Instrumentation & Data Acquisition Systems
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1 Instrumentation & Data Acquisition Systems Section 4 - Pressure Robert W. Harrison, PE Bob@TheHarrisonHouse.com Made in USA 1
2 Definition of Pressure Pressure is the amount of force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per unit area over which that force is distributed Pressure = Force / Area Pressure units (value at standard conditions) Units Abbreviation Value Pounds per square inch Psi 14.7 Millimeters of mercury mm Hg 760 Inches of Mercury in Hg Bars bars 1 kilopascal kpa
3 Pascal Bar Technical Atmosphere Standard Atmosphere Torr Pounds Per Square Inch (Pa) (bar) (at) (atm) (Torr) (psi) 1 Pa bar at atm Torr psi Pressure units 3
4 Measuring Devices Primary element Includes pressure sensor or pressure element Converts the pressure into an electrical or mechanical value to be read by the secondary element Secondary element Transducer electronics to convert the output of the primary element to a readable signal Signals generally are 0-5 Vdc, 4-20 ma, etc 4
5 Pressure References Pressure is always made with respect to a reference The 3 types of pressure references are Absolute - The reference is absolute zero (vacuum) Gage - The reference is atmospheric pressure Differential - The reference is a known pressure 5
6 6
7 Pressure (Force) Collector Types Capacitive Uses a diaphragm and pressure to create a variable capacitor to detect strain due to applied pressure Common technologies use metal, ceramic or silicon diaphragms Mostly applied to low pressures (absolute, differential, gauge) Electromagnetic Measures the displacement of a diaphragm by means of a change in inductance or reluctance Commonly measured by LVDT, Hall effect, or by eddy current principle Optical Techniques include the use of the physical change in an optical fiber to detect strain due to applied pressure 7
8 Pressure (Force) Collector Types Piezoelectric Uses the piezoelectric effect in certain materials such as quartz to measure the strain upon the sensing element due to pressure Commonly used for the measurement of highly dynamic pressures Piezoresistive Strain Gauge Uses the Piezoresistive effect of bonded or formed strain gauges to detect strain due to applied pressure Common technology types are silicon, polysilicon thin film, bonded metical foil, thick film and sputtered thin film Strain gauges are generally connected to a Wheatstone bridge circuit to reduce sensitivity to errors The most commonly employed sensing technology for general purpose pressure measurement Suitable to measure absolute, gauge, vacuum, and differential pressure 8
9 Pressure (Force) Collector Types Potentiometric Uses the motion of a wiper along a resistive mechanism to detect the strain caused applied pressure Resonate Uses changes in resonate frequency to measure stress Sensors have been made out of vibrating wire, vibrating cylinders, quartz, and silicon Microelectromechanical systems(mems) Thermal Uses the change in thermal conductivity of a gas due to density changes to measure pressure Ionization Measures the flow of charged gas particles (ions) which varies due to density changes measure pressure Commonly used examples are the Hot and Cold Cathode gauges 9
10 Diaphragm, Capsule, Bellows Converts process pressure to a mechanical linear motion This linear motion is then converted to an electrical signal via a capacitance change, bridge measurement, Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) 10
11 Bourdon Tubes Bourdon tubes consist of bent or twisted tubes When pressure is applied, the tubes tend to straighten This motion is then converted to an electrical signal by a Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT). 11
12 Capacitance Transducer Inlet pressure activates the sensing diaphragm A capacitance change results This is measured by the electronics as a direct relation to pressure 12
13 Strain Gage Transducer Inlet pressure activates a diaphragm The resistors are the components of a Wheatstone Bridge The bridge voltage is proportional to the pressure How a strain gage works: 13
14 Piezoelectric Transducer Inlet pressure activates a diaphragm Applies a strain to a crystal which produces an electrical change Rugged and small High frequency response Temperature sensitive, must be compensated Low recovery from over pressure 14
15 Linear Variable Differential Transformer Transducer (LVDT) Electrical transformer with a separable, non-contacting core The pressure changes cause the core of the transformer to move The output is equal to the difference between the two secondary voltage phases = S1 -S2 15
16 Why Use an LVDT Friction free operation Infinite resolution Unlimited mechanical life Over travel damage resistant Single axis sensitivity Separable coil and core Environmentally robust Null Point Repeatability Fast Dynamic Response Absolute Output How an LVDT works: 16
17 Pressure Measurement Devices Type Applications Range Accuracy Comments Commonly drives indicator gage Bourdon Tube Gage pressure 10 to 100,000 psi 0.1 to 3% potentiometer or LVDT Bellows, Commonly drives indicator gage convoluted Gage, absolute and potentiometer or LVDT. Bellows diaphragms & differential has highest sensitivity & lowest capsules pressure 0.3 to 50 psi` 0.1 to 3% regidity Flat diaphragms & capsuls IC sensors Piezoelectric Gage, absolute and differential pressure 10 to 50,000 psi 0.5 to 3% Gage, absolute and differential pressure 5 to 5,000 psi 0.5 to 3% Sound, shock waves & pressure changes. 0.1 mm Hg to 100,000 psi 0.1 to >1% Most common actuator for strain gages & capacitive. Much higher frequency response than Bourdon tube & convoluted. Silicon diaphragm limits applications unless an inert fill fluid is used. Very high sensitivity & frequency response 17
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