 Mcf each time the compressor is taken off-line. Assuming base load units are blown down three times per year and peaking units 40 times, between 45 Mcf and 660 Mcf can be saved annually. Lower Leak Rates: Keeping compressors fully pressurized avoids significant leaks across the unit valves of 475 Mcf per year for base load units and 3,800 Mcf per year for peak load units. Lower Fuel Costs: Routing compressor gas to the fuel system uses fuel gas that otherwise would have been vented from compressors, thus decreasing fuel costs. Decision Process Operators can easily and cost-effectively reduce methane emissions from compressors off-line by following the four steps below: Step 1: Identify blowdown alternatives. Three options, described in the Technology Background section, are available when taking compressors off-line for operational reasons: Option 1, keeping compressor pressurized Option 2, keeping compressor pressurized and routing gas to fuel Option 3, keeping compressor pressurized and installing a static seal The best option for all compressors is to simply avoid depressuring whenever possible. Options 2 and 3 provide additional gas savings when used in conjunction with Option 1. Option 2 can be used when taking compressors off-line for maintenance or emergency reasons; bleeding off gas in the compressor to the fuel system prior to blowing down the compressor can reduce emissions and save money. Step 2: Calculate quantity and value of methane emissions. The total methane emissions from compressors taken off-line and blown down is the sum of the losses from venting the compressor and the losses across the unit valves for the period of time the compressor is depressurized. The key inputs for calculating the total losses per compressor per year include: The number of blowdowns per year (B). 4
5 The pressurized compressor s volume between unit isolation valves (V). The volume of gas vented per blowdown depends on the compressor s cavity volume, the piping between isolation valves, and the pressure. Using Henry s Law (volume is inversely proportional to pressure or P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 ) this can be calculated directly. (The EPA default is 15 Mcf per blowdown.) The duration of the shut-down periods (T). The leakage rate at the unit valves (U). Unit valve leaks can be measured at the blowdown vent using hand-held measuring devices. Leak rates generally increase since the last maintenance of the valves. A default of 1,400 scfh is used in this analysis. Total emissions (TE) are calculated as: TE = BV + TU. The total value (TV) or cost of these emissions is TE times the price (P) of gas or TV = TE x P. Most of this information is easily accessible from operating records and nameplate specifications, or can be estimated. Exhibit 2 presents two sample calculations of losses, one for a base load compressor and one from a peak load compressor. Exhibit 2: Sample Calculations Assumptions: Base Load Peak Load No. of blowdowns/year Volume of compressed gas (scf) Hours off-line/year Unit valve leak rate (scfh) Sample 1: Baseload Compressor Total Emissions Total Value 3 15, ,400 = (3 x15 Mcf) + (500 hours x 1.4 Mcf/h) = 745 Mcf/year = 745 Mcf/year x $3.00/Mcf = $2,235 per year 40 15,000 4,000 1,400 Sample 2: Peak Load Compressor Total Emissions Total Value = (40 x 15 Mcf) + (4,000 hours x 1.4 Mcf/h) = 6,200 Mcf/year = 6,200 Mcf/year x $3.00/Mcf = $18,600 per year 5
6 Step 3: Calculate the costs for each alternative. The costs of each alternative include the capital investment, the incremental operations and maintenance (O&M) costs, and the off-line leak rate associated with the option. The costs of each option are summarized below. Option 1, keep the compressor fully pressurized. This option has no capital or O&M costs. When instituted, leakage occurs at the compressor rod packing (300 scfh per compressor) and at the blowdown valve (150 scfh), totaling approximately 450 scfh when the compressor is fully pressurized. Option 2, keep pressurized and connect the compressor to the fuel gas system. This option involves adding piping and valves to bleed gas from an idle compressor into the compressor station s fuel gas system. Facility modification costs range between $900 and $1,600 per compressor. Major determinants of cost are the size of the compressor, the number of fittings, valves, and piping supports, size of piping, length of piping, and whether an automatic analyzer is installed. Once the pressure in the compressor equilibrates with the fuel line pressure, leakage from compressor rod packings falls to about 50 scfh and from the blowdown valve to about 75 scfh, totaling 125 scfh. Option 3, keep pressurized and install a positive static seal on compressor rods. While technically feasible and compatible with either, Option 3 is not cost-effective when used in conjunction with Option 2 (because leak rates are significantly lower when floating the compressor at the lower fuel line pressures). Static seals cost about $500 per rod, plus $1,000 for an automatic activation controller for the entire compressor, totaling $3,000 per four-rod compressor. With leakage from the compressor rod packing virtually eliminated, the only remaining leakage is from the blowdown valves, approximately 150 scfh. Exhibit 3 shows the costs associated with these options. Off-line leakage is the sum of leaks from compressor rod packings and the blowdown valve, annualized using the duration of hours off-line in Exhibit 2. Step 4: Conduct economic analysis. Once the quantity and value of methane emissions and the costs of each alternative have been estimated, conduct an economic analysis. One straightforward way to evaluate the 6
