FINAL REPORT FOR 2012 ON THE CHANGES SEEN ON THE OCEANFRONT BEACHES

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1 FINAL REPORT FOR 2012 ON THE CHANGES SEEN ON THE OCEANFRONT BEACHES IN THE BOROUGH OF MANTOLOKING, OCEAN COUNTY, NEW JERSEY FOCUSED ON THE IMPACTS OF HURRICANE SANDY View looking north on Route 5 on October 1, 2012 prior to debris removal and sand excavation. All the sediment deposited across the Borough came from the beach and offshore reducing the total sand volume available to form a new beach and dune system. Yeoman work efforts did move maybe 2/ s of the deposited sand back to the beach, but an unknown quantity was lost to Barnegat Bay and is spread across many lots where retrieving it is out of the question. PREPARED FOR: THE BOROUGH OF MANTOLOKING 202 DOWNER AVENUE MANTOLOKING, NJ 0878 PREPARED BY: THE RICHARD STOCKTON COASTAL RESEARCH CENTER 0 WILSON AVENUE PORT REPUBLIC, NEW JERSEY JANUARY 22, 201

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Program Methodology 2 Table 1: th Quarter Municipal Profile Volume Change Table 2: 2012 Hurricane Sandy Shoreline Change & Sand Volumes 4 Figure 1. Hurricane Sandy Changes to the Dune in Harvey Cedars, LBI, NJ 5 Other Changes to the Mantoloking Shoreline 5 Table : 2012 Quarterly Profile Volume Changes 6 Profile Site Descriptions 6 Mant-1 6 Photographs 1a to 1c Views of Carrigan Place along the beach 8 Ten year Beach Volume Change Trend at Carrigan Place 9 Mant-2 10 Photographs 2a to 2c Views of 1041 Ocean Avenue beach 11 Ten year Beach Volume Change Trend at 1041 Ocean Avenue 12 Mant- 1 Photograph 2d. September 0, 2011 view of 1201 Ocean Avenue showing severe dune loss 1 Photographs a to c Views of 1117 Ocean Avenue beach 14 Ten year Beach Volume Change Trend at 1117 Ocean Avenue 15 Mant-4 16 Photographs 4a to 4c Views of Princeton Avenue beach 17 Ten year Beach Volume Change Trend at Princeton Avenue 18 Mant Photographs 5a to 5c Views of 154 Ocean Avenue beach 20 Ten year Beach Volume Change Trend at 154 Ocean Avenue 21 Dune-Walk Assessment for Conclusions 22 Plots of the municipal cross sections 24 Typical Beach Profile in New Jersey 29 Beach and Dune Terminology 0 Optimal Dune Fence Placement 2 Optimal Beach Grass Planting Methodology i

