TITLE: North Carolina s Changing Shorelines. KEYWORDS: erosion - shorelines - mapping - sustainability
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1 UNC Coastal Studies Institute Teacher Resources 1 TITLE: North Carolina s Changing Shorelines KEYWORDS: erosion - shorelines - mapping - sustainability Changing shorelines impact coastal infrastructure. ABSTRACT: North Carolina is home to over 300 miles of ocean front shoreline, and over 12,000 miles of estuarine shoreline. Communities along these coastal shorelines encounter additional challenges as physical processes reshape the coasts. On the ocean front strategies like beach nourishment are used to reduce the impact of the shifting sands. On the estuary side there is also a variety of strategies that can be implemented to reduce the impact of wind and waves, including natural vegetation, bulkheads and jetties. This program will use free mapping software called NC Coastal Atlas that uses a similar format as ARC GIS, but already contains layers of data. Students will investigate shoreline change over time by comparing shoreline locations over time through data layers. Students are also challenged to consider what the future looks like for communities on this barrier island, and to brainstorm some solutions for these communities.
2 2 Teacher Resources OBJECTIVE: Inspire students to think about coastal challenges, and the potential solutions to those challenges. TIME: 1.5-2hr GRADE LEVEL: 9-12 STANDARDS: Science Standards: PSc.3.1, PSc.3.2, EEn.2.1, EEn.2.2, EEn.2.4, EEn.2.6 Phy.2.1, Common Core Math: N-Q.1 Next Generation Standards: 2-ESS2-1, 3-ESS3-1, 4-ESS3-2 SUPPLIES: Presentation: Powerpoint Internet for videos Projector Online Mapping Tablet or computer for each group Design Activity Tracing Paper Colored Pencils Photo of design area BACKGROUND: A transfer of energy from wind, waves and currents causes shoreline erosion. Shorelines erode when the energy from the wind, waves and currents reaches the shoreline and the energy is passed onto the sediments and shoreline materials. That energy often reshapes shorelines as it causes sediments to move to new areas. Coastal communities face a near constant reshaping of their coasts that can negatively impact coastal infrastructure like bridges and roads. On the Outer Banks of NC there are many examples of erosion that have forced infrastructure adaptations to support the communities living on shifting sands. In the Outer Banks many oceanfront areas have been developed with the goal of attracting. Erosion and storm surge can quickly damage or destroy structures on the oceanfront. In a barrier island system the islands naturally move back towards the mainland, but with roads and homes in place that natural process has been halted. As a result, the oceanfront shoreline erodes through the process of longshore currents or ocean over wash, leaving narrower beaches and threats to infrastructure. A solution, albeit temporary, is beach nourishment. Beach nourishment is the pumping of sand with similar characteristic onto a beach from
3 UNC Coastal Studies Institute Teacher Resources 3 offshore environments or other viable environments to widen the beach. Beach nourishment may last years or months depending on storms, waves and wind. Erosion also impacts the 12, 000 miles of estuarine shoreline and causes community infrastructure challenges. The fetch, or distance the wind blows over water, can impact the rate of erosion at specific locations on the estuary side. With larger fetch there is the potential for larger waves. Infrastructure is protected on the estuary side through different strategies then the oceanfront. Each strategy includes positives and negative impacts. Jetties or bulkheads are used to hold the line and keep shorelines in place. They work well at stabilizing an area of shoreline, but will increase erosion rates in areas adjacent to the jetty, and they eliminate shallow water ecosystems. Vegetation also works as a stabilizer as roots grow into the sediment and hold it in place. Vegetation creates habitats for aquatic life, but it does not hold the line as well as hardened structures. Depending on the situation and location there are multiple choices for stabilizing shorelines and reducing erosion impacts. Vegetation and riprap used to stabilize shorelines.
4 4 Teacher Resources PROCEDURES: Engagement a. Introduction to erosion and transfer of energy. b. Scientific study of shorelines use video Exploration - Mapping Software (directions also available on Powerpoint) a. Go to websitehttps:// b. Choose Create a new map using our data c. Click the plus sign on left menu d. Choose Dare County Historic Estuarine Shoreline 1. Click Add to map 2. Click Done e. Zoom in so the map scale is 1:9,027 and your cursor position is somewhere around and The map in frame should be a shoreline with mainly marsh and a few larger buildings. f. Use measure tool (looks like ruler icon in top row of icons, 4 th from the left) to record changes between 1949, 1970 and present day. Record measurements in meters. g. Analyze the numbers, what is happening in this area? Is it eroding or accreting? Moving at a steady pace or going faster, or slower? Ocean Shorelines a. Using the map from Estuarine shorelines (or follow steps 1-3 on previous slide). b. Click on the + tab in the left menu to open options for other map layers. 1. Choose Ocean Shoreline (1998) and add to the map. 2. Choose Ocean Shoreline (2004) and add to the map. 3. Choose Ocean Shoreline (2009) and add to map. 4. Click Done. c. Using the mouse zoom out until you see the beach and the colored lines of the shorelines from different years. c. Zoom in over the ocean shoreline until you are at a 1:2,256 scale. d. Use the measure tool (small ruler in top menu) to measure changes to the shoreline, record in meters:
5 UNC Coastal Studies Institute Teacher Resources e. Record you cursor position (35.something and -75.something). What is happening to our ocean beaches? At what rate? Explanation a. Strategies for reducing erosion and minimizing impacts from transfer of energy b. Discussion on waves and how reflecting, interfering with can minimize impact of energy transfer to shorelines. Elaboration a. Have students prepare a report on erosion rates found, what we have learned about our shorelines and pick one strategy to reduce erosion. b. Focus on known erosion rates, how they planned to avoid problems with erosion. Evaluate a. Did students get accurate erosion rates using computer software? b. How well did students understand erosion prevention strategies? Extensions a. Work with GPS to understand how shorelines are mapped. b. Topography activity in the field. c. Visit to UNC CSI - Lesson on wave characteristics.