7 Exhibit 3: Capital Costs and Leak Rates of Alternatives Option 1 Keep Pressurized Option 2 Keep Pressurized and Tie to Fuel Gas Option 3 Keep Pressurized and Install Static Seal Capital None $1,250/compressor $3,000/compressor Off-line Leakage Baseload 225 Mcf/yr $ Mcf/yr $ Mcf/yr $225 Peak Load 1,800 Mcf/yr $5, Mcf/yr $1, Mcf/yr $1,800 Note: Baseload scenario assumes compressor is off-line 500 hour/year; peak load scenario assumes compressor is off-line 4,000 hours/year. Gas cost=$3.00/mcf. economics is through a discounted cash flow analysis, in which the first year costs of each option are compared against the discounted value of the net amount of gas saved. For Option 1, savings are the difference between quantity of methane emissions (calculated in Exhibit 2) and off-line leakage that occurs when the compressor is kept fully pressurized (calculated in Exhibit 3). Savings for Options 2 and 3 derive from further reducing the net gas leakage in Option 1 by making facility changes. Exhibit 4 presents the estimated savings of Options 1 and the incremental savings from implementing Option 2 and 3 in addition to Option 1. Option 1 demonstrates an immediate payback with no investment required. For Option 3, incremental savings in a base load mode do not recover the facility investment in a five-year period. Further, the incremental savings of installing the piston rod seals in addition to fuel gas system tie-in (Option 2) are not economically attractive for either base load or peaking mode. 7
8 Exhibit 4: Economic Comparison of Options Option1 Keep Pressurized Option 2 Keep Pressurized and Tie to Fuel Gas Option 3 Keep Pressurized and Install Static Seal Base Peak Base Peak Base Peak Net Gas Savings(Mcf/yr) 520 4, , ,200 Dollar Savings/yr 1 $1,560 $13,200 $621 $4,035 $450 $3,600 Facilities Investment 0 0 $1,250 $1,250 $3,000 $3,000 Payback 2 Immed Immed 3 yrs 4 mos None 10 mos. IRR 3 >100% >100% 41% 323% Negative 118% 1 Assuming value of gas $3.00/Mcf 2 5 year life and 10 percent discount rate 3 5 year life (not including annual O&M costs) Implementation Tips Listed below are tips that Natural Gas STAR partners use to evaluate options and reduce emissions from off-line compressors: Operators generally conduct total station maintenance turnarounds every 12 to 18 months, overhauling unit isolation valves and making major modifications such as fuel gas tie-ins. Toward the end of an operating cycle between turnarounds, unit valves, blowdown valves, and compressor rod packing likely experience maximum leakage rates. Safety can become an issue when maintaining gas pressure on idle compressors causes increased rod packing leakage. Installing a static seal on compressor rods eliminates this leakage. Depressuring off-line compressors to fuel gas is effective only where there is sufficient fuel demand to consume the gas at the rate of unit isolation valve leakage (estimated 1.4 Mcf/h). Maintain the tightness of unit isolation valves. Tight sealing unit isolation valves would eliminate 90 percent of annual emissions from typical shutdown and blowdown practices. However, repairs are expensive in terms of both valve materials and labor and emissions from shutting down and depressuring the entire station to access these valves. 8
9 Case Study: One Partner s Experience With growing interest in increasing savings and reducing gas leakage, Company A investigated several practices to help reduce leakage from compressor rod packing. During the period when compressors were taken out of service, the company tied the compressor to the fuel gas system. At this lower compressor cylinder pressure, the leakage through rod packing cases and blowdown valves was reduced considerably. For 3,022 compressor cylinders (a total of 577 compressor units) operating 40 percent of the time, the total gas savings amounted to 1.58 billion cubic feet per year. Lessons Learned Partners will find that significant emissions reductions and cost saving will result from avoiding routine compressor blowdown, and, where applicable, eliminating or rerouting leakage. Savings accrue from retained product or displacement of fuel gas. The principal lessons learned from Natural Gas STAR partners are: Avoid depressuring whenever possible. Large immediate savings can be realized at no cost by keeping off-line compressors pressurized. Educate field staff about the benefits of avoiding blowdowns. Identify shut-down schedule for compressors to determine whether it operates in base or peak load. Use this information to conduct economic analysis of Options 2 and 3. Develop a schedule for retrofitting compressors with fuel gas routing systems installing a compressor rod static seal, where justified economically. Record reductions at each compressor. Reductions in methane emissions should be included in annual reports submitted as part of the Natural Gas STAR Program. 9
10 References Borders, Robert S. C. Lee Cook, personal contact. Campbell, Alastair J. Bently Nevada Corporation, Houston, Texas. Optical Alignment of Reciprocating Compressors. "Compressor Shutdown Leakage." Pipeline & Gas Journal, December France Compressor Products. Mechanical Packing - Design and Theory of Operation, Bulletin 691. Maholic, James. France Compressor Products, personal contact. Minotti, Marcello. ENRON, personal contact. 10
11 1EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency Air and Radiation (6202J) 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Washington, DC EPA430-B February 2004
Efficient Pigging of Gathering Lines. Energy Management Workshop for Upstream and Midstream Operations
Efficient Pigging of Gathering Lines Energy Management Workshop for Upstream and Midstream Operations January 17, 2007 Agenda Methane Losses from Pipeline Pigging Methane Recovery Industry Experience Is
More informationTECHNICAL GUIDANCE DOCUMENT NUMBER 3: CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS WITH WET (OIL) SEALS
SG17.1. 3 TECHNICAL GUIDANCE DOCUMENT NUMBER 3: CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS WITH WET (OIL) SEALS Introduction This is a technical guidance document for Partners to the CCAC Oil and Gas Methane Partnership
More informationSimplicity in VRU by using a Beam Gas Compressor
Simplicity in VRU by using a Beam Gas Compressor By Charlie D. McCoy and Mark Lancaster Abstract: Vapor Recovery Units are often expensive, complicated to operate and unable to deal with High H2S and liquids.
