Subject Index. STP938-EB/May 1987

Transcription

1 STP938-EB/May 1987 Subject Index A Abdominal trauma, Accidents, peak hours of occurrence, Achilles tendon injuries, Adjustment, ski bindings, , 204, 207 (tables), 268 Age of ski binding and safe release, Age of skier and binding adjustment systems, , Alpine release bindings, see Release bindings Ankle joint action in forward falls, bend in ski boots, 128 sprains, 114, Anorectal abscess, Anterior cruciate ligament, see Ligaments, anterior cruciate Anthropometric dummy testing of binding-boot system, , 226 Autoregressive moving average exogenous (ARMAX) models, 5-25 knee rotation, 13 (table), 16, 20, 21 Arthroscopy knee joint, 56, 62, 65 ASTM Committees F-8, Sports Equipment and Facilities, 1 F8.14, 1 F-27, Snow Skiing, 1, 121, 218 ASTM Standard F 504: 120, 203,209, 215 Athletic injuries, see Skiing injuries Atrophy, muscle, 73 Autologous/allogeneic tendon grafts, 69 Avulsion fracture, knee, 69 B Bacteria in anorectal abscess, Bending fractures, tibia, BfU, see The Swiss Association for Accident Prevention Binding release torques accuracy of setting, , 187 comparison BfU and IAS recommendations, comparison ISO and DIN recommendations, history of measurement, test devices for, Bindings, see Release bindings Biomechanics cross-country skiing, 107 (table), 108 heel of ski bindings, knee joint in alpine skiing, 5-54, injuries, 69-72, 74 Body height and binding adjustment systems, 183, , 204 (table) Body weight and binding adjustment systems, 183, , 204 (table) effect on knee rotation, 10-13, 13 (table) Boot/binding systems for children, Geze, Nava, testing of, , Boot sole dirt buildup, effect on binding performance, , , 201, 214 length, effect on binding performance, 192, 208, 215 material, effect on binding performance, Boot top fracture, Boots and anterior cruciate ligament injury, 55-60, for children, cross-country, 102, 105 design improvements, , , 127, flexibility versus temperature change, flexible type, 226 and foot compression syndrome, force deflection curve test, 120 fractures related to, hysteresis curves for, measuring of, performance tests, 120, , , , specifications, , 128, 138, 164, 214 stiffness of, , , Copyright ASTM International

2 342 SKIING TRAUMA AND SKIING SAFETY thermoplastic rubber, , 214 C Carpometacarpal joint injury of, Cervical spinal cord injury of, Children boot/binding systems for, , skiing injuries of, 58, , 277 (table), , Competitive skiing, safety rules, ski binding release, Compression syndromes related to ski boot fit, , 153 (table) Computers See also Microprocessors use in ARM AX modeling, 10 use in binding adjustment, 221 use in boot size measurements, 115 Cross-country skiing equipment, trauma, D DIN, see German Industrial Standard Dislocations, thumb, Dynamometers Interfacing with microcomputers, 239, 247, pedestal type, 8-10, shear panel element type, 9-10 E Economy and ski injuries, 295 Electrogoniometers, 29 Electromyography biceps femoralis muscle, 28, 59 gastrocnemious muscle, gluteus maximus muscle, 80, 83 knee joint musculature, rectus femoris muscle, 28, 80, 83 semitendinosus muscle, 28 tibialis anterior muscle, 80, 83 vastus lateralis muscle, 28, 59 vastus medialus muscle, 28 Electronic release ski bindings, EMG, see Electromyography Epidemiology, alpine skiing injuries Ishiuchi, Japan, , 266 (table) Sapporo, Japan, West Germany, world-wide, 329 F Falls, backward, 275 and anorectal abcess, 310, 313 and knee injury, Falls, forward, 275 motion analysis of, and release binding performance, 80-85, 190, 195, 196, 200, 278 Fibula fractures of, , 277 (table) First aid treatment, FIS, see International Skiing Federation Fistula, anorectal, Foot moment-knee rotation data, 5-25 Fractures boot top, fibula, , 277 (table) related to ski boots, , 267, 268 tibia, , , 277 (table), 279 G Gastrocnemius muscle activity in forward falls, electromyography of, German Industrial Standards (DIN) DIN 7881; Ski Bindings-Setting Table for Release Values, 207, , 268 DIN : Release Binding for Alpine Downhill Skiing for Children, DIN 32921: Test Devices for Adjustment of Functional Unit Ski/Binding/Brake/ Boot, Geze boot/binding system, Graft reconstruction, knee ligaments, 69, 70 H Hamstring muscle group in backward falls, 60 electromyography of, 28-29, 58 in knee hyperflexion, 63 Heel release, see also Release bindings in forward falls, Helicopter use in rescue of injured skiers, Hip contusion, Hospitalization length of for skiing injuries, 295 Hysteresis curves boot flexibility, I IAS, see International Association for Safety in Skiing In-boot fractures, Injuries, skiing epidemiology of, , 266 (table) factors contributing to, age/sex of skier, 121, 264, 269, , 274, 277 (table), binding release failure, 55-60, 79-85, , , 219, 267, 268, 275

