Physical and Geological Studies of the Proposed Bridge-tunnel Crossing of Hampton Roads near Craney Island

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1 College of Wllam and Mary W&M ScholarWorks Reports 8-97 Physcal and Geologcal Studes of the Proposed Brdge-tunnel Crossng of ampton Roads near Craney sland C. S. Fang Vrgna nsttute of Marne Scence B. J. Nelson Vrgna nsttute of Marne Scence A. Y. Kuo Vrgna nsttute of Marne Scence R. J. Byrne Vrgna nsttute of Marne Scence C. S. Welch Vrgna nsttute of Marne Scence Follow ths and addtonal works at: Part of the ydraulc Engneerng Commons, ydrology Commons, and the Oceanography Commons Recommended Ctaton Fang, C. S., Nelson, B. J., Kuo, A. Y., Byrne, R. J., & Welch, C. S. (97) Physcal and Geologcal Studes of the Proposed Brdgetunnel Crossng of ampton Roads near Craney sland. Specal report n appled marne scence and ocean engneerng ; no. 4.. Vrgna nsttute of Marne Scence, College of Wllam and Mary. Ths Report s brought to you for free and open access by W&M ScholarWorks. t has been accepted for ncluson n Reports by an authorzed admnstrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more nformaton, please contact scholarworks@wm.edu.

2 PYSCAL AND GEOLOGCAL STUDES OF TE PROPOS-ED BRDGE-TUNNEL CROSSNG OF AMPTON ROADS NEAR CRANEY SLAND by C. S. Fang, Prncpal nvestgator B. J. Nelson A. V. Kuo R. J. Byrne and C. S. Welch Vrgna Department of ghways Contract No PE Specal Report n Appled Marne Scence and Ocean Engneerng Number 4 of the Vrgna nsttute of Marne Scence Gloucester Pont, Vrgna 36 Dr. Wllam J. args, Jr. Drector August, 97 99

3 PYSCAL AND GEOLOGCAL STUDES TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement Summary and Recommendatons James Rver ydraulc Model Tests, the Effects of Three Proposed Tunnel sland-causeway Structures n the Newport News-Portsmouth Regon by B. J. Nelson, A. Y. Kuo and C. S. Fang. mpact on Shorelne, ampton Flats and Newport News Pont Area 5 -)y R. J. Byrne ll. Drogue Study, ampton Flats and Newport News Pont 34 by C. S. Welch V. ydraulc Model Test Results ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We wsh to express our apprecaton to Mr. Evon Ruzeck, VMS, for hs advce and help n plannng ths study, and to Mr. Blly Bobb and Mr. Robert Boland of the U. S. Corps of Engneers of Waterways Experment Staton, Vcksburg, Msssspp for ther assstance n the hydrualc model study. The fundng of the major porton of ths research by the ghway Department of Vrgna s apprecated. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATONS* The model tests show no drastc changes wll result from buldng any of the three proposed brdge-tunnel confguratons. The tdal heghts wll be changed very lttle. The average change of. ft for a total tdal range of.5 ft s a change of only 4%. The only excepton to ths s that A wth Craney sland extended wll lower the tdal heghts at Newport News Pont by.35 ft, whch s a change of about 5%. Sm larly, there s very lttle change to the overall salnty structure n the ampton Roads area near Craney sland. Only n the near vcnty of the slands and causeways wll the mxng caused by the obstructons to the flow change the salnty patterns, and then the change wll be small (less than.5 ppt). *Taken from an August, 97 letter from Wllam J. args, Jr., Drector of the Vrgna nsttute of Marne Scence to the Vrgna Department of ghways. The current regme wll be altered n ways that are to be expected. s A and B wll reduce the area through whch the flow must pass as t comes around Newport News Pont. The maxmum veloctes on both ebb and flood are therefore greater due to the constrcton. The maxmum veloctes are ncreased from around.75 fps to about.5 fps. Smlarly, the flow over ampton Flats wll be restrcted by C, and the veloctes wll ncrease slghtly as a result (from slghtly over fps to around.35 fps). The surface-current studes ndcate that the flow wll be drected by the plngs for the brdge, but ths effect was exaggerate_dn the model snce blades, rather than a row of ples, were used. The effects of the Craney sland extenson wll not be especally large ether. n essence, all that wll happen s that the flow from the Nansemond Rver nto the man channel wll be "streamlned". The regon that wll be flled n presently has low veloctes n general and, durng flood tde, has a large eddy. The results obtaned usng the present condtons as baselne and those ncludng the Craney sland extenson are, for all practcal purposes, dentcal, and there wll be no further dscusson of the extenson. A general understandng of the flow patterns can be obtaned from the drogue feld studes and the model confett studes. Because of the ampton Roads geometry, the change from ebb tde to flood tde does not occur smultaneously throughout the test area. Rather, the flood tde on ampton Flats begns several hours before flood n the man channel. Thus the flood tde s the predomnant tde for ampton Flats. The drogue study and the model tests both ndcate that the water on the flats funnels nto a small area near the pont. The hgher flows assocated wth ths phenomenon presumably mantan the small channel whch s about, yards offshore near the pont. s A and B wll alter ths flow pattern by blockng the channel. Snce the water wll contnue to flow past ths area, the channel wll probably shft ts locaton. n addton, the extenson _of Newport News Pont by these pennsulas wll cause eddes to form downstrem near the coal pers on flood tde and on ampto Flats durng ebb. These eddes are expected to ncrease the deposton of sedments. The glsonte studes also ndcated that there wll be ncreased deposton on ampton Flats n the near-shore regons. owever, there was a slght decrease n the amount of materal settlng n the man channel for these confguratons. Plan D, whch was not tested n the hydraulc model and wll shft the Small-Boat arbor entrance, s expected to behave much lke s A and B. A jetty s necessary, however; for safety consderatons of the shps usng the harbor and to keep the movement of sedment along the beach from blockng the channel. C could ncrease the shorelne eroson because of the ncreased veloctes assocated wth the constrcton of the flow over the ampton Flats area and also because the brdge plngs wll drect the flow towards the shore. We recommend conductng further studes to nvestgate the local effects near the slands and the plngs. The confett tests ndcated there wll be a wake behnd the slands, and the glsonte studes showed some deposton on ether sde. The constructon of the second -64 crossng presents a unque opportunty to study a smlar problem n the near vcnty of the proposed crossngs. We recommend studyng the -64 project so the nformaton wll be avalable for the project at hand. Records of the constructon of those slands wll be helpful to ndcate necessary precautons for constructon. n addton, the prevalng flow pattern and the makeup of the bottom sedments must be consdered to best elmnate problems.

4 PART JAMES RVER YDRAULC MODEL TESTS, TE EFFECTS OF TREE PROPOSED TUNNEL SLAND-CAUSEWAY STRUCTURES N TE NEWPORT NEWS-PORTSMOUT REGON TABLE OF CONTENTS (Contd.) 8. Md-Depth Salnty Varaton Over a 3. Surface Velocty Varaton Over a Tdal Cycle at Staton 3D Wthout Tdal Cycle at Staton B Wthout Craney sland Extenson Craney sland Extenson... 3 by 9. Md-Depth Salnty Varaton Over a 33. Surface Velocty Varaton Over a B. J. Nelson, A. Y. Kuo, and C. S. Fang Tdal Cycle at Staton 3D Wth Tdal Cycle at Staton B Wth Craney sland Extenson... 9 Craney sland Extenson Md-Depth Velocty Varaton Over a. Surface Salnty Varaton Over a Tdal Cycle at Staton D Wthout TABLE OF CONTENTS Tdal Cycle at Staton 4 Wthout Craney sland Extenson... 4 Craney sland Extenson Md-Depth Velocty Varaton Over a A. NTRODUCTON... FGURES. Surface Salnty Varaton Over a Tdal Cycle at Staton D Wth Tdal Cycle at Staton 4 Wth Craney sland Extenson... 4 B. EPERMENTAL PLANNNG. Tunnel-sland s... 3 Craney sland Extenson Md-Depth Velocty Varaton Over a AND PROCEDURES.... Measurng Staton Locatons Bottom Salnty Varaton Over a Tdal Cycle at Staton 3A Wthout 3. Grd Desgned for Glsonte Studes Plannng... Tdal Cycle at Staton 4 Wthout Craney sland Extenson The Control Panel for the Tde. Test Schedule... 3 Craney sland Extenson Md-Depth Velocty Varaton Over a Machne Test Procedures... Tdal Cycle at Staton 3A Wth 3 5. Ppette and Tubng used to Collect 3. Bottom Salnty Varaton Over a Craney sland Extenson... 4 Salnty Samples Tdal Cycle at Staton 4 Wth c. EPERMENTAL METODS AND 38. Surface Velocty Varaton Over a 6. Salnometry Equpment... 5 Craney sland Extenson... NSTRUMENTS... Tdal Cycle at Staton 3D Wthout 4 7. The ampton Roads Tde Gauge Md-Depth Salnty Varaton Over a Craney sland Extenson Tde Machne ydraulc-model Current-Meter Tdal Cycle at Staton 5A Wthout 39. Surface Velocty Varaton Over a. Salnty Measurements... 5 Used by Waterways Experment Craney sland Extenson... Tdal Cycle at Staton 3D Wth 3. Tdal eghts 5 Staton Md-Depth Salnty Varaton Over a Craney sland Extenson... 5 Tdal Cycle at Staton 5A Wth 4. Current Veloctes Current-Meter n Poston for 4. Surface Velocty Varaton Over a 5. Surface Current Measurement (Con- Measurement... 6 Craney sland Extenson... Tdal Cycle at Staton 4 Wthout fett Tme-Lapse Photography) ydraulc-model Asprator Used by, 6. Bottom Salnty Varaton Over a Craney sland Extenson Glsonte Studes... 6 Waterways Experment Staton... 7 Tdal Cycle at Staton 6A Wthout 4. Surface Velocty Varaton Over a. An Asprator n Use... 7 Craney sland Extenson.... Tdal Cycle at Staton 4 Wth D. RESULTS AND DSCUSSONS Measurng the Glsonte Collected Bottom Salnty Varaton Over a Craney sland Extenson Salntes Bottom Salnty Varaton Over a Tdal Cycle at Staton 6A Wth 7 4. Md-Depth Velocty Varaton Over a. Tdal eghts... Tdal Cycle at Staton B Wthout Craney sland Extenson... Tdal Cycle at Staton 4 Wthout 3. Currents... Craney sland Extenson Md-Depth Salnty Varaton Over a Craney sland Extenson Surface Currents Bottom Salnty Varaton Over a Tdal Cycle at Staton 6C Wthout 43. Md-Depth Velocty Varaton Over a 5. Glsonte Tests... Tdal Cycle at Staton B Wth Craney sland Extenson... Tdal Cycle at Staton 4 Wth TABLES Craney sland Extenson Md-Depth Salnty Varaton Over a Craney sland Extenson Md-Depth Salnty Varaton Over a Tdal Cycle at Staton 6C Wth 44. Bottom Velocty Varaton Over a. Average Change n Tdal eghts, Tdal Cycle at Staton 3A Wthout Craney sland Extenson... Tdal Cycle at Staton 4 Wthout Craney sland Extenson... Wthout Craney sland Extenson Tdal eghts at Newport News Pont Craney sland Extenson Md-Depth Salnty Varaton Over a Wthout Craney sland Extenson Bottom Velocty Varaton Over a. Average Change n Tdal eghts, Tdal Cycle at Staton 3A Wth 3. Tdal eghts at Newport News Pont Tdal Cycle at Staton 4 Wth Wth Craney sland Extenson... Craney sland Extenson... 8 Wth Craney sland Extenson... 3 Craney sland Extenson... 6

