Port and Coastal Engineering

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1 Port and Coastal Engineering Developments in Science and Technology Per Bruun Editor

2 Contents Preface,ix INTRODUCTION, 1 Transportation Infrastructure Development in Transition 6 Further Development of Safety Systems at Port Operations 9 Facets of Port Engineering 12 Education in Port Engineering 14 References SITE SELECTION, 23 Introduction 23 The Location of Future Port Terminals 23 Recent Research on Waves 24 References PORT NAVIGATION AND HYDRAULICS, 37 Navigation ' 37 Harbor Hydraulics 44 References ADVANCES IN THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF COASTAL STRUCTURES, 51 by I. J. Losada Introduction 51 Evaluation of Structure Hydraulic Response 52 Rubble-Mound Structures 62 Wave Forces on Crown Walls 68

3 t vi Port and Coastal Engineering -, Berm Breakwaters 76 Vertical Breakwaters 76 Implementation of Safety Designs 79 Guidelines and Recommendations for Coastal Structure Design 95 References 96 APPENDIX 1 Port of Bilboa Expansion 99 by J. M. Pico APPENDIX 2 Berm Breakwaters 112 by S. Sigurdarsson, G. Viggosson, and O. B. Smarason 4. PORT STRUCTURES, WHARVES, QUAYS, TERMINALS, AND MOORING DEVICES, 139 Introduction 139 Wharves, Quays, and Terminals 139 Bottom Scour Problems at Quays 146 Mooring and Fendering 153 References PORT AND TRANSPORTATION DEVELOPMENT, 159 by E. Bratteland and J. E. Nielsen Netter Ship Developments and Impact on Ports 159 Port and Terminal operations Elements > 160 Relations to Port Hinterland 160 Ports and the Environment 161 Risks and Safety 162 Intermodal Transport 163 Port Planning in Perspective 166 Infrastructure and Port Developments, 167 The European Case...'' 170 References FISHING PORTS RECENT DEVELOPMENTS, 179 by W. J. Guckian Introduction 179 Current Situations in the World's Fish Stocks 179

4 Contents vii Overfishing Consequential Results on Fishery Harbor and Shore Facility Planning and Development 182 Some Noted Justifications for Opinions Expressed 184 Fishing Industries 185 Fishermen's Fishing Industry 186 by W. Broberg The Skagen New Ice Plant 191 by H. Jensen Taabbel Fish Export, Skagen Denmark 195 by V. G. Mikkelsen Ship Safety in Fishing Ports 197 by P. Bruun Icelandic Information System on Weather and Sea State for Seafarers 198 by G. Viggosson, B. Bjartmarsson, G. S. Tryggvasson, S. Gunnarsson References CALCULATING CROSS-SHORE DISTRIBUTION OF LONGSHORE SEDIMENT TRANSPORT, 203 by M. Larson and A. Bay ram Introduction 203 Longshore Sediment Transport Formulas 204 Field Data Sets on Longshore Transport 213 Evaluation of Transport Formulas 214 Simplified Approach Based on CERC Equation 229 Concluding Remarks, 232 References.; MODELING COASTAL MORPHOLOGY AND ITS EVOLUTION, 237 by M. Larson and H. Hanson Introduction 237 Coastal Morphological Features.238 Analysis and Modeling of Features Based on Data 243 Equilibrium Beach Profile (EBP) Theory 244 Characteristic Quantities for Mound Response 256 Numerical Models of Profile Evolution 261 Shoreline Evolution Models 264 Concluding Remarks 269 References 271

5 viii Port and Coastal Engineering APPENDIX Sediment Management in Estuaries: The Loxahatchee, Florida 276 by A. J. Mehta, M. J. Grella, N. K. Ganju, and V. A. Paramygin 9. TIDAL INLETS ON LITTORAL DRIFT SHORES, 305 Developments in Tidal Inlet Technology 305 The Hydrodynamics of Tidal Entrances on Littoral Drift Shores 321 Research on Tidal Shores 324 The Development of Delta Morphology 331 Downdrift Erosion and Bypassing 336 Sediment Budgets 349 Formulation of Sediment Budgets 361 Bypassing Technology 370 Recent Developments in Bypassing Technologies 374 Surveys and Monitoring of Inlets and Coastal Waters 390 References 396 APPENDIX The Dutch Wadden Sea A Tidal System's Response to Natural and Man-Made Change 405 by F. Gerritsen 10. DREDGING AND OFFSHORE TRANSPORT OF MATERIALS, 453 Developments in Dredging Technology 453 Basic Aspects of Dredging 454 Recent Developments in Dredging Equipment 456 Dredging for Nourishment of Beaches 484 Dredging and the Environment 492 Dredging Research Programs 505 References 510 APPENDIX An Integrated Approach to Assessing Natural and Constructed Beach Systems: The South Carolina Coast (USA)..' 513 by Paul T. Gayes, William C. Schwab, and William C. Eiser INDEX, 527 ABOUT THE AUTHOR/EDITOR, 553

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