3 Annual Report for 2012 To The Borough of Mantoloking On the Oceanfront Municipal Shoreline Executive Summary; This report will be the most difficult to write since the work done in early 199 quantifying the damage done to the dunes and beaches following the December 1992 northeast storm event. Hurricane Irene in late August 2011 pales into insignificance in comparison, yet surveys done just prior to and immediately following Irene showed that the storm moved over 50,841 cubic yards of sand from the seaward dune slope and the berm, seaward depositing it in the form of a bar offshore. The net loss in sand volume to the entire Borough shoreline was just 54,209 cubic yards split between deposition further seaward than the surveys extended or parallel to the shoreline out of the Borough. Hurricane, then Super Storm Sandy came into Atlantic County on October 29, 2012 after spawning in the Caribbean Sea, crossing Cuba and moving over the Bahamas into the western Atlantic parallel to the US shoreline. Ordinarily this type of hurricane would have moved toward the northeast and spent itself at sea, but two simultaneous meteorological phenomenon occurred that directed the storm into a sharp left turn and added rotational energy making its NJ landfall of historic consequence. A large high pressure cell was stationary off Greenland and Iceland making the northeast track for Sandy impossible. In addition, a powerful cold front moved across the continental US and wrapped itself around the hurricane adding more moisture and a wind field that extended across a 950-mile diameter. Sandy s point of landfall created two different impacts. In Atlantic and Cape May Counties, the storm had one high tide followed by a 180 degree wind reversal and a far lower second high tide damage effect than that seen north of the eye in Ocean and Monmouth Counties. Measured wave run-up elevations on dunes in Avalon and Atlantic City reached 14 feet NAVD88 while similar elevations reached 24.6 feet in Long Branch, NJ. Therefore the intensity of Hurricane Sandy became two distinctly separate storm events between the northern two coastal counties and the two southern counties. In the south, there was no wholesale dune destruction, overwash or inlet creation that had monumental impact on public and private development. The Mantoloking shoreline is part of the Northern Ocean County coast which has never seen a largescale shore protection project similar that those built in Monmouth County or as close by as sections of Long Beach Island. Historically, the Northern Ocean County coast has had few episodes where building any sort of shoreline structure intended to mitigate or reduce beach erosion save a few dozen stone and timber groins perpendicular to the beach in Bay Head and in Seaside. Few bulkheads at the landward limit of the dunes were in place either. The Borough of Mantoloking has no public shore protection structures with or 4 private owners over the years building rock or timber barriers to wave attack. Most of these date to immediately following the 1962 northeast storm event. The CRC had just commenced survey work for the Borough when the December 1992 northeast storm cut a deep scar in the dunes, exposing multiple homes to undermining and damage. Two dwellings were replaced afterward with modern piling-supported buildings. The Borough did implement an ordinance defining the 1992 dune scarp as a line that new or replacement construction had to be 60 feet landward of in the future. Since few vacant oceanfront lots existed and home replacement was infrequent, the new setback requirements had minimal impact on existing building location on oceanfront lots. The Borough did institute a long-term emergency storm fund and a program of using the bulldozer to restore storm erosion in the dune system in an effort to maintain as well coordinated barrier to big events as the total sand volume allowed. One sand placement permit was obtained to allow a test deposition of sand dredged from the Ambrose ship channel into New York Harbor to be put into a dropbottom barge and shipped down the coast to be deposited offshore as close as possible to the beach and allowed to migrate onto the beach over time. This project never got started and the permits expired unused. The summer of 2007 was spent trying to orchestrate a general agreement and obtain 100% owner signatures on the required easements to allow the Army Corps project designed for Northern 1

4 Ocean County to commence along at least the shoreline between Point Pleasant Beach and Brick Township. This, too, failed to materialize. Finally, the Borough took charge of the dune maintenance program, acquired the needed equipment and proceeded to restore the scarps cut by Hurricane Irene along the municipal shoreline. The summer of 2012 was very positive for sand accretion on the County shoreline with no significant erosion to the accumulated beach up to the commencement of Sandy. Words to this effect were in the report to the Borough on the September 0, 2012 dune walk where Mr. Mainberger, his associate, the mayor and Dr. Farrell traversed the entire oceanfront and found it to be in excellent post-summer condition. The CRC surveyed the five municipal profile sites on September 20 th with similar results. When Sandy was over late on the 0 th of October, only the oceanfront homes south of the Albertson Ave. beach access pathway escaped storm wave damage, but the remaining dune at MANT-51 site was 40% of its volume pre-storm with a lower crest elevation located 70 feet instead of 150 feet from the reference point on the profile. The other four sites lost the entire dune. The pre-storm beach width played a significant part in the rate of dune erosion since 4 of the 5 sites had a beach width from the dune s seaward toe of 50 feet or less with MANT- at 1117 Ocean Avenue having 70 feet, but the narrowest dune of all five locations. The zone at Herbert Street and south toward Downer Avenue had the narrowest dunes pointed out in the 2011 report with a photograph of 1201 Ocean Avenue following Irene with under 15 feet remaining between the new dune vegetation line and the homes in this section. This picture followed the dune restoration effort earlier in the spring as well, so the stage was set for the breach that crashed through this part of the Borough. Beach Monitoring Program Methodology: In 199 the Borough of Mantoloking requested that the CRC design and establish a beach-monitoring program to provide information on coastal zone management issues within the municipality. Five sites were selected based on a variety of criteria including accessibility, prior history of data collection, uniformity in spacing between sites and providing a typical representation of the surrounding dune and beach conditions. These same five sites have been monitored by the CRC on a quarterly schedule over the last 19 years, ensuring a continuous and coherent data set, which provides the Borough with a valuable resource tool when determining coastal management issues. The following is a list of the selected sites and locations: Mant-1: Beach access path at Carrigan Place Mant-2: Beach access path at 1041 Ocean Avenue Mant-: 1117 Ocean Avenue (NJBPN site #15)* Mant-4: Princeton Avenue street end Mant-51: Beach access path at 154 Ocean Avenue** * 1117 Ocean Avenue was established on private land in 1986 for the New Jersey Beach Profile Network * * Replaced Mant-5 formerly located on private property at 1547 Ocean Ave. This monitoring program is intended to provide municipal officials with a periodic review of shoreline stability, dune erosion or accretion and monitor changes to the vegetation and sand collecting systems installed by individual property owners. This together with the official fall annual dune walk along the entire municipal oceanfront gives a good review of the changes occurring from both engineering activities and natural causes. The Coastal Research Center completed the quarterly surveys for 2012on the following dates, accompanied by a post-sandy emergency survey Nov. 5 th : Winter Survey #78 March 0, 2012 Spring Survey #79 June 28, 2012 Summer Survey #80 September 20, 2012 Post-Sandy Survey #81 November 5, 2012 Fall Survey #82 December 12, 2012 The fall survey took place in December 2012 following both Hurricane Sandy and a northeast storm in mid-november. The November storm was minor with the net result that sand dragged offshore by Sandy was migrating back onto the beach as the December cross sections show. The Borough has 2