5 46. Md-Depth Velocty Varaton Over a Tdal Cycle at Staton 4A Wthout Craney sland Extenson Md-Depth Velocty Varaton Over a Tdal Cycle at Staton 4A Wth Craney sland Extenson Surface Velocty Varaton Over a Tdal Cycle at Staton 5A Wthout Craney sland Extenson Surface Velocty Varaton Over a Tdal Cycle at Staton 5A Wth Craney sland Extenson Bottom Velocty Va_raton Over a Tdal Cycle at Staton 5A Wthout Craney sland Extenson Bottom Velocty Varaton Over a Tdal Cycle at Staton 5A Wth Craney sland Extenson Surface Velocty Varaton Over a Tdal Cycle at Staton 58 Wthout Craney sland Extenson Surface Velocty Varaton Over a Tdal Cycle at Staton 58 Wth Craney sland Extenson Md-Depth Velocty Varaton Over a Tdal Cycle at Staton 58 Wthout Craney sland Extenson Md-Depth Velocty Varaton Over a Tdal Cycle at Staton 58 Wth Craney sland Extenson Md-Depth Velocty Varaton Over a Tdal Cycle at Staton 5 Wthout Craney sland Extenson Md-Depth Velocty Varaton Over a Tdal Cycle at Staton 5 Wth Craney sland Extenson Md-Depth Velocty Varaton Over a Tdal Cycle at Staton 6A Wthout Craney sland Extenson TABLE OF CONTENTS (Contd.) 59. Md-Depth Velocty Varaton Over a Tdal Cycle at Staton 6A Wth Craney sland Extenson Streamlne Patterns Taken from Confett Photographs of Flood Tde Streamlne Patterns Taken from Confett Photographs of Ebb Tde Glsonte Dstrbuton for Wthout Craney sland Extenson Glsonte Dstrbuton for B Wthout Craney sland Extenson Glsonte Dstrbuton for C Wthout Craney sland Extenson Glsonte Dstrbuton for Wth Craney sland Extenson Glsonte Dstrbuton for A Wth Craney sland Extenson Glsonte Dstrbuton for B Wth Craney sland Extenson Glsonte Dstrbuton for C Wth Craney sland Extenson Comparson of Glsonte Deposton Patterns for s A and A Comparson of Glsonte Deposton Patterns for s B and B Comparson of Glsonte Deposton Patterns for s C and C A. NTRODUCTON Three scentsts and twelve techncans from the Vrgna nsttute of Marne Scence conducted three seres of tests n the James Rver ydraulc Model, Vcksburg, Msssspp, from May 5 through May 3, 97. The purpose of the hydraulc model studes was to determne the effects of proposed -664 rver crossng structures on the tdes, currents, and dstrbuton of sea salts and sedments n the reach between Old Pont Comfort, and the exstng James Rver Brdge. Two basc model-basn confguratons were consdered. The frst was the present basn confguraton, ncludng the new slands under constructon for the -64 ampton Roads Brdge Tunnel crossng and the second James Rver Brdge crossng. The second confguraton was dentcal to the frst, but added a westward trangular extenson of the Craney sland dsposal area. Three of the tunnel-sland confguratons were tested separately for each basn confguraton. The tunnel-slands were located between Newport News Pont and Craney sland accordng to drawngs furnshed by the Vrgna Department of ghways (Fgure ). Three seres of tests were conducted for each of eght confguratons: ) hydraulc tests where tdes, currents, and salntes were measured; ) shoalng tests where dstrbuton of shoalng materal was determned; and 3) photographc tests where surface current patterns were determned. The tests began after a verfcaton test was run to assure the proper ntal adjustment of the model. Each test n the present seres was preceded by a stablzaton perod n whch the model was run untl equlbrum condtons were acheved. Throughout the whole seres of model tests, the freshwater nflow at Rchmond, Vrgna, was mantaned at 75 cfs, whch s the average yearly freshwater flow and was recommended by the experenced Army Engneers at the Waterways Experment Staton. The freshwater nflow from the Appomattox, Chckahomny, and other trbutares were properly scaled, resultng n a 95 cfs freshwater-flow near ampton Roads. The model was operated wth a mean tde and ocean-sump salnty adjusted to mean-flow condtons. B. EPERMENTAL PLANNNG AND PROCEDURES. PLANNNG Four transects were used to gather the approprate and necessary data. Two transects were n the mmedate vcnty of the crossng corrdor and the other two were located further upstream and downstream. n addton, several sngle-pont statons were used to study specal ponts (Fgure ). A pont near the ampton Roads Brdge Tunnel (Staton ) and a pont near the James Rver Brdge (Staton 7) were used as control ponts. The currents were measured at Staton durng the entre perod of current measurements, and slack-water salntes were gathered from both Statons and 7 durng the salnty measurements. For all other statons, the currents and salntes were measured over a two-tdal-cycle perod. Tdal heghts were measured at the three tde-gauge statons (shown n Fgure ) over three tdal cycles. Currents were measured every half hour, followng standard WES procedures, and the salntes were measured hourly. Data sheets were desgned and reproduced to conform to the antcpated data-collecton program. Tdal-heght readngs were recorded on the standard Waterways Experment Staton (WES) form. A grd (Fgure 3) was desgned for the shoalng studes. The purpose of the grd was to provde areas from whch the glsonte could be

6 Newport News "vacuumed" so the major features of the shoalng can be seen from the data collected. The grd was centered on the crossng corrdor, usng lnes through the A and C tunnel slands as the north-south axes and also the east-west axes. The areas near the tunnel slands were small, and the sze ncreased as the area became ncreasngly remote from the sland and causeway regon. t was understood that the shoalng tests were somewhat qualtatve n nature. Because the water depth s so shallow n areas such as the ampton Flats, the veloctes are not suffcent to move the glsonte to any great extent. Therefore, a photograph was taken after each shoalng study. n ths manner, some of the small-scale features were recorded whch would otherwse be lost n the numercal data. 8 Photography tests- all confguratons- salnty samples processed Test: -A- 9 Test: -B- -C- -- Test: --G Test: -A-G -B-G 3 Test: -C-G -A-G 4 Test: -B-G -C-G aborted due to mechancal falure 5 Test: -C-G 3. TEST PROCEDURES a. ydraulc Tests. -,. James --.Rver c./ _ A TEST SCEDULE Apr 7 through May 4 - Model Preparaton (clean and verfy the model, constructon of test slands and causeways) May EPLANATON OF STUDY CODE : present basn confguraton : wth Craney sland extenson A, B, C: Proposed brdge-tunnel confguratons : Baselne confguraton : ydraulc test G: Glsonte test Test: Test: Test: Test: -A- -B- -C G --G aborted - due to mechancal problems and mproper technques salnty samples processed ) Run model to equlbrum condtons (4-6 hrs); ) Measure for basc basn confguraton a) currents b) tdal heghts c) salntes 3) nsert proposed slands (A); 4) Run model to acheve equlbrum state for brdge-tunnel confguraton (-3 hrs max); 5) Repeat step ); 6) Repeat steps 3)-5) for the second confguraton (B); 7) Repeat steps 3)-5) for the thrd confguraton (C); 8) nsert Craney sland extenson; 9) Repeat steps )-7). b. Shoalng Tests ) Run the model for 4 tdal cycles to acheve equlbrum condton; ) Add glsonte along transect from Craney sland to Newport News Pont contnuously for 3 tdal cycles; 3) Add glsonte along channel from ampton Roads Brdge-Tunnel to James Rver Brdge, contnuously for sx tdal cycles; ( Proposed Craney sland Extenson - Fgure - Tunnel-sland s Craney sland Dsposal Area 3

7 37" 4) Run model for tdal cycles to acheve equlbrum dstrbuton of glsonte; 5) Stop tdes and freshwater flow, nsert dam at James Rver Brdge; 6) Photograph 7) Collect glsonte from the model; 8) Measure glsonte collected from each of the grd regons; 9) Repeat steps )-8) for each of eght combnatons as shown below: Tunnel Tunnel Tunnel Base (A) (B) (C) Present Confg. A B C C. EPERMENTAL METODS AND NSTRUMENTS. TDE MACNE The tdal heghts were controlled by havng a constant nflow from the sump to the oceansde of the model and by varyng the heghts of the outlet gates to change the outflow. The tdal gauge near Thmble Shoals was used as the control gauge. The operator mantaned the tdal heghts at that pont to duplcate the standard tdal-heght curve. Both curves were plotted contnuously at the control desk. 6D Present + C.. extenson A B C Tdal clocks were used whch gave both the tme n the tdal cycle and the number of the tdal cycle snce the machne was started. The tdal clock was Y: hours to the cycle (Fgure 4). BARREL PT -- PROPOSED CANN L (,,..._.,.. 6 WOr 6 DEEP=-- ( PG PT CRANEY SLAND DSPOSAL AREA Newport News Lghts are located near samplng ponts. These lghts are controlled by the tdal machne and come on for seconds and then go off for 8 more seconds, wth 8 seconds n.the model correspondng to one-half hour n the real world. A complete tdal cycle took 7 mnutes and 6 seconds. 3r5 <J SALNTY AND/OR CURRENT STATON TDAL GAUGE The model s started by fllng the secton downstream from the James Rver Brdge wth salt water and the porton upstream from the brdge wth fresh water. At a gven pont n the tdal cycle, a gate located just upstream from the brdge s removed. The model must then be allowed to reach an equlbrum state before samplng can begn. Ths perod of tme s dependent on the fresh water nflow. Three hours (real tme) were allowed as a mnmum for a 75 cps nflow at Rchmond, and more tme was usually gven. 788 SCALE N FEET PROTOTYPE 5 ---=-= -..;,;, 5 MODEL Fgure 3- Grd Desgned for Glsonte Studes At least an hour was allowed for equlbrum condtons when slands and brdges were changed. Fgure - Measurng Staton Locatons 4