3 INDEX 343 boot stiffness, inclination of slope, 275 number of skiers on slopes, 281, 285 skiing experience, snow conditions, 275, temperature, time of day, rate of, 113 statistical classification, , 266 (table), 308 (table) treatment, anorectal abcess, costs, 295 First aid, surgery, knee, surgery, tarsal tunnel syndrome, thumb injuries, types, abdominal trauma, Achilles tendon, anorectal abcess, carpometacarpal joint dislocation, cervical spinal cord, fibula fractures, foot compression, hip contusion, in-boot fractures, kidney lesions, knee ligament tears, 5-76, 268, 276 tibia fractures, 69, , , 277 (table), 279 torso trauma, , 293 urogenital lesions, , 294 Injury thresholds for child skiers, 216 International Association for Safety in Skiing (IAS) binding adjustment systems, , 218 IAS 150: boot specifications, , 121, , 128, 138, 214 International Skiing Federation (FIS), 1, International Society of Skiing Safety (ISSS), 1-2, 213 International Standards Organization (IS)) Alpine Ski Bindings DP 8061: Method for Selection of Release Torque Values, 202 J Japan, ski accidents, Joints, see Ankle joint; Carpometacarpal joint; Knee joint K Kidney lesions, Kirschner wire fixation thumb injuries, knee joint. See also Ligaments, knee anatomy of, 28-29, 29, 57 biomechanics of, 1-54 injuries, hyperflexion, and anterior cruciate ligament rupture, injuries, 5-75, 268, 276 mechanism of, 5-25, 55-67, 56 (table) meniscus lesions, rotations, see Rotations, knee joint sprains of, 265, 268, 276 stiffness, relationship to contracting musculature, 48 (table) L Lacerations, , Lachman's sign, 62, 65, 69, 71 L-A-S correction factor, 204 Lateral toe release torques, see Binding release torques LEERI (lower extremity equipment related injuries), 268 Ligaments, knee anterior cruciate, chronic insufficiency of, 68, 71-72, 74 injury, acute vs chronic, reconstruction of, , 71 (illus) medial collateral, 68, 73, 276 Lipe numbers and release binding adjustment, 218 M Mathematical modeling auto regressive moving average exogenous (ARMAX) models, 5-25 backward fall, skiing, 56 knee joint rotations, 5-25 Medical organizations, 331 Meniscus lesions, Method for Measuring Release Moments of Adult Alpine Ski Bindings ASTM Standard F 504:203 Microcomputers, see Microprocessors Microprocessors for ski binding release, test devices for ski binding, 221 Motion analysis laboratory, Muscle atrophy, 73 Muscle groups and laxity/stiffness of knee joint, 26-52, 33, 34, 48 (tables) Muscles, see Electromyography; Gastrocnemius muscle; Hamstring muscle group; Quadricep muscle group; Triceps surae muscle