5 worked continuously since Sandy to return sand excavated from the land, have quarry sand brought in to reinforce the closure of the Herbert Street Inlet and added more to other locations in an effort to have some form of a dune present across the entire oceanfront. Table 1 Fall 2012 Shoreline Changes & Beach Volumes for Five Sites in Mantoloking September 20 to December 12, 2012 Profile Shoreline Volume Avg.Volume Distance Net Volume Number Change Change Change Between Change (feet) (yds /ft) (yds /ft) (feet) (yds ) Northern Municipal Boundary ,1 Mant ,0-15,727 Mant ,584-68,269 Mant ,789-44,76 Mant ,164-70,7 Mant ,597 Southern Municipal Boundary Total Volume Change = -49,85 This survey shows the impact of Hurricane Sandy. Note that only two shoreline changes were double digit negative while two were positive because of the large sand volume dragged offshore. Mant- is near the site of the Herbert Street Inlet and as a result sand was moved offshore by the ebb-tidal flow through the open inlet for several days combined with the post-storm drainage of huge volumes of shore surge water confined in the bay. Table 2 below is designed to show just the sand volume losses above the zero elevation datum. The North American Vertical Datum of 1988 lies between low and high tide. Here the loss in dune volume is added to the losses on the beach s berm to the zero elevation position. These losses do include any sand moved back onto the beach following work to remove sand washed inland onto streets and other places were access to it was physically possible. The 604,21 loss volume is the sand quantity needed to return the Borough beach/dune system to its September 20, 2012 condition. Any beach width improvement would require additional sand to create a significant buffer between the point where the waves break and the seaward toe of the dunes. A rough estimate of that quantity could be made if one assumed a 200-foot increase in beach width at an average thickness of 8 feet. That number is 757,00 cubic yards of additional sand across the entire Mantoloking oceanfront. Any request for Federal assistance would require at least an estimate that 1,50,000 cubic yards of sand be pumped onto the Mantoloking shoreline to create a beach/dune system capable of withstanding another Sandy-type event. Naturally, this project could not be limited to just Mantoloking to be effective, but would need to extend from Point Pleasant beach south well into Brick Township. The sand volume given is just for restoration and improving the situation in the Borough of Mantoloking however.

6 Table 2 Beach and Dune Losses due to Hurricane Sandy between September 20 and December 12, 2012 Profile Shoreline Volume Avg.Volume Distance Net Volume Number Change Change Change Between Change (feet) (yds /ft) (yds /ft) (feet) (yds ) Northern Municipal Boundary ,026 Mant ,0-175,565 Mant , ,960 Mant ,789-17,16 Mant , ,455 Mant ,151 Southern Municipal Boundary Total Volume Change = -604,21 Site Location Dune Elevation Dune Width at Toe on Beach ACOE project specifications (Feet) (Feet) (El = Feet) (Width = Feet) Mant Mant Mant Mant Mant It appears as if the decades of work by the Borough in enhancing its dunes resulted in a system that approached that recommended by the US Army s Shore Protection plans except for Mant-. The Mant-5 dune exceeded the Army specifications. However, when one examines the beach width between the dune toe and the high tide line just prior to Sandy the results are as follows: MANT-1 = 5 ft; MANT-2 = 5 ft; MANT- = 86 ft; MANT-4 = 54 ft; and MANT-51 = 47 ft. The average beach width under what appeared to be the best of potential conditions was 55 feet between the seaward dune toe and the high tide line on the beach. Using the example from Long Beach Island where the US Army beach project was completed in 2009, the September 2012 beach width was 20 feet or nearly five times that in place in Mantoloking. Below is a reproduction of the erosion documented at 7 rd Street in Harvey Cedars at one of five ACOE sites where a beach/dune system was in place before Sandy. The beach was severely cut and lowered, reducing its width by 150 feet with the storm taking about a third of the Federal-specification dune. The main reason that the dune did not fail was the wide beach, not simply the size of the dune, because the Mant-51 dune was both higher and wider, but lost twice as much sand as did the Harvey Cedars dune. This is because the waves at Harvey Cedars were forced to break 20 feet seaward of the dune toe, roll across the beach, scouring it, but loosing energy in the process making the dune more effective in stopping all waves before the crest elevation was compromised. In fact, the remaining cross section would likely survive nearly the same onslaught should it occur prior to restoration efforts. 4