8 Fgure 4 - The Control Panel for the Tde Machne. The tdal clock gves both the tdal hour and the cycle number.. SALNTY MEASUREMENTS Salnty samples were collected hourly, the surface and md-depth samples were collected on the hour, and the bottom samples were collected on the half hour. Samples were collected by wthdrawng about 5 cc of water nto a burette (Fgure 5) and then placng the sample n a glass val n a rack. The racks of vals were marked so that the samples could be dentfed as to staton, study, and tdal hour. The salnty at the Atlantc-Ocean-end of the model was mantaned at a constant value (4. ppt). The model operator perodcally checked the salnty and, when necessary, added salt to the sump. The salt came n -lb bags, and was mxed nto the water by contnuously crculatng the water n the sump. t s very mportant to take samples at the same pont n space. The horzontal locaton s mportant, of course, but the vertcal locaton s even more mportant snce t s more dffcult to Fgure 5- Ppette and Tubng used to CollectSalnty Samples duplcate. Care must be taken when wthdrawng samples from the surface layers to be sure the ppette s mmersed to the same depth and the sample s wthdrawn gently. f the sample s wth<;lrawn very quckly, t s lkely to have come from the layers below the surface rather than the surface. Smlarly, when samplng at the bottom t s possble to bas the samples by prematurely placng the ppette n the water snce the tube wll fll wth water at a dfferent tme and pont from that desred. owever, the bottom samples are more accurate snce the elevaton s fxed. Samples wthdrawn from any other depth are lkely to show varatons because of changes n the samplng level as well as from dfferences caused by tme n the tdal cycle. n general, the dsturbances were kept to a mnmum by placng the ppette nto the water n as smooth a fashon and for as short a perod of tme as possble. The WES salnometers, whch measure the electrcal conductvty of the sample, are easy to operate. Thus the process s a two-step one; frst the conductvty readng and then the change to salnty usng calbraton curves applcable to each conductvty probe (see Fgure 6). Whle salnty samples were beng collected along the transects close to the tunnel slands, hgh- and low-water slack samples were taken at Statons (ampton Roads Brdge Tunnel) and 7 (James Rver Brdge). Thus we have a check to see whether the salnty dstrbuton vared from tdal cycle to tdal cycle n a test. deally, one would take salnty samples at all statons smultaneously. owever, snce that would take a very large number of persons, the samples were taken transect by transect, movng from the ampton Roads Brdge-Tunnel upstream towards the James Rver Brdge. The slack-water salntes should be constant throughout each testng perod. There were some errors due to judgment nvolvng the exact tme of slack water and errors n the analyss procedures. owever, these errors seem to be random n nature and there are no recognzable trends to the data. That s, the salnty dd not tend to ncrease or decrease wth tme. The salntes for the bottom measurements normally dd not vary more than. ppt above or below the average value of ppt, whle the top measurements dd vary up to.7 ppt above and below the average value of 8 ppt. Fgure 6- Salnometry Equpment, ncludng three conductvty probes and dgtal read-out 3. TDAL EGTS Tdal heghts were measured for three tdal cycles at three tdal gauge statons (one s shown n Fgure 7): ampton Roads (R) whch s located n Norfolk at the Navy Shpyards on the Elzabeth Rver; Newport News (NN) whch s located at the Newport News Shpyards and Dry Docks n Newport News; and Mles (M) whch s located just upstream from the James Rver Brdge on the Newport News sde of the channel. Fgure 7 - The ampton Roads Tde Gauge. Two of the lghts used to sgnal tme ntervals can be seen, one mmedately besde the tde gauge. The glsonte dstrbuton lne s n the foreground. The tdal heghts were measured n the model by lowerng a ponted rod untl the tp touched the water surface. Surface tenson caused the water surface to be dsturbed when the pont touched the surface, and ths effect was easly notced. Thus the readngs were easy to take, and reproducblty was good from both the human and the machne standponts. The prmary source of error was nvolved wth tme lags between the tme the lght went on and the tme the pont actually touched the water surface. deally the tme lag would be constant, so that no matter 5

9 what t were, one would get good readngs, only wth a slght phase change. owever, t was very dffcult to mantan a constant tme lag, snce one dd not know just how far above the water surface the pont was when he lowered t. f one lowered the pont rapdly, t was lkely to overshoot and get a lower readng. owever, f one lowered the pont slowly, there could be a several-second delay before the surface was perced. When the tde was rsng or fallng rapdly, ths delay could cause an apprecable error. owever, the tda,l-heght readngs were very consstent from cycle to cycle, wth the estmated error less than ±. ft. The tdal statons n the model are permanently-placed statons. The verner scales for the gauges were adjusted so mean low-water fell on an nteger on the large scale. Ths pont was then used as the zero readng or reference heght. The verner scale gves the.-ft readngs for the prototype and the large scale gves the nteger foot-readngs. 4. CURRENT VELOCTES The current-meters used n ths study have been used extensvely and proved satsfactory by WES for hydraulc model tests. Fgure 8 shows a pcture of a current-meter, whch s a knd of mnature cup anemometer. The meter has fve cups, and the total dameter of the dsc s about.5 nches. Speeds can be read wth reasonable accuracy to the nearest. of a revoluton at low speed and. of a revoluton at hgh speed, although the WES calbraton curves are rated n steps of a quarter revoluton. n the present studes, a smple technque was devsed by VMS to measure the current drectons. Drecton rosettes were placed on the model floor underneath the current-meters (Fgure 9) and a pece of thread was attached to the rear of the meter bracket. The meter was rotated wth the changng drecton of tdal current such that t always faced the current. The thread tralng behnd the meter ndcated the Fgure 8 - Fgure 9 - ydraulc-model Current-Meter used by Waterways Experment Staton Current Meter n Poston for Measurement. The trpod s postoned so the current meters drectly above the drecton rosette. current drecton. At most statons where the current drecton dd not vary wdely and frequently, the drecton readng could be accurate to± 5. At Statons C,, E, F, 38, 4, 58, 5, 6A, and 7 where the water depths permtted, the current veloctes were measured at the surface, md-depth, and bottom. Only the md-depth or surface and bottom currents were measured at the shallow statons, dependng on the water depths. The currents were measured every half hour, followng standard WES,procedures. The numbers of revolutons were counted durng the -second nterval over whch the lghts controlled by tdal machne were on. The revoluton readngs were recorded and later converted to prototype ft/sec (fps) through calbraton tables. The veloctes thus obtaned correspond to veloctes averaged over 6.5 mnutes n the prototype. 5. SURFACE-CURRENT MEASUREMENT (Confett Tme-Lapse Photography) The surface currents were measured usng tme-lapse photography and confett on the water surface to trace out the pathlnes. A strobe lght flashed near the end of the three-second photographng nterval, markng the end-pont of the path lne. Ths technque gves very good synoptc data snce the current speeds and drectons for the entre area photographed can be seen easly. The method s also a quanttatve one; the tme of flm exposure s known, and a length scale s ncluded n the photo, so the velocty at any gven pont can be calculated. The cameras were postoned on catwalks above the model, and almost any coverage desred could be provded. The tme-lapse photos were taken every hour (prototype tme), gvng thrteen photos per tdal-cycle. 6. GLSONTE STUDES The testng procedures for glsonte studes were outlned n Paragraph B.3.b. After the model was flooded and the tde machne started, t was necessary to wat untl equlbrum condtons were reached. These condtons occurred when the salnty structure had developed to the pont where the changes from one tdal cycle to another were mnmum. For these tests, 4 tdal cycles were allowed. The glsonte was mantaned n a 5% slurry n a large crcular tank equpped wth a rotor. The slurry was njected nto the model va %-nch ppes about 8 nches above the water surface, wth holes spaced about ft apart (Fgure ). Catwalks were placed near the glsonte njecton lnes for access to mmedately clear the holes f they were plugged wth larger peces of glsonte. Glsonte was njected for three tdal cycles through a ppe runnng perpendcular to the channel from a pont halfway between the Small Boat arbor and Salters Creek to a pont near offler Creek just west of Craney sland. At the completon of ths njecton the lnes were flushed wth clear water for one tdal cycle. Glsonte was then njected for sx tdal cycles through the ppe followng the man channel, from just upstream from the James Rver Brdge to just upstream from the ampton Roads Brdge-Tunnel. When ths was completed the lne was agan flushed wth clear water for another tdal cycle. The amount of glsonte added vared from 44, to 48, cc, wth the percent recovered n the "vacuumng" rangng from 39% to 46%. The dstrbuton of glsonte njected probably vared somewhat as well, but after the frst aborted test, the glsonte tank was cleaned and the flow of slurry from the ppes was, n general, qute unform. Thus, varatons from test to test were probably mnmal. 6

10 equpped wth specal nozzles to facltate pckng up the glsonte. The dscharge s kept n large tubs, the tubs beng marked wth tags on the handles. Fgure shows an asprator n acton. D. RESULTSAND DSCUSSONS Once all the glsonte was collected, the samples were "poured down". The pourng-down procedure nvolved pourng off the excess water n the tubs and combnng the samples collected from the same area. The fnal volumes of glsonte slurry from each area, usually less than two lters, were poured nto graduated cylnders. The standard WES procedures for the measurng were then followed. Ths entaled labelng the cylnder of slurry wth the approprate area and tme, and allowng t to st for ten mnutes. At ths pont, t was rotated through 8 degrees to gve a level surface to the glsonte. The slurry was allowed to settle for another mnutes, for a total settlng tme of thrty mnutes, at whch tme the readng was taken (Fgure 3). n general, the same people performed the same task each study so that varatons from person to person were mnmzed. The expermental data s presented n tabulated form n Part V of ths Appendx. The raw data was punched nto computer cards wth all of the pertnent nformaton, such as test case, staton number, tdal hour, etc.. SALNTES The salnty data presented was averaged for two tdal cycles. The data can be consdered to be accurate to. ppt for bottom salntes and to.7 ppt for surface salntes. The salntes at Statons 8, 3A, 3D, 4, 5A, 6A, and 6C are shown as a functon of tme n Fgures 4 through 9. The salnty structure of the whole ampton Roads area was not sgnfcantly changed by the addton of any of the proposed tunnel slands and causeways. Fgure - Glsonte njecton (A dark cloud of glsonte can be seen, as a stream of slurry from the njecton lne enters the man channel.) Fgure -ydraulc-model Asprator Used by Waterways Experment Staton, showng addtonal nozzles of varyng sze. The catwalks were removed after the g - sonte was njected. t was necessary to use an arrangement for catwalks that allowed for ther removal wth a mnmum of dsturbance to the model. The model was run for a perod to allow the glsonte to settle out and reman n that place. Usually lttle glsonte was beng transported after two or three cycles, but twelve tdal cycles were gven to ths equlbrum perod. At the end of ths tme, the dke was nserted just upstream of the James Rver Brdge and the tde machne was turned off. t was at ths pont that a photograph of the model was taken. Whle the "vacuumng" gves quanttatve resu ts, small-scale features are lost unless a very small grd s used. The photographc record permts an examnaton of these features (such as scour or deposton near causeways and slands) and comparsons between the varous confguratons. Fgure s a photo of the asprators used to collect the glsonte from the model. The asprator works by the ventur prncple. Water flowng through the hose s accelerated by a local constrcton as t passes through a T-couplng. Ths causes a pressure drop, suckng n water and glsonte from the "leg of the T". The asprator s Fgure - An Asprator n Use, the tubs used to collect the slurry are at the left rear. Fgure 3- Measurng the Glsonte Collected 7

11 -- :; s:: ll ll ; :S J.l ll ll -J o ll z tl A... c "" B v----_ /. V V:/....// v ;; :---- / j/ -. Staton B Bottom StuT /...,>; v b- _, , r A B... c : / // / - /, v /......, // Staton 3A Md-Depth Study "-. / l,/ " ll ll ; :S J.l ll ll -J - ll :>o E-t z tl l TME (ours) Fgure 4- Bottom Salnty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 8 wthout Craney sland extenson / A B v c - /.: f.-- -r :--... r. -- r-._ w / -f-- - "-../.... /.,..,-; " -... w. Staton B Bottom Study - / v-- / / TME (ours) Fgure 5- Bottom Salnty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 8 wth Craney sland extenson [: ll ll ; :S J.l 9 ll ll.jj - ll 8 z tl TME (ours) Fgure 6 - Md-Depth Salnty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 3A wthout Craney sland extenson A B... / cl / :>< /.l. 4 l 7- /... A 7/ ::: ).,..../..... "-. r / taton. 3A Md-Depth Study v ".::::,_ TME (ours) Fgure 7 - Md-Depth Salnty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 3A wth Craney sland extenson ""

12 ... tl j:l ttl rn,;j 9 :S ). Q). rn t: 8 ttl ; z 7 tl 6 :; Q ttl rn,;j 9 :S ). Q). rn.jj 8 -l ttl ; z 7 tl 6 f A B... c.,.../". t./.- -- <C,.- / / ) v / //.:-- A : /,../ / r "..:.:, / :... j/ " -- / f ""... :.. ; ---- Staton 3D Md-Depth tudy l/ TME (ours) Fgure 8- Md-Deoth Salnty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 3D wthout Craney sland extenson : onfguraton A / j, B ;;;-f.// - / > j:... c l" + - ;.../;f.j r. /..... j lv lj/ 7 "" Staton 3D Md-Depth,f rudy l v /y TME (ours) Fgure 9 - Md-Depth Salnty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 3D wth Craney sland extenson l :... :>< E-t z 9 6 tl rn,;j :S ) rn.jj -l ll ; 7 z tl 6 l A t...,.. B c r--;, /.. V/ /.,. / j L/ " - "" ; K-- - Staton 4 Surface Stuy, : (/ ""-..._ "" / / / /. / l l / TME (ours) Fgure - Surface Salnty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 4 wthout Craney sland extenson.,, A,( B /....-:-: ---7 r-... c l /... ) / / y r-:.. // v _.::--...:.,..,>,... ) / / r---.../ -T - l/..._v / Staton 4 Surface Study TME (ours) Fgure - Surface Salnty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 4 wth Craney sland extenson >.,