4 344 SKIING TRAUMA AND SKIING SAFETY N Nava boot/binding system, Nerves ski boot compression syndrome, 149, 153 Neuritis related to ski boot fit, O Organizations, see International Association for Safety in Skiing; International Skiing Federation; International Society of Skiing Safety; International Standards Organization; Swiss Association for Accident Prevention P Pain threshold for knee torsion, Peroneal nerve in ski boot compression syndrome, 149 Posterior tibial nerve in ski boot compression syndrome, 153 Pressure distribution ski boot on lower leg, Q Quadricep muscle group effect on tibia, 74-75, 75 electromyography, tear of knee ligaments, 59-60, 63 R Release bindings adjustment of, , 204 (table), 268 children's boot/binding systems, , 183, 207 (table), DIN 7881 table for, 207 age of and deviation release/settings, 171, and anterior cruciate ligament injury, 55-60,65 for children/adolescent skiers, , , for cross-country skis, 102, electromechanical, failure of, 55-60, 79-85, , , , 219, 267, 268, 275 heel release, microcomputer controlled, models and deviations in release/settings, mounting of, on-slope evaluation, , partial releases, 219 selection of release torque values, ASTM F 27, 121 setting of, ASTM F 504: , 208 test devices for, Repair, surgical knee tendon grafts, Rescue operations use of helicopter, Rotation, knee joint comparison, laboratory vs field data, longitudinal, medial-lateral, 29 related to external moments of foot, 5-25 varus-valgus, S Safety measures, for skiers, 1, Safety standards, see ASTM Standard; German Industrial Standards; International Association for Safety in Skiing; International Standards Organization; Swiss Association for Accident Prevention Sex factors accidents, 264, 269, , 277 (table) , binding adjustment systems, 182, Shaft design, ski boots, Ski boots, see Boots Ski brakes, 267 Ski poles and thumb injuries, Ski release bindings, see Release bindings Skier's parameters and selection of release binding settings, , 204, 207 (tables) Skiing accidents, see Injuries, skiing Skiing trauma, see Injuries, skiing Skis bending tests, 90-91, 93 cross-country, 102, 105 (tables) breaking strength, deflection, mass of, 88, 91 mechanical properties, moment of inertia, 88-90, 92 natural frequency, 95 rigidity, 91-92, 94 torsion, vibration of, 95 Spinal cord injuries, Sports mechanics, 5-52 Sprains ankle joint, 114, knee joint, 268, 276 Statistical scattering rele?se binding systems, 207 Surgery knee, early versus late repair, 72, 74 extraarticular augmentative technique, 71, 73, tarsal tunnel syndrome,

5 INDEX 345 Swiss Association for Accident Prevention (BfU) standards for release bindings, test device for ski bindings, 214, 218 T Tarsal tunnel syndrome caused by boot compression, Temperature effects on boot pressure distribution, effects on boot stiffness, , relationship to ski accidents, transition, Test devices for binding adjustment, , 222 (table) Testing binding/boot systems, use of anthropometric dummy, release bindings in laboratory, , , , on-slope, , , ski boots force deflection curve test, 120 measuring mat, use of human vs prosthetic legs, skis SKI TEST, cross-country, Themoplastic rubber use in children's ski boots, , 214 Thumb injuries, Tibia avulsion fracture, 69 displacement, 64 fractures of, 69, , , 277 (table), 279 children/adolescents, 185 head measurement and binding release setting, 181, 185, mechanical loading in falls, 84 strength of, 185 and heel release, Time domain pulse transfer, function model, 7 Torque measuring devices, Torsional stiffness, knee joint, Torso trauma, , 293 Treatment anorectal abcess, costs, ski injuries, 295 First aid, surgery, knee, tarsal tunnel syndrome, thumb injuries, Triceps surae muscle, 83 U-W Urogenital trauma, , 294 Varus-valgus rotation, Warning sign in snow, 281 West Germany, skiing population,