7 Figure 1. Comparison of pre- and post-sandy cross sections in Harvey Cedars, Long Beach Island, NJ where the US Army Corps project was completed in The storm resistance of an unconsolidated sand barrier depends on its height to resist wave run-up during the storm; its width at the toe to withstand the rate of erosion during the storm (Sandy eroded at a 10 to 12 feet per hour rate); and a wide beach so waves must break out on the beach and lose energy before encountering the dune. Vegetation counts a little, but on a man-made dune, the roots do not bind the entire structure together because they are planted on the crest and seaward slope after construction and not develop vertically over time as the dune grows upward. If the dune configuration that was in place south of Albertson Avenue was in place across the entire Mantoloking oceanfront AND the beach was widened with new sand to at least 150 feet to the high tide line and maintained at that width, subsequent intense storms would have far less impact on the public and private development. The final assessment following 6 weeks of detailed study of the NJ shoreline response to Hurricane Sandy is that the US Army Corps of Engineers adopted design for Long Beach Island and built in three segments starting in 2007 through 2012 would suffice to provide essential storm protection to the Northern Ocean County coast. Asbury Park and Belmar had a wide beach, but no dune developed on the project, so wave inundation was intense. Atlantic City has 14.5-foot crest elevation and was extremely fortunate that a lesser intensity Sandy pushed the debris deposit to the crest with some water flooding landward, but no serious impact. Therefore, for the State s northern shoreline where wave run-up was 10 feet higher than in Atlantic City, the 22-foot dune is essential to resist a repeat performance. Other Changes to the Mantoloking Shoreline: Tables and 4 below catalogue the individual profile site sand volume changes and shoreline position movements over the four quarters of study. Each volume calculation compares the indicated survey with the previous one and sums the areas of accumulation and erosion across the entire profile line in cubic yards of sand per foot of beachfront. The advance or retreat in the shoreline position is measured at the intersection of the individual survey line and the zero elevation point on the profile. This position is determined by the national vertical datum used to establish a zero elevation position. This is the North American Vertical Datum of 1988, which lies between mean low and mean high tide. 5

8 Table 2012 Quarterly Municipal Profile Volume Change Profile Winter Spring Summer Fall Number 12/15-/0 /0-6/28 6/28-9/20 9/20-12/12 (yds /ft) (yds /ft) (yds /ft) (yds /ft) Mant Mant Mant Mant Mant Net Beach Volume Change -12,495 yds 12,671 yds 0,919 yds -49,85 yds The sum of the four seasonal volume changes across the municipal beachfront was -18,740 cubic yards of material lost for the year. The loss was concentrated in the fall quarter due to Hurricane Sandy. The first three quarters saw a minimal winter storm loss followed by its complete recovery by the end of June. The summer produced 0,919 added cubic yards of material, so the statement that the Mantoloking shoreline was in as good condition that the available sediment supply would allow was pretty accurate. The storm-generated sand volume loss in 10 hours was over ten times the deposition over all of July through September. Profile Site Descriptions: Each site was surveyed five times including the emergency post-sandy visit a few days following the storm. The end of summer quarter was done just over a month prior to the hurricane, the combination of the two surveys provides excellent evidence how sand is re-distributed by intense events. Sandy produced transport to the south due to a strong north, northeast wind direction. The cross shore component of the sand transport was not as pronounced as seen with Hurricane Irene a year earlier, but at least half the sand removed from the beach and dunes above the zero elevation datum was deposited offshore. The individual cross sections do indicate that the CRC survey distance offshore does not cover the entire deposit of sand beyond 15 to 16 feet of water. However, the elevation differences at the outer limit of the CRC surveys do not support much more than an additional 50,000 cubic yards carried further seaward. 1. Photographs are arranged to show the beach prior to Hurricane Sandy and in December The cross section plots show the start position for each survey (zero distance), the dune crest and toe locations so the distance from the crest (or toe) to the shoreline zero elevation can be obtained by subtraction of the distance from the monument to the dune crest (or toe) from the X-axis numbers on the graph s horizontal axis. Mant-1 Carrigan Place Mant-1 is located at the seaward end of Carrigan Place, along the municipal beach access path between the private residential properties at #911 and #915 East Avenue. The profile reference location is a fire hydrant located along the west curb of East Avenue. The cross-section includes the road and beach access path on the landward dune toe between the oceanfront homes. The Carrigan Place site is about 500 feet south of the Bay Head Mantoloking boundary and has no groin structures for thousands of feet north into Bay Head. Hurricane Sandy sliced down the beach 6