13 r-- tl ll ;:.a.j.j 9 p. ll.j.j - nl E: 8 >< 8 z tl l-- : " ll A :.: B : ] ll tl p. ll t 9 E:: 8 tl.l """ -.:...::.._.....,../ T l.j-l c. - l.-.. L... J... ;/"/ ::_ Staton 4 Bottom Study 4 6 j : L/ / " TME (ours) 8 Fgure - Bottom Salnty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 4 wthout Craney sland extenson l A_ B... =r / , """ v... /....:::::::::: - f-- l " :... v/.- """-...// :..., c, /... - / / ;< V :, --:/ _ :- f-. Staton 4 Bottom --dy =-.... z/.< ,. - " " " r----. ":- " r-- tl ll ;:.a.j.j p. ll.j.j - nl E: >< 8 z 6 tl Staton 5A Md-Depth?tudy rafon + t - A B c TME (ours) Fgure 4- Md-Depth Salnty Varaton over a tdal cycle Staton 5A Md-Depth Study at Staton 5A wthout Craney sland extenson A B... c t 4 f 8 TME (ours) Fgure 3- Bottom Salnty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 4 wth Craney sland extenson TME (ours) Fgure 5- Md-Depth Salnty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 5A wth Craney sland extenson

14 ll ;l 9.a + ).j Q) llo ll t 8 E: z 7 ll 6 : f- --+_;._- A : B ,,..?-.... c "" J V //...; _. / :/./ /) ?/LL..---:-c, r... f ---t--".:::---;-..._p-: --: --+: _ _ _ / l ,...-"4. :-,?--/-f "" _,r-:::vj.//{ j L j l j TME (ours) Fgure 6- Bottom Salnty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 6A wthout Craney sland extenson ; A B v %:..._ :(.;....-:- ".... c.. -<" v """-..-:- /.::::-.. f-- --: --- /... " -.-"J:. /... _... """-.. L /..-- / / -..,. /./ L -- Staton 6A Bottom --- Study TME (ours) Fgure 7- Bottom Salnty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 6A wth Craney sland extenson ; z ll... tl s:: ll ;l.a + ).j Q) a. ll + - a. >< E-t z ll _ : ;,. /... > j A B r ,/ /. l /,/ :.J., --:.."..... c / _ l/ -. J "" j.. / /. l/<... / L :.... j / J. f "". Staton 6C : Md-Depth l, Study l, / / l // : TME (ours) Fgure 8- Md-Depth Salnty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 6C wthout Craney sland extenson, ; A B c v / l. / / _ ::: / : --- / ---, 7." /, L// Staton 6C Md-Depth - Study. l Fgure 9 - TME (ours). -L <. ; : t..._ " " --.. Md-Depth Salnty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 6C wth Craney sland extenson : ",, ; : ;. ; f --- =----=

15 . TDAL EGTS The tdal-heght data was averaged for three tdal cycles. The expected error of these data s less than. ft. The tdal varatons at the Newport News tde-gauge staton are shown n Fgures 3 and 3. n general, only very slght changes n tdal heghts were caused by addng the brdge-tunnel structures. The followng Tables and summarze the ncrease (plus) or decrease (mnus) n tdal heghts from the two basc confguratons. The change from exstmg condtons to those wth Craney sland extended dd not change the baselne tdal heghts at Mles and ampton Roads, but rased the average tdal readng at Newport News by slghtly over. ft. 3. CURRENTS Durng the entre perod when currents were beng measured, the current was montored at Staton, near the ampton Roads Brdge Tunnel, wth readngs beng taken at the surface and the bottom on alternate tdal cycles. Thus, there s a check on the reproducblty of the model. As mght be expected, the accuracy of the readngs ncreases wth current speed. The standard devaton for speeds less than fps (prototype) s on the order of.5 fps, whle the standard devaton for speeds over fps s on the order of.5 fps. These errors are caused by a varety of factors. Varatons n the model operaton and problems such as drt collectng n the pvot ponts of the current-meter and ncreasng frcton so the calbraton was no longer accurate are possble mechancal sources of error. n addton, there are human errors nvolved n takng the -readngs, such as not reactng to the lght changes, and estmatng the fractons of a revoluton. The data s averaged for two tdal cycles, and the ponts can be consdered to be accurate to about. fps. Sample data-ponts are shown n Fgures 3 through 59. These fgures show the velocty varaton wth tme for Statons 8,, 3A, 3D, 4, 4A, 5A, 58, 5, and 6A. 4. SURFACECURRENTS The confett tme-lapse photographs gve very good synoptc vews of surface-current patterns. Several features of the current dstrbutons should be noted. a. Tdes The tme of slack water before flood does hot progress up the man channel as a wave. Rather slack water occurs frst n the ampton Rver area and progresses both upstream and out toward the channel. Slack water n the Craney sland and Elzabeth Rver Channel areas occurs several hours after slack water has occurred n the ampton Rver area. b. Tdes/Eddes The dfferental tme of slack water creates a stuaton n whch the water near the Newport News shore floods before the water n the man channel. Ths looks slghtly lke an eddy but s not one. owever, s A and 8 wll extend Newport News Pont nearer to the man channel and wll alter the flow so that eddes wll, n fact, develop n the ampton Flats area. Qualtatve sketches of streamlne patterns are reproduced from confett photographs and shown n Fgures 6 and 6 for flood- and ebb-tde respectvely. The eddes whch developed off the coal pers durng flood t.de are much smaller than those that developed on ampton Flats durng ebb tde. The scale of the eddes on ampton Flats s on the order of one to two mles. c. Wakes The t.unnel slands wll be located on ether sde of the Newport News Channel. Thus each of them wll resemble an obstacle n an otherwse unform-flow feld. The confett photos show that vortces wll develop downstream of the slands, and that somethng lke the classcal Karman Vortex Street exsts. That s, eddes wll be shed from the sland, alternatng from one sde to the other. These vortces wll travel downstream, gvng a seres of vortces wth alternatng sense of rotaton as shown n Fgures 6 and 6. These vortces seem to persst for up to a mle or more downstream of the slands. 5. GLSON TE TESTS The numercal data for the deposton of glsonte n each grd area are presented n Part V of ths Appendx. The data are tabulated n such a way that omparsons between dfferent brdgetunnel confguratons are easly made. Fgures 6 to 68 are graphcal representatons to show the dstrbuton of deposton or scourng under varous confguratons. The ratos gven n the fgures show the ncreased deposton attrbutable to the partcular confguraton over the base, or no-change, confguraton. The patterns of glsonte deposton were noted to be very smlar for each of the confguratons regardless of whether Craney sland s extended. That s, the deposton and scour patterns for A and A are very smlar, whle A and 8 are not. Fgures 69 through 7 show the comparsons of deposton patterns between confguratons wth and wthout the Craney sland extenson. Whle the dstrbuton of the glsonte along the channel vared from test to test, the total percentage of glsonte collected n the channel dd not vary greatly from test to test. owever, the percentage for s A and 8 was slghtly lower than that for the baselne study and C. Ths ndcates that mantenance dredgng of the shppng channel n the vcnty of Newport News Pont wll not be changed apprecably. The locatons whch requred dredgng mght be shfted upstream or downstream, but the volume of materal to be dredged wll be relatvely constant for all three brdge-tunnel confguratons. More dscussons based on the results of glsonte tests are gven n Part of ths Appendx. TABLE AVERAGE CANGE N TDAL EGTS, WTOUT CRANEY SLAND ETENSON Staton Tdal Range A B c R NN Ml TABLE AVERAGE CANGE N TDAL EGTS, WT CRANEY SLAND ETENSON Staton Tdal Range A B c R NN Ml

16 Q) a. >t.j.j.j.j a..j.j Q) Q) - E-t l: t) l"l l: E-t Q) g:.j.j.j.j a..j.j - E-t l: t) l: E-t ", rf/ -- /J?.:": " c ; - y A, B h f r c. j / / J,.,,..,.,. V - W j ",/.Jf v Nort News Tdal Gauge Study TME (hours) Fgure 3 - Tdal eghts at Newport News Pont wthout Craney sland extenson :... -t A ; ? t:;; V: )_: Ll [- B c. J h, ;l -C ,--. f , - - : lf,. --- / / t - // / Study... _/., r-. " /, /..., / l/ Newport News, Tdal Gauge l --..-/ Fgure 3 - TME (hours) Tdal eghts at Newport News Pont wth Craney sland extenson " l---.. Cohfguraton ---kr-.-lr-----,...-..j.j a. d u Q) ll A B --,, TME (ours) Fgure 3- Surface-Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 8 wthout Craney sland extenson 3..._ , l , Staton B Surface Study l l TME (ours) Fgure 33- Surface-Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 8 wth Craney sland extenson 3

17 . 3 t : ; ; -----J t ll tl.::. u C) ll -t --ston. ; Md-Depth Study jl A B t l c --L---L----., :... : ;// ---/ L J ---, --< _ TME (ours) 8 Fgure 34- Md-Depth Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton D wthout Craney sland extenson _j : :_ l ::::::rato: ----j, B & or r C) C) Staton D Md-Depth Study c ; L J_ j f :g: -----J A + + -t ll.jj C) C) l-l ; [, : : Staton 3A - Md-Depth Study j TME (ours) Fgure 36 -, 3 f r ) -, + -t ll B c 8 Md-Depth Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 3A wthout Craney sland extenson : ::r:.-: _... -t :.. C) " or rl C) C) l-l -----,r. A B c ---r---r. ---:-) TME (ours) Fgure 35 - Md-Depth Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton D wth Craney sland extenson TME (ours) Fgure 37 - Md-Dep-th Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 3A wth Craney sland extenson

18 T------L () lo,>, + + -t p.. tl - t) () Ul A B c A B c -t + () () r:: () u..: a:.:l :> -- stjon ;D Surface Study : t =r-lt_.. _._L j. : _ tl t) () Ul -t () p.. + () () >< E-t u..: TME (ours) Fgure 38- Surface-Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 3D wthout Craney sland extenson : : w- - - :, /rf6 _ = : ; c o ttl//.f_ () : : e p.. tl t) () Ul -t () ll + () () >< E-t u..: ol o TME {ours) Fgure 4- Surface-Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 4 wthout Craney sland extenson..., Staton , :-----;----- confguraton j ), t A ;f/-:r--- B J. c :. V r--; t----l----t ; 4 6 E. TME (ours) Fgure 39- Surface-Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 3D wth Craney sland extenson j TME (ours) Fgure 4 -Surface-Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 4 wth Craney sland extenson 5

19 Q) ;.j.).j.). Po tl r:: u ll Po.j.) - J r---t L j , t- -- j Staton 4 Md-Depth Study A B. ---, ;---l- - c.... :.j.) B..Po u Q ll J. --t :------j-. r -L :. j, j Staton j.).j.) M. tl u ll TME (ours) Fgure 4 - Md-Depth Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 4 wthout Craney sland extenson A, t---l _,- - Study 4 Md-Depth :-... B c --- t l. l /....j.).j.). Po tl u ll. Q) Po.j.) Q) Q) - l 4 6 TME (ours) 8 Fgure 44- Bottom-Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 4 wthout Craney sland extenson j,-,, l & : ,. l...-- :... -: c -<------Y<---:, ; t ----, :.. -._ l A B --L-t----t Fgure 43 - TME (ours) Md-Depth Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 4 wth Craney sland extenson TME (ours) Fgure 45- Bottom-Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 4 wth Craney sland extenson