More informationFundamentals of Compressed Air Systems. Pre-Workshop Assignment
Page 1 In order to ensure that the Compressed Air Challenge Fundamentals of Compressed Air Systems Training is most useful to you, it will be important for you to bring information about your plant s compressed
More informationHydraulic and Economic Analysis of Real Time Control
Hydraulic and Economic Analysis of Real Time Control Tom Walski 1, Enrico Creaco 2 1 Bentley Systems, Incorporated, 3 Brian s Place, Nanticoke, PA, USA 2 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile ed Architettura,
More informationFreedom8 ShoeBox Compressor Manual
Freedom8 ShoeBox Compressor Manual Warning!! This product is not a toy! Use or misuse can cause severe injury or death! Use only with adult supervision. This unit is only to be used with tanks, hoses and
More informationCONTROL SOLUTIONS DESIGNED TO FIT RIGHT IN. Energy Control Technologies
PLANT AIR CONTROL SYSTEMS CONTROL SOLUTIONS DESIGNED TO FIT RIGHT IN Maximizing your plant s efficiency with plant air control systems built to fit your needs exactly. Energy Control Technologies E nergy
More informationBest Practices Pneumatics Machine & Design. Written by Richard F. Bullers, CFPPS as published in Fluid Power Journal, July/August 2016
Pneumatics Machine & Design Written by Richard F. Bullers, CFPPS as published in Fluid Power Journal, July/August 2016 Contents at Atmospheric Air The air at a compressor s intake contains about 78% nitrogen,
More informationTECHNICAL GUIDANCE DOCUMENT NUMBER 9: CASINGHEAD GAS VENTING
TECHNICAL GUIDANCE DOCUMENT NUMBER 9: CASINGHEAD GAS VENTING Introduction This document provides technical guidance to Partners of the CCAC Oil and Gas Methane Partnership (OGMP). It is one in a series
More informationUnit 24: Applications of Pneumatics and Hydraulics
Unit 24: Applications of Pneumatics and Hydraulics Unit code: J/601/1496 QCF level: 4 Credit value: 15 OUTCOME 2 TUTORIAL 9 ACCUMULATORS The material needed for outcome 2 is very extensive so there are
More informationPipeline Integrity Valve Spacing Engineering Assessment (CDN) Grande Prairie Mainline Loop 2 (Progress Section) NPS 36
APPROVALS Library: EDMS General Page 1 of 10 TABLE OF CONTENTS APPROVALS 1 1. PURPOSE... 3 2. BACKGROUND... 3 3. VALVE SPACING ASSESSMENT APPROACH... 6 4. OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE CONSIDERATIONS... 6
More informationCOMPRESSED AIR TEXTILES ENERGY EFFICIENCY
TEXTILES ENERGY EFFICIENCY GUIDANCE NOTE 01 COMPRESSED AIR Compressed air often accounts for more than 10% of textile companies annual electricity use. It is referred to as the forgotten utility, as the
More informationEconomic Benefits Of Compressor Analysis >
Economic Benefits Of Compressor Analysis > Improving gas flow through a compressor maximizes value and revenue By EDWARD B. FLANAGAN, PE Edward B. Flanagan, PE, is the general manager at Windrock Inc.