6 6 Teacher Resources Discussion Questions 1. What is shoreline erosion? 2. How can human influences impact natural processes? 3. What causes erosion and is there a transfer of energy? 4. Highlight at least one strategy that can be used to minimize erosion of estuary shorelines, and elaborate on how it will impact the transfer of energy. Does it change how the wave interacts with shore? 5. Is there a pattern that is apparent when comparing shorelines from 1949, 1970 and the present estuarine shoreline? What is occurring? 6. When comparing the ocean shoreline changes what is the pattern? 7. What is one way to reduce erosion of oceanfront shorelines? How does this change the transfer of energy?
7 UNC Coastal Studies Institute Teacher Resources 7 Background Reading for Teachers: Web Resources: The Soundfront Series: Managing Erosion on Estuarine Shorelines. Rogers and Skrabal Estuaries in North Carolina: A Primer. Harrell and Godwing-Wyer. Journal Articles: Cowart, L., D.R. Corbett, J.P. Walsh, Shoreline Change along Sheltered Coastlines: Insights from the Neuse River Estuary, NC. Remote Sensing, 3, Eulie, D. J.P. Walsh, D.R. Corbett, High-Resolution Measurements of Shoreline Change and Application of Balloon-Aerial Photography, Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine System, North Carolina, USA. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods. 11, Answers to questions that must be included in reports or with designs: 1. What is shoreline erosion? Shoreline erosion is a natural process that is the movement of materials and sediment caused by the energy transfer of wind, waves and currents onto shorelines. Sediments and materials are moved to new areas causing the shape of the island to be constantly changing and being reshaped. 2. How can human influences impact natural processes? As humans develop areas and change the shape and structure of natural shorelines there is potential for greater erosion to occur. People directly impact the areas where they live through pollution, use of resources and changes to natural areas. 3. What causes erosion and is there a transfer of energy? Erosion is caused by a transfer of energy from wind, waves and currents. Shorelines erode when the energy from the wind, waves and currents reaches the shoreline and is passed onto the sediments and materials that make up the shoreline. That energy often reshapes the sediments and can cause them to move to new areas. 4. Highlight at least one strategy that can be used to minimize erosion of estuary shorelines, and elaborate on how it will impact the transfer of energy. Does it change how the wave interacts with shore? One strategy to minimize the erosion of shorelines on the estuarine side is
8 8 Teacher Resources bulkheads or hardened structures, which will hold materials firmly in place. This reflects wave action away from the shoreline and redirects it, but it can affect other areas negatively because it interrupts the natural movement of sand and sediment in an area. Areas south of the predominant current will see an increase in erosion due to the disruption of sand movement. Another strategy utilized on the estuarine side is to plant natural vegetation. As the vegetation grows it will anchor the sediments and reduce how much material can move or erode away. The plants stems will slow water flow, interfere with waves and dispel energy from waves causing sediments dissolved in the water to come out of solution and build up the shoreline around the plans. 5. Is there an apparent pattern when comparing shorelines from 1949, 1970 and the present estuarine shoreline? What is occurring? Comparing shorelines from 1979, 1970 and the present we can see that they are receding. We can also figure out the rate of erosion be dividing the change in meters over the number of years. This area of shoreline continues to erode. 6. When comparing the ocean shoreline changes what is the pattern? Ocean front shorelines are also showing a pattern of erosion over time. The amount of sand in these systems is reducing, causing shorelines to move towards the mainland. Barrier islands are naturally supposed to be moving towards the mainland. The development of our coast for inhabitants has impacted the ability of the island to naturally move. 7. What is one way to reduce erosion of oceanfront shorelines? A strategy for reducing oceanfront shoreline is beach nourishment. In this strategy sand is pumped onto beaches to counteract erosion. There are environmental concerns and longevity concerns with nourishment. It is not considered a long-term fix. In million cubic yards of sand was dredged from offshore of Nags Head, NC and pumped on 10 miles of beach. The estimate is that the shoreline will be widened anywhere from feet depending on continued erosion rates. When this project ended those same erosions forces will continue to reduce the amount of the sand on the beach through the energy of waves moving that sound back offshore. $36 million was spent on the project; the future will show if it was a successful project. Estuary and Ocean Erosion Rates Depending on where the students choose on the shoreline to measure there will be many different answers, however if we look at the area of greatest change in the map area suggested in the lesson plan we see a change as great
9 UNC Coastal Studies Institute Teacher Resources 9 as 340 meters from 1949 to 2016 on the estuary side. If we divide 340 by the number of years (67) we see a rate of change of around 5 meters per year. This is a very simple way to look at the data, but it can give students an idea of how fast things are happening. It may be beneficial for them to look at both the greatest change and the least change. Extension: While using map consider how waves form, fetch of areas in front of shorelines and how the shape of the shoreline can cause reflection and refraction.
10 10 Teacher Resources
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