20 _: j : : :... Con J.gurat::on f,/ j L-l :--..: <---- l tl d. ll..... A B c -f TME (ours) Fgure 46 - Md-Depth Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 4A wthout Craney sland extenson t ,--: A B TME (ours) Fgure 48- Surface-Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 5A wthout Craney sland extenson J L_ -- J. : _,:.,l l.. : + = ---j c rg ll - ll< -J l-l g c... :------[------r-,... _. _j j ---- """""" ---..Staton SA Surface Study T---j : _ ; TME (ours) Fgure 47 - Md-Depth Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 4A wth Craney sland extenson 8 TME (ours) Fgure 49- Surface-Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 5A wth Craney sland extenson 7

21 ,, L l rg Ul A B c --J--r----C f-- rg Ul - A l or ; J. Staton SB Surface Study - -- ;._; +--L...;. J..._ B c ----f-y-::: t-----j-- 4 6" 8 TME (ours) Fgure 5- Bottom-Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle) at Staton 5A wthout Craney sland extenson , :._ r B [ rg Ul A j B c ;:-:: - ; : or Q) ; ---L.---f :-...--r --S:=-5-A----""------: Bottom Study : -- B ro g. Ul -- Q) TME (ours) Fgure 5 -Surface-Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 5Bwthout Craney sland extenson Staton SB Surface Study J _:_ , A B c - j ---"-...;...,.;. +--;----..,... ( TME (ours) Fgure 5 -.Bottom-Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 5A wth Craney sland extenson 8 TME (ours) Fgure 53- Surface-Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle. at Staton 58 wfflcraney TSancfextenson

22 t -.. g u QJ ll J ; J., QJ o. o ; Staton SB Md-Depth Study A B c r------t---. l_,_ [ ; r----r---. : : : j : , :,. _ Q) e p. c tl ----c---r : : B 5 u Q) ll - QJ / /... p ; Q) --+--L j -..,o;-----/< ;,; :: : - g Staton 5 : Md-Depth """ - -,. : :> Study j. -.;,, : t t--: :-- - : TME (ours) Fgure 54 - Md-Depth Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 58 wthout Craney sland extenson TME (ours) Fgure 56- Md-Depth Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at-staton 5 wthout Craney sland extenson a. :> - c , tl :: u QJ ll - QJ p. QJ QJ >< E-< u. Staton SB Md-Depth Study r TME (ours) Fgure 55- Md-Depth Veloctv Varaton over a tdal cvcle at Staton 58 wth Craney sland extenson A B c : ,-----,---- / ----<:.. :.._.:_ s. ;, t B e /....:.... c. A :,7_ - - ;o.:... >,.#.. :l w:- /) = , Study SD. r.-.: - Md-Depth., /:;:.-- ; j Study -.)""" / "/-- j 4 6 TME (ours) 9 Fgure 57 - Md-Depth Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycre at Staton 5 wth Craney sland extenson

23 3 h k:: ""/,.- ::..- r : _ ,_ f J J L _t, A B c : _j -- -" r , Staton 6A Md-Depth Study -- --r f. ) A / =;;.... / TME (ours) Fgure 58 - Md-Depth Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle atstaton 6A wthout Craney sland extenson _ J j j , L t : B :: -- --J :----- r --- -,. c l-- l : L-- Staton 6A Md-Dep h sudy Cr ey sland sposal Area Fgure 6 - Streamlne Patterns taken from confett photographs of flood tde TME (ours) Fgure 59 - Md-Depth Velocty Varaton over a tdal cycle at Staton 6A wth Craney sland extenson

24 / (_};// - m Rveavgat:- a A RATO o.o-o.5 f:j.9-. D Craney sland Fgure 6- Glsonte Dstrbuton for A wthout Craney sland extenson RATO o.o-o.5 Craney sland Dsposal Area Fgure 6 -Streamlne Patterns taken from confett photographs of ebb tde o. 9-. D Fgure 63 - Glsonte Dstrbuton for B wthout Craney sland extenson

25 C A RATO o.o-o.5 -- j RATO o.o-o.5 L;;.)J u.-. fzz.o-5.o D.-. flzj Craney s Fgure 64- Glsonte Dstrbuton for C wthout Craney sland extenson Fgure 66- Glsonte Dstrbuton for A wth Craney sland extenson 8 RATO o.o-o.5 r --J RATO.-.5 [<>] Craney sland Fgure 65- Glsonte Dstrbuton for wth Craney sland extenson Fgure 67 - Glsonte Dstrbuton for B wth Craney sland extenson

26 Newport News Small Boat arbor,, rllllu. :luwl C Navgaton Chane RATO o.o-o.s LS.Z o.s-o l, Fgure 68- Glsonte Dstrbuton for C wth Craney sland extenson la tllllllu:... wthout Craney sland Extenson A Wth Craney sland Extenson Fgure 69- Comparson of Glsonte Deposton Patterns for s A and A 3

27 Newport News Small,, llllju Newport News Small Navgaton Channel B Navgaton Channel tl lc C G; lb B ll ntu,. -::s Wthout Craney sland Extenson Wth Craney sland Extenson ll : ; : 4 Fgure 7- Comparson of Glsonte Deposton Patterns for s B and 8 Fgure 7 -Comparson of Glsonte Deposton Patterns for s C and C

28 PART MPACT ON SORELNE, AMPTON FLATS AND A. NTRODUCTON B. SORELNE STORY FROM AMPTON RVER TO NEWPORT NEWS PONT... 5 C. CUT AND Fl LL ON AMPTON FLATS AREA... 7 D. DREDGNG N TE VCNTY OF NEWPORT NEWS PONT... 9 E. NTERPRETATON OF MODEL RESULTS ON AMPTON FLATS AND WEST OF NEWPORT NEWS PONT Pathlne Studes Glsonte Studes F. DSCUSSON OF EPECTED EFFECTS FROM PLANS A, B, C, AND D... 3 G. POTENTAL BENEFTS OF PLANS A, B, AND D REFERENCES TABLES. Relatonshp Between Model ours and the Newport News Tde Rato of Amounts of Glsonte Deposted n Each of Plans A, B, and C Relatve to the Amount Deposted n Base Test ll. mpact of Proposed Structures on Shorelne, ampton Flats and Newport News Pont Area FGURES. storcal Shorelne Postons and Shorelne Zone Locator NEWPORT NEWS PONT AREA by R. J. BYRNE TABLE OF CONTENTS. Areas of Eroson on ampton Flats Between 854 and 966 (atched) and Locaton ndcator for Profles Shown n Fgs. 3a and 3b a &b. Profle Lnes of Comparatve ydrography Across ampton Flats for Years 854, 98, and Varous Proposed s of Tunnel-slands and Causeway on ampton Flats; Plans A, B, C, and D a) Schematc nterpretaton of Prncpal Crculaton Features Shown n Model Tests for Plan A on Ebb Flow (Model Tdal ours through 5) b) Flood Flow (Model Tdal ours 6 through ) a) Schematc nterpretaton of Prncpal Crculaton Features Showh n Model Tests for Plan B on Ebb Flow (Model Tdal ours through 5) b) Flood Flow (Model Tdal ours 6 through ) a) Schematc nterpretaton of Prncpal Crculaton Features Shown n Model Tests for Plan C on Ebb Flow (Model Tdal ours through 4) b) Flood Flow (Model Tdal ours 5 through ) Rato of Amounts of Glsonte Deposted n Each of Plans A, B, and C Relatve to Amount Deposted n Base Test A. NTRODUCTON The followng elements of the problem are consdered, to assess the mpact the proposed brdge-tunnel may have on the shorelne and the shallow bottoms of the ampton Flats area:. nvestgaton of the shorelne hstory from 854 to the present ( 97);. nvestgaton of the cut-and-fll hstory of the ampton Flats area from ampton Rver to Newport News Pont; 3. nvestgaton of the recent dredgng actvtes n the vcnty of Newport News Pont; 4. An nterpretaton of the hydraulc model tests wth respect to the effects the varous possble routngs may have on the shorelne and bottoms regon; 5. Dscusson of the mpact of proposed confguratons on the shorelne and ampton Flats; and 6. A partal assessment of the potental benefts for recreatonal utlzaton of the shorelne gven the postons of the tunnel slands. These elements are each consdered n turn and then ntegrated n the Dscusson secton of the report. B. SORELNE STORY FROM AMPTON VER TO NEWPORT NEWS PONT t s relevant to consder the recent shorelne hstory of the area as background nformaton for answerng the queston as to what the expected effect of the proposed brdge-tunnel confguraton wll be on shorelne response. The followng nput elements were used to derve the shorelne hstory:. Shorelne (MW) postons as gven on the regstered boat sheets of hydrographc surveys for the years 854, 98, and 966. These surveys were conducted by the Natonal Ocean Survey (formerly Coast and Geodetc Survey).. Aeral Photographs of 937, 953, 958, 959, and ntervews wth the local resdents as to when varous shorelne protecton works were nstalled. 4. Feld nvestgaton on the present condton of the shorelne wth partcular reference to exstng engneerng structures, and to the locaton of exstng beaches. A word of cauton s n order wth respect to usng hstorcal map data when dscussng shorelne stablty. Shorelne eroson or accreton s generally not a process whch occurs at a constant rate. Thus, when shorelne postons are compared over a long tme nterval, such as 5 years, average eroson rates must be treated wth reservaton. On the partcular regon of ampton Flats t s known that wdespread modfcatons occurred durng the hurrcane of August, 933. The effects of such an ndvdual storm are masked by the fact that we are usng shorelne postons from 854, 98, and 966. For purposes of dscusson the study area has been dvded nto nne shorelne zones as depcted n Fgure. The shorelne postons for the years 854, 98, and 966 are also shown. These are: Zone. Zone extends about 65 ft northeast from the rado tower. The shorelne conssts prmarly of rprap and dumped fll, much of whch s recent. The bank s steep wth no beach area. The 937 aeral photographs ndcate a narrow beach exsted at that tme. Comparson of the shorelne postons ndcate the present Newport News 5