More informationCost Effective Natural Gas Conditioning Twelve Years Experience of Membrane System Operation
William Echt & Jeff Cook Cost Effective Natural Gas Conditioning Twelve Years Experience of Membrane System Operation WILLIAM ECHT / JEFF COOK (USA) William Echt. William.echt@uop.com Technology Manager
More informationSF SERIES CNG COMPRESSOR MODEL HF-4MH. 4 Nm3/Hour Displacement OPERATION MANUAL
SF SERIES CNG COMPRESSOR MODEL HF-4MH 4 Nm3/Hour Displacement OPERATION MANUAL 1 Content 1. General Description...3 2. Main technical parameters...3 3. Structural principle...4 3.1Main structure...4 3.2Compressor
More informationCOMPARING PLUG & SEAT REGULATORS & CONTROL VALVES. Lamar Jones. Equipment Controls Company 4555 South Berkeley Lake Road Norcross, GA 30071
COMPARING PLUG & SEAT REGULATORS & CONTROL VALVES Lamar Jones Equipment Controls Company 4555 South Berkeley Lake Road Norcross, GA 30071 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper will be to compare a plug
More informationOffshore Equipment. Yutaek Seo
Offshore Equipment Yutaek Seo Flash Gas Compressor (East spar) Dehydration NGL recovery Slug catcher Separator Stabilization Booster compressor Gas export compression (Donghae-1 Platform) May 7 th Gas
More informationInert Air (N2) Systems Manual
INSTRUCTION MANUAL Inert Air (N2) Systems Manual N2-MANUAL 2.10 READ AND UNDERSTAND THIS MANUAL PRIOR TO OPERATING OR SERVICING THIS PRODUCT. GENERAL INFORMATION Positive pressure nitrogen gas pressurizing
More informationReduce Turnaround Duration by Eliminating H 2 S from Flare Gas Utilizing VaporLock Scrubber Technology
Reduce Turnaround Duration by Eliminating H 2 S from Flare Gas Utilizing VaporLock Scrubber Technology Jim Woodard Vice President of Sales Bryant Woods Lead Project Engineer 4/3/18 Page 1 Objectives Impact
More informationPMO 2.0 pee em ō too point ō
and learning to communicate> PMO 2.0 pee em ō too point ō noun (pl. PMOs 2.0) : the next generation of 24/7 PMO Valve, the hygienic mixproof valves for the dairy dairy industry, revolutionized by GEA Tuchenhagen.
More informationFLUID POWER FLUID POWER EQUIPMENT TUTORIAL ACCUMULATORS. This work covers part of outcome 2 of the Edexcel standard module:
FLUID POWER FLUID POWER EQUIPMENT TUTORIAL ACCUMULATORS This work covers part of outcome 2 of the Edexcel standard module: UNIT 21746P APPLIED PNEUMATICS AND HYDRAULICS The material needed for outcome
More informationTECHNICAL BENEFITS OF CJS / RAISE HSP. Technical Advantages
TECHNICAL BENEFITS OF CJS / RAISE HSP Technical Advantages The HSP is designed for low- to mid- volume applications at flow rates of 1 cubic meter to 30 c. m per day. The benefits are in the details. The
More informationOPERATOR, ORGANIZATIONAL, DIRECT AND GENERAL SUPPORT AND DEPOT MAINTENANCE MANUAL COMPRESSOR, RECIPROCATING, AIR; 15 CFM, 175 PSI;
TM 5-4310-339-15 D E P A R T M E N T O F T H E A R M Y T E C H N I C A L M A N U A L OPERATOR, ORGANIZATIONAL, DIRECT AND GENERAL SUPPORT AND DEPOT MAINTENANCE MANUAL COMPRESSOR, RECIPROCATING, AIR; 15
More informationPNEUMATIC PRESSURE CONTROLLERS
PNEUMATIC PRESSURE CONTROLLERS VARIABLE VOLUME PRESSURE CONTROLLER MODELS: V-1 R AND V-2R The 3D Variable Volume Pressure Controller is available for requirements of 0-1,000 psi and 0-6,000 psi in absolute
More informationProposed Uniform Standards for Equipment Leaks
12 th LDAR Symposium May 15-16, 2012 New Orleans, LA Proposed Uniform Standards for Equipment Leaks Standards Certification Education & Training Publishing Conferences & Exhibits 1 Proposed LDAR Uniform
More informationIncorrect Relief Valve Material Causes Release
Incorrect Relief Valve Material Causes Release Lessons Learned Volume 04 Issue 18 2004 USW Purpose Incorrect Relief Valve Material Causes Release To conduct a small group lessons learned activity to share
More informationFUGITIVE EMISSIONS EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS AND EQUIVALENCY
FUGITIVE EMISSIONS EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS AND EQUIVALENCY ABSTRACT Jay Abrahimzadeh Joe Steinke Control Components Inc. Fugitive Emissions requirements, compliance, and use have gained momentum in the
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF PRESSURE REGULATORS ROBERT BENNETT MANAGER OF TRAINING ELSTER AMERICAN METER
FUNDAMENTALS OF PRESSURE REGULATORS ROBERT BENNETT MANAGER OF TRAINING ELSTER AMERICAN METER SUPPLY = DEMAND FUNCTION OF A REGULATOR A regulator may be defined as a "mechanism for controlling or governing
More informationBecker* Products Below Ground Ball Valve Regulators
GE Oil & Gas Becker* Products Below Ground Ball Valve Regulators Reduce Noise Levels at Large Volume Regulator Stations GE s Becker* Below Ground ball valve regulator has the long-term proven reliability,
More informationDBML-60/80 Squeeze Tool
DBML-60/80 Squeeze Tool OPERATORS MANUAL Description The Mustang Model DBML-60/80 Hydraulic squeeze tool has been manufactured since 1995. A Mustang 3 3/4 bore doubleacting cylinder producing 41,000 lbs
More informationInstallation, Operation, and Maintenance Manual
Installation, Operation, and Maintenance Manual Welker The information in this manual has been carefully checked for accuracy and is intended to be used as a guide for the installation, operation, and
More informationStandard Operating and Maintenance Instructions for Pumping System Model PS-90
Standard Operating and Maintenance Instructions for Pumping System Model PS-90 High Pressure Equipment Company 2955 West 17th Street, Suite 6 PO Box 8248 Erie, PA 16505 USA 814-838-2028 (phone) 814-838-6075
More informationRefining Industry Outlook
Refining Industry Outlook Ron Chittim Refining Issues Manager American Petroleum Institute Crude Oil Quality Group Houston September 27, 2001 Topics Overview of API & Major Activities Refining Industry
More informationV-Major, V-Compact. Reciprocating Compressors. Intelligent Air Technology
V-Major, V-Compact Reciprocating Compressors Intelligent Air Technology & Significant Energy Savings with Lower Running Costs Efficient. LOW POWER CONSUMPTION 75% of the running cost of an air compressor
More informationASK THE EXPERTS: The Characteristics and Applications of the Ultrasonic Sensor (Part 1 Compressors)
June 2016 ASK THE EXPERTS: The Characteristics and Applications of the Ultrasonic Sensor (Part 1 Compressors) QUESTION: I recently had start-up assistance training on my Windrock analyzer. What are some
More informationAir Amplifiers & SYSTEMS
Air Amplifiers & SYSTEMS We Accept VISA, MasterCard and American Express Air Amplifiers Point-of-Use Air Solutions Maximator air amplifiers are designed to boost plant air pressure or increase the supply
More informationCompressors. Basic Classification and design overview
Compressors Basic Classification and design overview What are compressors? Compressors are mechanical devices that compresses gases. It is widely used in industries and has various applications How they
More informationThe Nitrogen Threat. The simple answer to a serious problem. 1. Why nitrogen is a risky threat to our reactors? 2. Current strategies to deal with it.