29 ...,, Lwwww,. ", SCALE (feet) Fgure - 3, l966 YDROGRAPC SURVEY REGSTER NUMBER storcal Shorelne Postons and Shorelne Zone Locator 76) Pont was formed between 854 and 98. We do not know f the accreton was natural. Comparson of the 98 and 966 shorelne postons suggests the area has been flled durng ths tme nterval. Zone. Ths zone, about,-ft long, fronts Lncoln Park and has a natural beach wth gentle slope. The beach s about 3-ft wde wth a backshore bank ncreasng n heght to about 6ft. The beach forms one boundary of the park. Comparson of the shorelne postons of 98 and 966 ndcate the shorelne has been erodng somewhat on the western half of the zone (about ft/yr). nspecton of the 937 aeral photograph confrms the exstence of a beach of about the same wdth as present. The comparson of the shorelne postons n 854 and 98 ndcate dramatc eroson durng that tme span whch locally averaged as hgh as 6ft/yr. Zone 3. Zone 3 s about 45-ft long. Wthn ths area the beach narrows and s gradually replaced by rprap whch s wder than the beach. Replacng the bank behnd the beach s a recently constructed (97) retanng wall bult at the back of an apartment complex under constructon. nspecton of the shorelne postons between 98 and 966 ndcates ths shorelne has been stable durng that tme span. Zone 4. Zone 4 s about,-ft long. Ths zone begns on the west wth a small (5-ft long) beach whch grades to rprap wth large accumulatons of old brck, cnder block, and concrete. The areas near the water show a bed of fne slt and mud. The bank on the western half of the sector s low. The eastern half of ths sector belongs to the factory located at Wckham Ave. The eastern sector bank s much hgher than the western and t appears to be formed of spol from the channel dredgng n front of the factory. Comparson of the 98 and 966 shorelne postons ndcates the shorelne has been stable durng that tme perod. Zone 5. Ths zone, about 35-ft long, s fronted by a bulkhead bult before 937. Ths area fronts a factory whch was engaged n producng small mltary craft n WW. n a steel jetty was placed just east of the factory and a channel dredged to a depth of 8 to ft. No dredgng has been done n the area snce that tme. nspecton of Fgure ndcates the shorelne has been stable between 98 and 966. Zone 6. Ths zone, approxmately 4,-ft long, s bounded on the east by Salters Creek and on the west by an approxmately 4,-ft-long steel jetty. Ths segment of the shorelne s a farly attractve beach area that has been formed by accreton aganst the jetty on the western boundary. As prevously mentoned the jetty was constructed n The sequence of aeral photos ndcates the jetty was fu by 963 and thereafter has by-passed sand. Of the total 4,-ft length the western threequarters (3, ft) has experenced accreton. The, ft just west of the entrance to Salters Creek has experenced some eroson durng ths perod, and ths has been checked by the nstallaton of fll and rprap. Zone 7. Ths zone ncludes the entrance to Salters Creek whch has been stablzed by stone jettes. The channel to Salters Creek was dredged to ts present poston sometme durng the perod 937 to 953. Pror to ths 6

30 acton Salters Creek fronted the shorelne as a marsh area and n 98 the entrance of the creek was about, ft to the west of ts present poston (Fgure ). Salters Creek s used as a small-boat harbor, wth yearly dredgng to mantan an entrance depth of mnus 4-ft mlw. The sedment at the mouth durng our nspecton was slt and clay wth large organc content. The eastern jetty s trappng some sand but t s not full, so lttle sand s by-passng to the west va beach drftng. Zones 8 and 9. The August, 933 hurrcane completely destroyed the beach areas of Zones 8 and 9. Resdents gave up ther per rghts and the Cty of Newport News bult a stone and cement bulkhead from Salters Creek to the Cty boundary (begnnng of Zone 9). ampton bult a wooden retanng wall about ten years later. Accordng to local resdents the beach had been 5 to 3 ft wde before the storm. The area s presently fronted by a sand bottom gradng to fne slt offshore, but there s no beach at hgh tde. Of the nne zones consdered, only Zones and 6 have usable beaches at the present tme. Thus, our consderaton of the mpact of the brdge-tunnel must pay partcular attenton to these areas as well as general attenton to the entre regon n terms of possble beach development n the future. C. CUT AND FLL ON AMPTON FLATS AREA The avalable hstorcal hydrographc surveys were compared to see whether sgnfcant eroson or accreton trends exst on the ampton Flats area. Three surveys (966, 98, and 854) were chosen for detaled examnaton wth emphass on the regon west of 76 3 West Longtude to Newport News Pont. Ths regon s the one most susceptble to nfluence from the brdge-tunnel slands and causeway. Three sub-areas shown n Fgure warrant partcular examnaton.. Newport News Bar on the southwest corner of ampton Flats.. The channel (heren called the Newport News Bar Channel) whch les between the Bar and Newport News Pont. 3. The nearshore bottom wth depths less than-6ft (MLW) between Newport News Pont and Salters Creek. The channel, B, s a feature formed and mantaned by the domnant flood currents over the lower ampton Flats. Fgure shows the surface area of the Flats decreases as Newport News Pont s approached from the northeast. The flood currents accelerate n the approach, resultng n the formaton and mantenance of the channel._ Cross sectons were prepared as shown n Fgures 3a and 3b to assess the cut and fll hstory. The orgn for the cross sectons s North Lattude, wth the lnes of the cross sectons fallng on the merdans as labelled n Fgure. Depths are relatve to mean lowwater. Sub-area A. Newport News Bar has decreased n wdth and length from 854 to 98 to 966. The depth of the crown of the bar has remaned constant (see cross sectons West through West). The decrease n length has occurred from both ends of the bar, but the domnant reducton has occurred on the northeast end. From C 8 GS 4 (97) AMPTON,.,......,.. : FLATS.. Fgure - Areas of Eroson on ampton Flats Between 854 and 966 (hatched) and locaton ndcator for profles shown n Fgure 3a and 3b...,

31 Sub-area B. The channel has not changed apprecably snce 854. The porton of the channel wth depths greater than 8 ft decreased n length between 854 and 98. n 854 the deeper hole n the channel extended further to the northeast. The poston of the - and 8-ft contours shows no sgnfcant change between the 98 and 966 surveys. Sub-area C. nspecton of Fgures 3a and 3b shows there has been net eroson of the shallow zone near the shorelne. n 854 the mean low lne ntersected what s now about the -3 ft contour. The zone of bottom-cuttng extends to about 8-, ft from the present shorelne T-----T-----r------, r-----r----, t- LLJ LLJ 4 J... 8 : w ::t: 6 t- a.. 4; , r-----r , ,._ &-,._ &- t- LLJ LLJ J....: ::t: t- a.. LLJ W : & ; 6 & ; 6 LL 4 8 The cross-hatched areas n Fgure ndcate the approxmate boundares where there has been bottom eroson between the 98 and 966 surveys. n addton to the two locatons already mentoned (Newport News Bar and the shallows near the shorelne) some eroson has occurred (- ft) n the regon drectly south of Newport News Pont w 6 l&- 4; r , r-----r----, ;,, DSTANCE NORT of N n FEET ; u w & T----., , DSTANCE NORT of N n Feet Asde from the locatons mentoned there has been vrtually no change over the extensve ampton Flats area where the depth s about or ft. Fgure 3a&b- Profle Lnes of Comparatve ydrography Across ampton Flats for years 854, 98, and

32 D. DREDGNG N TE VCNTY OF NEWPORT NEWS PONT nvestgaton reveals that there s lttle dredgng actvty northeast of Newport News Pont; annual dredgng at the mouth of Salters Creek s the only relevant locaton on ampton Flats. The entrance channel s mantaned at a depth of -4ft relatve to mean low-water. Snce some of the possble locatons of the brdge-tunnel slands wll affect the crculaton to the west of Newport News Pont the recent dredgng hstory at Coal Pers Nos. 4 and 5 and Pers Nos. 8 and 9 was studed. Ths was possble because of the thoughtful cooperaton of the C&O Ralway whch operates the pers. The C&O dredgng-records,were examned for the perod of 957 through The data, n summarzed form, are lsted below for Pers Nos. 4 and 5: Per 4 west sde - 3, cu yd/yr (deposton rate about nches per year) east sde - 5,75 cu yd/yr (deposton rate about 7 nches per year) Per 5 west sde - 3,3 cu yd/yr (deposton rate about nches per year) east sde - 3, cu yd/yr (deposton rate about nches per year) n arrvng at the above average fgures, the cases where the per slps were deepened to accommodate deeper-draft vessels were elmnated snce our goal was to estmate the annual sedmentaton rates. t should be emphaszed that the fgures are only estmates. t s, however, evdent that the dock area s a hgh-deposton zone at the present tme. E. NTERPRETATON OF MODEL RESULTS ON AMPTON FLATS AND WEST OF NEWPORT NEWS PONT The two aspects of the model studes whch are relevant to the effect of the proposed structures on the shorelne and the ampton Flats Newport News Pont area are the pathlne photographs and the Glsonte tests. As prevously mentoned, three brdge-tunnel confguratons were run n the model n addton to the baselne tests wthout structures. These are shown n Fgure 4. Another confguraton has been proposed snce the model tests were run (also shown n Fgure 4, Plan D) but snce t s smlar to Plans A and B n most aspects the crculaton and Glsonte results may be expected to be qute smlar.. PATLNE STUDES The pathlne photography was examned to see f any gven proposed locaton of the brdgetunnel structure affected the crculaton n such a way as to enhance eroson or deposton snce ether, dependng upon the partcular locaton, could be a dsbeneft. Examnaton of the pathlne results for the varous plans wth and wthout the Craney sland extenson ndcated no sgnfcant dfferences n the crculaton on ampton Flats or n the mmedate vcnty of Newport News Pont. Thus the dscusson from ths pont on wll apply to ether case. The baselne tests agreed qualtatvely wth the feld study of currents on ampton Flats (drogues) so we can have reasonable confdence n the model results for those cases concernng Plans A, B, and C. Plan D wll behave as Plans A and B. The drogue and the baselne test show that the transton from ebb- to flood-flow occurs earler ( to hours) on ampton Flats than n Newport News Shppng Channel. Thus the southwestern half of ampton Flats experences a domnance of flood over ebb currents.. NEWPORT D.. NEWS >:" ::-.... : : : : : :::::::: :... : { : Fgure 4- Varous Proposed Tunnel-slands and Causeway s on ampton Flats; Plans A, B, C, and D. 9

33 SCALE (ft.) PLAN A MODEL: OUR TO OUR 5 Fgure 5 a) -Schematc nterpretaton of Prncpal Crculaton Features shown n model tests for Plan A on ebb flow (model tdal hours through 5). 9,,poo SCALE (ft.) PLAN MODEL: OUR 6 TO OUR A Many of the pertnent features of the crculaton for Plans A, B, and Care schematcally summarzed n Fgures 5-7. a. Plans A, B, and D These plans are smlar n ther effects on the crculaton. The detaled effect of Plan D wll depend on whether the brdge-tunnel sland termnates at a poston gven by Plan A or that of Plan B. These three plans result n two mportant changes n the crculaton whch wll have an effect on eroson and sedmentaton on ampton Flats and n the dock area west of Newport News Pont. Eddes wll form on ampton Flats on the ebb current and to the west of Newport News Pont on the flood. Furthermore, the tunnel slands wll block the Newport News Bar Channel whch was presumably formed by the normally convergent currents on ampton Flats durng flood. Ths wll result n very fast currents at the end of the structure. The expected results of ths alteraton of flow are dscussed later. The general confguraton of the eddes s shown n Fgures 5 and 6. The model tmes to hours are related to the Newport News tde staton and ampton Flat currents as shown n Table. The general dmensons of the counterclockwse eddes for model hours through 5 are shown n Fgures 5a and 6a. n both cases the eddes ncrease n sze from hour to hour 4. By the tme of hour 4 the entre lower ampton Flats appears as an eddy. Ths s due to the combned effects of the eddy generaton and the fact that floods start earler on the Flats than n the Newport News Channel. At hour 5 there s a general flood current runnng over ampton Flats wth a sluggsh ebb flow n the Newport News Channel. At hour 5 the eddy moves to a poston over the channel as t dsspates. From hour through h.our 3 the shadow zone of the eddy extends to or beyond Salters Creek wth sluggsh currents. TABLE RELATONSP BETWEEN MODEL OURS AND TE NEWPORT NEWS TDE Newport News Tde feet n prototype Model our relatve to M L W ampton Flats Current max. ebb --: about slack on Flats, stll O.OO ebb n N. N. Channel 7 flood on Flats, gong to ward slack n N.N. Channel 67 flood throughout but hgher speed on Flats gong slack on Flats 3 ebb on Flats and N. N Channel.8.5 The generalzed crculaton for model tdal hours 6 through are shown n Fgures 5b and 6b. n both Plans A and B the tunnel slands dvert the flood current east of Newport News Pont and there s a clockwse eddy frontng the Lncoln Park area. The currents on the shore sde of the eddy zone tend to be sluggsh. There s also a formaton of eddes west of Newport News Pont. n ths case the rotaton s counterclockwse and the center of rotaton progresses to the west as the tdal hour goes from 6 to 9. The regon n whch these counterclockwse eddes form s a zone of sluggsh flow n the base test as well; the prncpal dfference between the base condton and that of Plans A and B s that the zone of sluggsh flow s enlarged. 3 (Fgure 5 b) - Flood Flow (model tdal hours 6 through ).

34 b. Plan C The prncpal dfferences between Plan C and the baselne test are the tendency for the causeway support-structures to act as flowstraghteners and the acceleraton of the flow around the tunnel sland located on the Newport News Bar. Durng the tmes of ebb current (Fgure 7a) the flow whch normally runs subparallel to the ampton Flats shorelne wll be dverted about degrees clockwse as t passes through the causeway. Ths wll result n low currents n the vcnty just northeast of Salters Creek. On the flood-current phase (Fgure 7b) dverson wll agan occur, wth the flow changng drecton by to 3 degrees toward shore. Ths dverson, coupled wth the acceleraton around the brdge-tunnel sland, wll tend to focus the flood currents toward the shorelne zone southwest of Salters Creek. Ths focusng wll enhance the potental for shorelne eroson. t s very mportant to note that the causeway plng was modelled usng a sheet of materal n place of sx pegs n a lne. Thus the dverson of flow n the model may be exaggerated relatve to the proposed desgn. There s lttle queston, however, that some dverson wll occur wth the lne of eght plngs. Ths effect can be lmnated by desgnng the support plng so the lme of centers s parallel to the shorelne.. GLSONTE STUDES The Glsonte studes were run n the model to gan some qualtatve nsghts nto the varatons n sedmentaton patterns for the dfferent possble routng confguratons. Such studes have lmted usefulness, however, snce the Glsonte partcles do not behave n the same manner as natural sedment partcles n the prototype envronment. The model studes, lkewse, do not gve any nsghts nto eroson snce the bed of the model s not deformable. n partcular, the Glsonte tests fal to model the real stuaton n shallow areas such as ampton Flats snce the total prototype transport s a result of the combned effects of wave strrng and tdal currents. The Glsonte tests are useful n showng the tendency for ncreased or decreased sedmentaton relatve to the base test, however. The regon of concern n ths dscusson s the ampton Flats area and the area frontng and ncludng the C&O Ralway coal pers. The rato of the amount of Glsonte deposted n each of the three plans tested to the amount deposted n the base test s shown n Fgure 8 for varous sub-regons. Ths data, n tabular form, s gven n Table. The results for any gven block cannot be taken lterally, but trends are noteworthy. Blocks 4 and 5, for example, do show enhanced sedmentaton for Plans A and B as would be expected from the pathlne studes, whch ndcated the formaton of eddes on ebb flow and a zone of reduced speeds on the flood. A smlar trend appears n Block 9A where ncreased sedmentaton may be expected because of the eddes n the lee of the tunnel sland on flood current. Block s engmatc n that Plan A ndcates qute low sedmentaton relatve to Plan B. The relatve ncrease for Plan C n Blocks 9 and may be caused by the focusng effect of the tunnel-sland and flow-dverson by the causeway on flood current snce the ntensfed current wll sweep materal from the Flats. nspecton of Blocks and FS show essentally the same values for all three plans as mght be expected, snce these are on the perphery of the regons most drectly nfluenced by the tunnel-sland locatons. F. DSCUSSON OF EPECTED EFFECTS FROM PLANS A, 8, C, AND D Before dscussng the detals for each plan t s useful to summarze our understandng of the nearshore processes operatve on the ampton Flats area. The tdal flow over ampton Flats s such that flood currents domnate over ebb currents. Wnds from the northeast through the east to southwest have suffcent fetch to generate waves capable of strrng the bottom sedments on the Flats. Gven the frequency and ntensty of wnds n the area (U. S. Corps of Engneers, 97) coupled wth tdal currents, the drecton of net bottom sedment-transport should be to the southwest from the Flats.., SCALE (ft.) PLAN B MODEL OUR TO OUR 5 Fgure 6 a) -Schematc nterpretaton of Prncpal Crculaton Features shown n model tests for Plan B on ebb flow (model tdal hours through 5). PLAN 9,,poo SCALE l ft.) B MODEL :t(our 6 TO OUR / / / ro",o7.s> S / (7 / ;/ DVDNG LNES /,... BETWEEN RAPD / C>.r AND SLUGGS / / FLOW Fgure 6 b) - Flood Flow (model tdal hours 6 through ). 3

35 llt.,.. SCALE (ft.) ( /TAGNANT // TO LOW "" "-.SPEED/ ----,..o / _,...o,, /. - -o / "3 - / o- / /?cz.- ""/ _ o,,.// / _../ o,,...--"? /./ PLAN C MODEL: OURS,, 3 OUR 4 FLOW DSORGANZED Z PLAN. A 7."3.98 J5 4 Z Fgure 7 a) -Schematc nterpretaton of Prncpal Crculaton Features shown n model tests for Plan C on ebb flow (model tdal hours through 4). PLAN C MODEL: OURS 5,6,7,8,9 (OUR FLOW DSORGANZED) 3 Fgure 7 b} - Flood Flow (model tdal hours 5 through ). Fgure 8 - Rato of Amounts of Glsonte Deposted n Each of Plans A, B, and C relatve to amount deposted n base test.

36 TABLE ll MPACT OF PROPOSED STRUCTURES On Shorelne, ampton Flats, and Newport News Pont Area TABLE " RATO OF AMOUNTS OF GLSONTE DEPOSTED N EAC OF PLANS A, B, AND C RELATVE TO TE AMOUNT DEPOSTED N TE BASE TEST Block Plan A Plan B Plan C A FS C Waves generated by wnds from the northeast to east result n longshore currents whch drft beach materal along the shorelne from the northeast to the southwest. Wnds from the south to southeast drft materal n the opposte drecton, but the feld evdence and wnd statstcs ndcate net movement of beach materals s to the southwest. The present channel between the Newport News Bar and the shorelne of ampton Flats has, n all lkelhood, formed n response to the convergence of the flood currents on the southwest one-thrd of ampton Flats. Ths channel s ncsed nto a stratum of fne sand and slt. The expected effect of the proposed structures on the shorelne and ampton Flats bottom and to the west of Newport News Pont are summarzed n Table ll and are dscussed below.. PLANS A AND B The area between the shore and the Newport News Bar Channel should become a zone of deposton because of the formaton of eddes to the northeast of the tunnel-sland locatons of these plans. Also the slands wll act as jettes and trap the sand now n the lttoraldrft system. These expected consequences wll be benefcal snce the sand wll noursh (drectly or ndrectly by pumpng) the beach at Lncoln Park. Snce the tunnel slands wll block the domnant flood-channel and snce the sland wll cause ntensfcaton of the flood currents at the tp, t s reasonable to predct that the channel wll shft poston and occupy a new poston at the tp of the tunnel sland. Ths expectaton should be ncluded n the sland desgn. The combned results of the pathlne and Glsonte studes also gve some ndcatons that sedmentaton s lkely to be enhanced near and around the coal pers (No. 4 and No. 5). Predcton n ths case s dffcult but such enhancement should be assumed, to be conservatve.. PLAN D The prncpal dfference between Plan D and Plans A and B s that the entrance to Newport News Creek must be relocated to the eastern sde of Newport News Pont. Ths wll put the entrance n a zone of expected sedmentaton, and large mantenance dredgng s expected to be requred to mantan navgable depths. n addton, ncomng boats wll not have much maneuverng room wth heavy wnds from the northeast. A boat wll be set on the rocks quckly f t experences a power falure n such crcumstances. Both of these problems wll be solved by nstallng a jetty on the eastern sde of the entrance to the harbor. Although the detals of the jetty desgn wll requre further study, a,-ft jetty wll probably be requred. 3. PLAN C The pathlne studes show the causeway plngs and the tunnel sland on Newport News Bar wll tend to dvert the flood current toward the shorelne from Salters Creek to Newport News Pont. The effects of the causeway plngs are exaggerated n the model snce sheets were used to smulate the rows of plngs. owever, Plan A B D c "E" Expected Effects East of Newport News Pont. Sedmentaton on ampton Flats between shore and Newport News Bar Channel from tunnel sland and Salters Creek. Trappng of sand n lttoral drft between tunnel-sland and jetty at Wckham Ave. (BENEFT) 3. Shft n poston of Newport News Bar Channel to tp of tunnel-sland wth hgh current speeds at tp.. "As n A".. "As n A". 3. As above but ncreased ntensty. ). ) - As n A and B 3. ) 4. New entrance to Newport News Creek n zone of expected sedmentaton, therefore shoalng of entrance may be serous. On flood current the causeway plngs and the tunnel sland on Newport News Bar tend to focus the current aganst the shorelne from Salters Creek to Newport News Pont. The ntensfed currents, coupled wth domnant wave energy from easterly quadrants wll cause ncreased beach eroson.. On ebb current the causeway plngs dvert flow away from shorelne east of Salters Creek causng sluggsh currents nearshore. Ths does not consttute a serous problem but may enhance shoalng at Salters Creek entrance. "W Expected Effects West of Newport News Pont. Probably enhanced sedmentaton n regon frontng and ncludng C&O Pers 4 and 5. As n A. As n A and B. No sgnfcant effects expected Comments Both the boat access and shoalng problems could be corrected by a properly desgned jetty on the northeast sde of the new entrance to Newport News Greek f the causeway plng algnment s changed to be parallel wth the shorelne the problems arsng from dvertng the flow can be vrtually elmnated. The flood current around Newport News Pont wll stll be somewhat ncreased due to constructon of flow by tunnel sland. From the pont of vew of provdng safest access to Salters Creek t would be preferable to have causeway on east sde of Salters Creek entrance so that boats makng the entrance have the causeway upwnd and upcurrent durng the most hazardous tme when flood current and east or northeast wnds conjon. The confguraton of Plan C wll block the vew of Old Pont Comfort and lower ampton Roads to those users of the shorelne at Lncoln Park and other areas between Salters Creek and Newport News Pont. 33