International Conference on Topical Issues in Nuclear Installation Safety: Safety Demonstration of Advanced Water Cooled Nuclear Power Plants. The simple answer to a serious problem Vienna. 6 9 June 2017
More informationEvery things under control High-Integrity Pressure Protection System (HIPPS)
Every things under control www.adico.co info@adico.co Table Of Contents 1. Introduction... 2 2. Standards... 3 3. HIPPS vs Emergency Shut Down... 4 4. Safety Requirement Specification... 4 5. Device Integrity
More informationThe Application of Temperature and/or Pressure Correction Factors in Gas Measurement
The Application of Temperature and/or Pressure Correction Factors in Gas Measurement COMBINED BOYLE S CHARLES GAS LAWS To convert measured volume at metered pressure and temperature to selling volume at
More informationCONTROL VALVE TESTING
The optimal functioning of the Control valve not only exists of sufficient body & seat tightness, but more important, the total "performance" of the valve and its controls! For an accurate and reliable
More informationIntroduction to Pneumatics
Introduction to Pneumatics Pneumatics Symbols Air generation and distribution Table 1: Symbols use in energy conversion and preparation ITEM SYMBOL MEANING Compressor SUPPLY Pressure Source Pneumatic Pressure
More informationSTANDARD HIGH PRESSURE COMPRESSORS COMPACT PACKAGE FOR DEMANDING APPLICATIONS
STANDARD HIGH PRESSURE COMPRESSORS COMPACT PACKAGE FOR DEMANDING APPLICATIONS 2 STANDARD HIGH PRESSURE COMPRESSORS BURCKHARDT COMPRESSION GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY LEADER IN THE RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR WORLD
More informationGW DRY PIPE VALVE INSTALLATION & OPERATION 100mm (4 ) 150mm (6 )
Read in conjunction with Dry Valve Set Schematic (section 7). 1. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION. Primary functions of the Angus Type D dry alarm valve station: 1.1. To maintain a dry sprinkler pipework system
More informationOptimizing Compressed Air Storage for Energy Efficiency
University of Dayton ecommons Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Faculty Publications Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 4-2011 Optimizing Compressed Air Storage for Energy Efficiency
More informationIntroduction. 1. Large oil-free screw compressor, Emeraude ALE series
High-performance, energy-saving equipment is much needed to address the growing concern for the environment. To meet such needs, Kobe Steel has developed high-performance, large class, oil-free screw compressors,
More informationNitrogen Generators. PMNG Commercial Series. Section 50 Bulletin A -20
Nitrogen Generators PMNG Commercial Series Section 50 Bulletin A -20 2 All nitrogen generators Whatever the problem; Pneumatech has the solution. are not created equal. Some may cost less and appear great
More informationAC : MEASUREMENT OF HYDROGEN IN HELIUM FLOW
AC 2010-2145: MEASUREMENT OF HYDROGEN IN HELIUM FLOW Randy Buchanan, University of Southern Mississippi Christopher Winstead, University of Southern Mississippi Anton Netchaev, University of Southern Mississippi
More informationTOP VALVE. Pat. #5,857,486 & 5,944,050. Mid-Range Pressure PSIG Back Pressure and Pressure Relief Valves. Instruction Manual
TOP VALVE Pat. #5,857,486 & 5,944,050 Mid-Range Pressure 50 232 PSIG Back Pressure and Pressure Relief Valves Instruction Manual Please Note: This instruction manual provides detailed information and instructions
More informationSIX R (P ) AND SEVEN R (P ) POSITION CYLINDERS Service Information
SIX R431006322 (P -063892-00001) AND SEVEN R431006321 (P -063981--00002) POSITION CYLINDERS Service Information The six and seven position cylinders are medium duty pneumatic positioning devices that operate
More informationThe Compact, Portable, Efficient and Economical Solution to boost Shop Compressed Air Pressure by 2 or 3 times
Tseries Series AB AB Air Air Boosters Boosters The Compact, Portable, Efficient and Economical Solution to boost Shop Compressed Air Pressure by 2 or 3 times.01/1 MANIFOLD MOUNTED VALVES FOR EASY SERVICING