37 some dverson effect may be expected n the real case. On ebb-current the causeway plngs wll dvert the flow away from the shorelne east of Salters Creek and cause sluggsh currents whch may enhance shoalng at Salters Creek entrance. The problem of flow dverson can be corrected by algnng the lne of centers of the plngs. parallel wth the shorelne. t wll be preferabl-e to have the causeway on the east sde of Salters Creek from the pont of vew of provdng safest access to Salters Creek so that boats makng for the entrance wll have the causeway upwnd and upcurrent durng the most hazardous tme when the flood current and east or northeast wnds conjon. Fnally t s worth mentonng that f Plan C s adopted, the vew from the beach areas between Salters Creek and Newport News Pont wll be compromsed by the causeway. G. POTENTAL BENEFTS OF PLANS A, 8, AND D The shorelne from Newport News Pont to Lncoln Park s aesthetcally dspleasng at present. Adoptng Plans A, B, or D (wth a jetty on the east sde of the relocated entrance to Newport News Creek) wll offer the opportunty to construct an attractve beach by natural accreton and/or artfcal means usng the tunnel sland (or jetty n Plan D) as the western flank. The nearshore bottom s a fne sand wth gentle slope to a dstance of about, ft from the shorelne whch wll make an attractve beach. The tunnel slands or jetty can also be desgned for access to serve as a fshng per whch wll enhance the recreatonal potental of the area.. REFERENCES Vrgna Beach, Vrgna Feasblty Report for Beach Eroson Control and urrcane Protecton, U. S. Army Corps of Engneers, Norfolk Dstrct, Sept., 97. PART ll DROGUE STUDY, AMPTON FLATS AND NEWPORT NEWS PONT TABLE OF CONTENTS A. NTRODUCTON 34 B. EQUPMENT AND TECNQUE C. RESULTS D. CONCLUSONS E. REFERENCE FGURES. The Drogued Buoy Used n the Current Studes.... Drogue Tracks Showng Surface Streaklnes Durng Flood Tde Over ampton Flats Speeds of Drogues Durng Flood Tde Over ampton Flats as a Functon of Dstance Traveled Drogue Tracks Showng Surface Streaklnes Durng Ebb Tde n ampton Roads Speeds of Drogues Durng Ebb Tde as a Functon of Tme wth Respect to Full Ebb at Chesapeake Bay Entrance by C. S. WELC A. NTRODUCTON The tdal flow n the James Rver n the vcnty of Newport News Pont and ampton Flats has been observed to be non-symmetrc and complex n the James Rver Model. A study was made usng drogued buoys to determne the actual tdal flow n ths regon. Ths determnaton has formed an mportant measure wth whch the flow varatons n the model caused by vanous proposed alteratons n the local topography can be compared. The tdal porton of the current s domnant n ths regon wth speeds of m/sec common durng maxmum ebb and flood. The mean flow s much more gentle durng normal condtons. Because the maxmum effect s lkely to be assocated wth maxmum veloctes on a modfcaton of the rver such as a brdge-tunnel ths study was restrcted to the current pattern and maxmum veloctes of the flood and ebb portons of the tdal cycle. The sem-durnal tdal wave n the ampton Roads area s not a smple wave runnng up ad dwn the rver. t s now a nearly amphdromc system wth Newport News Pont correspondng to an amphdromc pont. The tde on ampton Flats turns from ebb to flood more than two hours before the tde n md-channel turns, whle the tde at the shpyard turns more than an hour after the md-channel tde turns. Despte the complex pattern of tdal phases over the area, the tdal currents at any gven pont n the area are essentally lnearly polarzed wth lttle rotary moton. Ths lnear polarzaton s evdent n the 964 VMS OJR study (Shdler and Macntyre - 967). Consderaton of an ebb or flood regme s possble at any pont, even though a gven regme cannot be appled to the area ether as a whole or as a gven transect. The length scale of motons s harder to specfy than the tme scale. On one hand, there s the broad expanse of the ampton Flats wth a typcal wdth of one nautcal mle. On the other hand, there s a complex of three channels and bars between Newport News Pont and Newport News mddle ground. These have a typcal wdth of only a few hundred yards. Several experments were performed to adequately specfy the flow patterns n the area of concern. B. EQUPMENT AND TECNQUE The surface currents were montored by drogued buoys set wthn the top meter of the water column. The buoys, desgned and bult by NASA Langley Research Center, were styrofoam dsks about ft n dameter and ft thck (Fgure a). They were panted dfferent colors for dentfcaton purposes. Drectly below each buoy was suspended a metal current-cross two feet hgh and four feet across, weghted so as to allow only one or two nches of freeboard to the buoy (Fgure b). A radar transponder antenna was mounted on each buoy, wth ts assocated power pack and transcever contaned wthn the buoy. Each transcever operated on a dfferent frequency for radar-plot dentfcaton purposes. A moble radar unt from the NASA Wallops sland Staton was statoned on the dke at Craney sland (opposte Norfolk) at the south sde of ampton Roads, to follow and plot the tracks of the buoys as they drfted. 34

38 The buoys were launched at the requred locatons from a boat equpped wth davts and hand-wnches generally as nearly smultaneously as possble, and were allowed to drft unnhbted durng the course of each experment as much as possble. One boat was assgned to each two drogues to keep vsual track of them, to protect them from marne traffc and foulng on marne structures, and to recover them at the close of each experment. C. RESULTS The resu ts are dvded nto the flood and ebb patterns. The flood tracks are shown n Fgure. The four buoys were deployed n a lne perpendcular to the streamlnes of the flow. The four buoys traveled at dfferent speeds, and all converged off Newport News Pont to progress nearly along the same stream lne up the James Rver about one mle from the shpyard. The experment was termnated at ths pont before the tde agan turned to ebb. Fgure 3 shows a large downstream acceleraton of the two outermost buoys (C and D) just before they rounded the pont and a larger deceleraton just after they rounded the pont. A secondary ncrease and decrease n speed n all four buoys at the same upstream ponts s evdence of a wake structure behnd Newport News Pont durng flood tde. t s also noted that three tracks (A, C, and D) reman uncrossed even though two of them are less than meters apart durng ther runs past the shpyard. The fourth crosses over and back across two of the three, ndcatng a tme-dependent pattern of streaklnes assocated wth late flood-stage. The flow from a smlar downstream-flow (ebb) experment s substantally dfferent from the upstream flow (Fgure 4). Four buoys were deployed n a lne perpendcular to the current off the shpyard. The two closest to the shpyard (A and one not shown) were swept under pers. After roundng the Pont, the remanng buoys drfted far off ampton Flats toward the exstng ampton Roads Brdge-Tunnel. The shadow-zone behnd Newport News Pont was studed wth another deployment of four buoys (E, F, G, and ), three of whch went nsde the Newport News Bar and one of whch went outsde the bar. The ebb flow-pattern converges towards the shore (under the docks) on the shpyard sde of Newport News Pont. After passng the Pont, most of the current swngs wde and stays well away from ampton Flats. One notable buoy (D) headed for the Norfolk Navy nstallaton. and eventually became fouled on one of the shps at a per there. The surface-flow thus appears to go through the water-land boundary at Norfolk. t probably "folds under" at that boundary and flows out the Elzabeth Rver channel. Over ampton Flats, the flow s much slower than off the flats. The flow seems to separate at the Newport News Bar wth a zone of sharp horzontal shear n the lee of the bar. ampton Bar also seems to be drectly n the lee of Newport News Bar durng ebb tde. Fnally, one of the buoys (B) traveled drectly down the shp channel except for a small part of ts path. Durng ths shallower part of ts path, t slowed down apprecably, ts speed ncreasng as soon as t reached the deep water of the channel agan (Fgure 5). Ths ndcates that the domnant part of the retardng force on the surface flow s the frcton of the bottom. Ths also ndcates that the percentage of total flow n the shp channel s much larger than the rato of the area of the shp channel to the area of the total cross secton. Another part of the study focused attenton on the shallow natural channel at the southwestern end of ampton Flats near Newport News Pont. The results from the VMS James Rver Study of 964 show that the tdal cycle n ths channel s characterzed by larger flood than ebb veloctes, n contrast to nearly every other staton n the ampton Roads area ncludng other areas of ampton Flats. The flow converges and accelerates n the channel durng flood much more than durng ebb. (Compare track A durng flood wth track E durng ebb.) t appears that the channel s assocated wth tdalflood condtons. Fgure -The Drogued Buoy used n the Current Studes. Fgure a shows the surface buoy wth the electroncs and battery case and the base of the 8-ft antenna. Fgure b shows the current cross used. The cross can be folded flat for ease of handlng and storage. 35

39 :""... ), "" ::, :::; : : :..... l./ A... /... /,.. a... Jr , Expected Error Q-A L).-s o-c,.. -D CRANEY SLAND DSPOSAL AREA Fgure - Drogue Tracks Showng Surface Streaklnes durng flood tde over ampton Flats. (Dots on lnes represent -mnute ntervals.) " o , PATLNE DSTANCE (km) Fgure 3 - Speeds of Drogues Durng Flood Tde over ampton Flats as a functon of dstance traveled. Tracks are algned so km s at Newport News Pont. Note local mnmum-of speeds about +.5 km for all four drogues. 36

40 .. / / >... ", F./..,.... ][ - Expected Error () <ll 3-5 ::":;....., A e-e n-b -F o -c -G -D A "" _...,..., ,... /""""" S4 / CRANEY SlAND DSPOSAL AREA... Fgure 4- Drogue Tracks Showng Surface Streaklnes durng ebb tde n ampton Roads. Dots on lnes represent -mnute ntervals. Tracks A-D and E- were obtaned on separate runs... -h -lh Oh +lh RELATVE TME Fgure 5- Speeds of Drogues Durng Ebb Tde as a functon of tme wth respect to full ebb at Chesapeake Bay entrance. The phase-lag between ampton Flats and the rest of the James Rver s clearly seen. 37

41 D. CONCLUSONS From the character and features of the ebb-and-flood tdal flow near Newport News Pont, several changes can be expected to occur f the proposed brdge-tunnel sland confguratons are bult. The most apparent effect wll be an ncrease n flow-velocty on both the flood and ebb cycles f the avalable channel s constrcted. Ths ncrease n velocty can be expected to ncrease the ampltude of the wake effect durng flood tde and also the nertal assymetry of the flow around the Pont, partcularly f the sland s made an extenson of the Pont. Ths wll result n a larger amount of water "foldng under" at Norfolk on ebb. A less-apparent effect s the lkely change n the relatve phase of tdal-current reversals from ampton Flats to the James Rver Brdge. Ths effect and ts assocated mpact are dffcult to judge from the drogue data.. PART V YDRAULC MODEL TEST RESULTS TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLES James Rver Model Glsonte Study 4. Ffth our of Tdal Cycle, Typcal - Output Data from Glsonte Confett Tme-Lapse Photograph Model Studes of A... 4 f the natural nshore channel s blocked by the brdge-tunnel sland, the flow durng flood wll be substantally altered, perhaps wth the channel reformng offshore from the new sland. f the sland constrcts the flow but s located across a trestle from Newport News Pont, an ncrease n veloctes can be expected around the Pont. A mnmum mpact on the flow pattern s expected f the proposed tunnel sland s located over, and orented parallel to, the Newport News Bar Sxth our of Tdal Cycle, Typcal Confett Tme-Lapse Photograph FGURES of A... 4 Begnnng of Tdal Cycle, Typcal 6. Eghth our of Tdal Cycle, Typcal Confett Tme- Lapse Photograph Confett Tme-Lapse Photograph of A of A 4 Second our of Tdal Cycle, Typcal 7. Tenth our of Tdal Cycle, Typcal Confett Tme-Lapse Photograph Confett Tme-Lapse Photograph of A of A 4 E. REFERENCE Shdler, J. K. and W. G. Macntyre, "Operaton James Rver - 964" VMS Data Report No.5, Gloucester Pont, Va., October, Fourth our of Tdal Cycle, Typcal 8. Twelfth our of Tdal Cycle, Typcal Confett Tme-Lapse Photograph Confett Tme-Lapse Photograph of A of A 4 38

42 TABLE JAMES RVER MODEL GLSONTE STUDY Area TLN AC J5C C 9EC 7C 7C 9C 9AC AC FSC 6AC COLL Study Raw Pet. Rato Study A Study B Raw Pet. Rato Raw Pet. Rato Q Qj Raw Study C Pet. Rato Area TLN AC J5C C 9EC 7C 7C 9C 9AC AC FSC 6AC COLL Raw Study Pet. Rato Study A Study 8 Study C Raw Pet. Rato Raw Pet. Rato Raw Pet. Rato Q44 Q Q

43 Fgure - Begnnng of Tdal Cycle, Typcal Confett Tme-Lapse Photograph of A Fgure 3 - Fourth our of Tdal Cycle, Typcal Confett Tme-Lapse Photograph of A 4 Fgure - Second our of Tdal Cycle, Typcal Confett Tme-Lapse Photograph of A Fgure 4 - Ffth our of Tdal Cycle, Typcal Confett Tme-Lapse Photograph of A

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