More informationModel 4000 Pressure Controller
FEATURES Multiple Configurations The 4000 series pressure controller can be configured into either proportional only or proportional plus reset mode with a minimum of parts. Rugged Design Die cast aluminum
More informationWHEATLEY WHEATLEY SERIES 500 SWING CHECK VALVE. Installation, Operation and Maintenance Manual
WHEATLEY SERIES 500 SWING CHECK VALVE STANDARD INTEGRAL SEAT & OPTIONAL REMOVABLE SEAT 2" FP - 6" FP 150# - 1500# 8" FP - 12" FP 150# - 900# API 6D and B16.34 2" FP - 4" FP 5000# DRILLING PRODUCTION VALVE
More informationOwner's Manual Sealweld SuperSeal II Pump
Owner's Manual Sealweld SuperSeal II Pump By Sealweld Corporation Technical Specification Sealweld SuperSeal II Pump One (1) High Pressure Sealant/Lubricant SuperSeal II Pump: 100:1 Ratio with 10,000 psi
More informationModel Series 62 Constant Differential Relay
Siemens Industry, Inc. INSTALLATION AND SERVICE INSTRUCTION INTRODUCTION Model Series 62 Constant Differential Relay Rev 11 March 2011 Supersedes Rev 10 The Constant Differential Relay maintains a constant
More information97C COMPRESSOR KIT 12V PART NO C COMPRESSOR KIT 24V PART NO C COMPRESSOR KIT PART NO
97C COMPRESSOR KIT 12V PART NO. 00097 97C COMPRESSOR KIT 24V PART NO. 02497 98C COMPRESSOR KIT PART NO. 00098 97C 98C IMPORTANT: It is essential that you and any other operator of this product read and
More information444C DUAL PERFORMANCE VALUE PACK
(Chrome) PART NO. 44432 IMPORTANT: It is essential that you and any other operator of this product read and understand the contents of this manual before installing and using this product. SAVE THIS MANUAL
More informationApplication of Double Vs Tandem Dry gas seal Advantages.
Application of Double Vs Tandem Dry gas seal Advantages. John Sears WW Director, Compressor Products. Flowserve Corporation. Unit #2207, 220 Fisher Street, SE, Calgary, Alberta, T2H 2H8 Canada; World Wide
More informationNew Single Well Gas Lift Process Facilitates Fracture Treatment Flowback
Gas Well Deliquification Workshop Sheraton Hotel, February 23-26, 2009 New Single Well Gas Lift Process Facilitates Fracture Treatment Flowback William G. Elmer, P.E. EOG Resources, Inc. Introduction Current
More informationSpring Loaded Regulators Constant Loaded Regulators Twin Parallel Flow Regulators Field Service Regulators
Product Line Brochure J0B Effective Date 2/01 Spring Loaded Regulators Constant Loaded Regulators Twin Parallel Flow Regulators Field Service Regulators P R O D U C T L I N E O V E R V I E W Regulator
More informationAdvanced Management of Compressed Air Systems Pre-Workshop Assignment
Advanced Management of Compressed Air Systems Page 1 In order to ensure that the Compressed Air Challenge Level II Training is most useful to you, it will be important for you to bring information about
More informationEASTERN ENERGY SERVICES PTE LTD. 60 Kaki Bukit Place #02-19 Eunos Tech Park Singapore, SG Singapore Telephone: Fax:
2 Table Of Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. About this Manual 3 3. Contacting YZ Systems 3 4. Vessel Components 4 5. Specifications 5 6. Application 6 7. Theory of Operation 7 8. DuraSite Installation & Use
More informationFlare Gas Recovery A consideration of the benefits and issues associated with sizing, installation and selection of the most appropriate technology
Flare Gas Recovery A consideration of the benefits and issues associated with sizing, installation and selection of the most appropriate technology Peter Angwin, Principal Consultant Process Engineer Stuart
More informationGE Oil & Gas. Mooney * Flowgrid * Slam Shut Regulator. Delivering accuracy, performance and protection
GE Oil & Gas Mooney * Flowgrid * Slam Shut Regulator Delivering accuracy, performance and protection Industries Gas transmission Gas distribution Midstream gas Gas processing Applications Gas pipelines
More informationItem 404 Driving Piling
Item Driving Piling 1. DESCRIPTION Drive piling. 2. EQUIPMENT 2.1. Driving Equipment. Use power hammers for driving piling with specified bearing resistance. Use power hammers that comply with Table 1.
More informationTECHNICAL INFORMATION
TECHNICAL INFORMATION Installation, Operation, and Maintenance Balston Model 75-77 Nitrogen Generator Figure 1-75-77 Overall Dimensions These instructions must be thoroughly read and understood before
More informationType 310A-32A Pressure Reducing Regulator and Type 310A-32A-32A Working Monitor Regulator
January 2009 Type 310A-32A Pressure Reducing Regulator and Type 310A-32A-32A Working Monitor Regulator Introduction The Type 310A pilot-operated high-pressure regulator (Figure 1) is used where high capacity
More informationINSTALLATION COMMISSIONING, OPERATION & MAINTENANCE MANUAL
WedgeRock RW Series Worm Gear Actuators INSTALLATION COMMISSIONING, OPERATION & MAINTENANCE MANUAL Revision 01 Date 4/3/17 Page 1 Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION... 4 1.1 PURPOSE... 4 1.2 AUDIENCE...
More information400C & 450C DUAL PERFORMANCE VALUE PACKS
(Chrome) PART NO. 40013 (Silver) PART NO. 45012 (Chrome) PART NO. 45013 IMPORTANT: It is essential that you and any other operator of this product read and understand the contents of this manual before
More informationDesign Enhancements on Dry Gas Seals for Screw Compressor Applications
VDI-Berichte Nr. 1932, 2006 B 8 331 Design Enhancements on Dry Gas Seals for Screw Compressor Applications Dipl.-Ing C. Kirchner, Flowserve Dortmund GmbH & Co KG, Dortmund Introduction The development
More informationCable Pressurization Buffering
Cable Pressurization Buffering What This Practice Is About Introduction This practice describes the various buffering practices that are used to protect the integrity of the pressurized cable network during
More informationTOP VALVE. Pat. #5,857,486 & 5,944,050. High Temperature: max. 300 F (149 C) Back Pressure And Pressure Relief Valves. Instruction Manual
TOP VALVE Pat. #5,857,486 & 5,944,050 High Temperature: max. 300 F (149 C) Back Pressure And Pressure Relief Valves Instruction Manual PLEASE NOTE: This instruction manual provides information and instructions
More informationO&M MANUAL HIGHLIGHTS
O&M MANUAL HIGHLIGHTS GENERAL PROVISIONS Each pipeline must be operated according to this SUBPART 192.603(a) RECORDS 192.603(b) Keep records necessary to administer the procedures of 192.605 RECORDS Life
More informationWET SEAL TO DRY GAS SEAL CONVERSION Considering the benefits of retrofitting your compressor
WET SEAL TO DRY GAS SEAL CONVERSION Considering the benefits of retrofitting your compressor Athal Doorenbos Components Focus Factory Dresser-Rand S.A. 31, Boulevard Winston Churchill 76080 Le Havre, France.
More informationCompressor Seal Replacement and Upgrades SERVICES
Compressor Seal Replacement and Upgrades SERVICES Compressor Seal Upgrades An Elliott Group compressor seal upgrade increases seal reliability and reduces process gas leakage to improve overall efficiency.
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES IN NATURAL GAS INSTALLATION - OPERATION - MAINTENANCE. Gary S. Beckett
FUNDAMENTALS OF PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES IN NATURAL GAS INSTALLATION - OPERATION - MAINTENANCE Gary S. Beckett Flow Safe Supply 10727 Tower Oaks Boulevard Houston, Texas 77070 What Are They and Why Are They
More informationManual Actuated Boiler Blowdown Valves
Manual Actuated Boiler Blowdown Valves Installation and Maintenance Instructions 1. Safety information 2. General product information 3. Installation 4. Operation 5. Maintenance 6. Spare parts p.1 1. Safety
More informationJune By The Numbers. Compressor Performance 1 PROPRIETARY
June 15 2016 By The Numbers Compressor Performance 1 PROPRIETARY Compressor Performance Report Without an accurate TDC, the report information has no value! 2 PROPRIETARY Compressor Performance Report
More informationUSE OF ISOLATION STOPPLES FOR VALVE REPLACEMENT ON TRANS ALASKA PIPELINE
2000 international Pipeline Conference Volume 1 ASME 2000 IPC2000-114 USE OF ISOLATION STOPPLES FOR VALVE REPLACEMENT ON TRANS ALASKA PIPELINE Glen W. Pomeroy, P.E., Engineering Manager, Alyeska Pipeline
More informationValve Replacement: Using Non-Intrusive Isolation Technology to Minimize Production Downtime
CASE STUDY CS15-02 >> Valve Replacement: Using Non-Intrusive Isolation Technology to Minimize Production Downtime What s Inside:» Explore Double Block & Monitor» Increase Operational Safety» Achieve Double
More informationOperational Comparison of Transit Signal Priority Strategies
Operational Comparison of Transit Signal Priority Strategies Revision Submitted on: November, 0 Author: Adriana Rodriguez, E.I Assistant Engineer Parsons Brinckerhoff 0 South Orange Avenue, Suite 00 Orlando,
More informationL 100. Bubble-Tube Level System. Installation, Operation and Maintenance Instructions
L 100 Bubble-Tube Level System Installation, Operation and Maintenance Instructions Figure 1 Contents Section Description Page 1.0 Introduction 2 2.0 Specifications 3 3.0 Installation 3 4.0 Warranty 6
More informationDewatering Landfill Gas Wells to Maximize LFG Collection
Dewatering Landfill Gas Wells to Maximize LFG Collection QED Environmental Systems Inc. Ann Arbor, Michigan - San Leandro, California Copyright QED Environmental Systems, Inc. 2013; all rights reserved.
More informationVibration and Pulsation Analysis and Solutions
1 Vibration and Pulsation Analysis and Solutions Brian Howes, M.Sc., P.Eng. Beta Machinery Analysis Ltd. Problems created by excessive vibration in machinery can have serious economic impact. Frequently
More informationFloat Operated Level Controllers
CONTENTS Float Operated Level Controllers IM0015 Nov. 2014 PAGE Introduction 1 Scope 1 Description 1 Specification 1 Control Installation 2 INTRODUCTION Side Mount Back Mount Prior to installing, the instructions
More informationGAS COMPRESSION SYSTEM
GAS COMPRESSION SYSTEM The gas compression system at HI 376 A consists of two natural gas turbine-driven Compressors (CBA-4020/4070). Both Compressors are needed for the volume of gas being compressed.
More informationChoosing the right miniature instrument and control valve is a snap
Choosing the right miniature instrument and control valve is a snap INVALCO Micro Valve The Micro Valve is a unique miniature valve offering versatility and rugged construction. Since its introduction
More informationThe Shand & Jurs Model Vapor Guard Tank Blanketing Valve
Lower maintenance due to fewer parts Occupies less space, less stress to tank Teflon is inert to most chemicals; extends service life Simplifies and lowers maintenance cost Optimizes flow of blanketing
More informationHow to Optimize the Disposal System With Staggered Analysis Using BLOWDOWN Technology. Jump Start Guide
How to Optimize the Disposal System With Staggered Analysis Using BLOWDOWN Technology Jump Start Guide Problem Statement In this guide, you will be introduced to the tools in BLOWDOWN that can be used
More informationTechnical Information
Technical Information Installation, Operation, Installation, Operation and Maintenance and Maintenance Manual Manual Balston Model 75700-K728 Nitrogen Generator Figure 1-75700-K728 Overall Dimensions These
More informationApplication of CHE100 in Frequency Conversion Alteration of Air Compressor System
Application of CHE100 in Frequency Conversion Alteration of Air Compressor System Abstract: This paper describes application of CHE100 in frequency conversion alteration of the air compressor system and
More informationCopyright, 2005 GPM Hydraulic Consulting, Inc.
Troubleshooting and Preventive Maintenance of Hydraulic Systems Learning to Read the Signs of Future System Failures Instructed by: Al Smiley & Alan Dellinger Copyright, 2005 GPM Hydraulic Consulting,
More informationINHERENTLY SAFER DESIGN CASE STUDY OF RAPID BLOW DOWN ON OFFSHORE PLATFORM
INHERENTLY SAFER DESIGN CASE STUDY OF RAPID BLOW DOWN ON OFFSHORE PLATFORM Volton Edwards bptt Angus Lyon DNV Energy Alastair Bird DNV Energy INTRODUCTION A term now in common usage within the oil & gas
More informationMitigation Starts With Design! Continues with Safe Operation, Mechanical Integrity and Training!
P.S.I.G. Mitigation Starts With Design! Continues with Safe Operation, Mechanical Integrity and Training! Last Unfortunately is When It Goes Wrong! The Failure! The Release! Loss of Product or Production
More informationTBV OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL SERIES 2800: FLANGED BALL VALVE. For technical questions, please contact the following:
TBV OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE MANUAL SERIES 2800: FLANGED BALL VALVE For technical questions, please contact the following: Engineering Department 1537 Grafton Road Millbury, MA 01527 Phone: (508) 887-9400
More informationSECTION BUTTERFLY VALVES
SECTION 15112 BUTTERFLY VALVES PART 1 GENERAL 1.01 SUMMARY A. All butterfly valves shall be of the tight closing, rubber seated type and fully comply with the latest revision of AWWA Standard C504, Class
More informationACV-10 Automatic Control Valve
ACV-10 Automatic Control Valve Installation, Operation & Maintenance General: The Archer Instruments ACV-10 is a precision automatic feed rate control valve for use in vacuum systems feeding Chlorine,
More informationNirvana Variable-Speed Drive, Contact-Cooled Rotary Screw Air Compressors
Variable-Speed Drive, Contact-Cooled Rotary Screw Air Compressors Exceptional Reliability Introducing - A True Variable-Speed Drive Compressor Now Available in Single- and Two-Stage. By matching a standard
More informationOptimizing Gas Supply for Industrial Lasers
Optimizing Gas Supply for Industrial Lasers Laser cutting of metals and other materials has grown rapidly due to developments in laser power, advancements in CNC automation, and decreasing costs. The industrial
More informationUS 19 Pedestrian and Bicycle Safe Access to Transit Corridor Study
US 19 Pedestrian and Bicycle Safe Access to Transit Corridor Study DRAFT Technical Memorandum #6 Cost and Benefit Evaluation Methodology August 2016 Prepared for: FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION DISTRICT
More information