9 access pathway reducing the dune to essentially the elevation of the berm. Sand buried the fire hydrant on the west side of East Avenue, but by the time of the survey (Nov 5 th ) the street had been excavated back to the pavement elevation with some of the sand pushed back up the pathway. More sand was added between the emergency survey on Nov 5 th, so that by December 12, 2012 a small dune dike was present and the berm had recovered in both elevation and width with the shoreline essentially at the same point occupied in Sept 2012 (1.5 feet further seaward in fact). The sand volume loss for the quarter was 5.9 yds /ft. to an elevation of feet followed by deposition seaward reducing the net loss to yds /ft. The Sandy loss to the limit of the survey was yds /ft., so nearly 20 cubic yards of material was mechanically returned to the beach or came back naturally from offshore. 7

10 1a. September 20, b. December 12, 2012 Photographs 1a to 1c all show views to the south. Photograph 1a shows the beach prior to Sandy with the wide summer berm, the sand bulldozed back up the slope following Hurricane Irene. View 1b shows the post-sandy sand berm deposited to restore some level of future storm protection. Note that the beach has recovered in width nearly to the pre-storm conditions. View 1c looks toward East Avenue from the pedestrian access pathway showing the debris still present, but the grading accomplished to clear East Avenue and environs of sand and put the majority back on the beach. 1c. December 12,

11 Sand Volume Trends at Carrigan Place, Mantoloking, NJ (Mant 1) Recovery as a result of bulldozing Followed by Sandy Sand Volume in Cu. Yds./Ft Impact of 5 Fall Northeast Storms plus Hurricane Isabel Q Q1 200 Q2 200 Q 200 Q4 200 Q Q Q 2004 Winter Seasonal Loss Followed by Summer Accretion Q Q Q Q 2005 Q Q Q Q 2006 Q Q Q Q 2007 Q Q Q Year Impact of Fall Northeast Storms Q 2008 Q Q Q Q 2009 Q Q Q Q 2010 Q Q Q Q 2011 Q Q Q Q 2012 Q Annual Sand Volume Change Beach Sand Volume Trend Poly. (Beach Sand Volume Trend) Figure 1. The quarterly sand volume trends show early impact of storms in 200 and 2006, followed by loss in was an excellent year for accumulation with the net increase at Carrigan Place of almost 80 yds /ft. maintained over 5 quarters. Both natural and dune bulldozing appear to have had an impact. Then Hurricane Sandy cut the gain by half. This location is still ahead of where it started with the 4 th quarter of 2002.

12 Mant-2 #1041 Ocean Avenue Mant-2 is located along Ocean Avenue on the municipal beach access path between the private residences at #109 and #1041 Ocean Avenue. The site location was selected because of its position approximately midway between Carrigan Place and the pre-existing New Jersey Beach Profile Network site located at #1117 Ocean Avenue and it has public accessibility. The profile starts at a reference location at a monument located midway along the access path. All the pre-sandy changes were of minor nature. The Hurricane took the dune and left a beach grading landward onto the properties behind the dune s position. The berm did not exist on December 12 th with the beach sloping steadily seaward from the toe of the remnant dune composed of re-located overwash sand hauled back from inland. The annual loss was yds /ft., but the initial loss 5 days after Sandy was yds /ft. Over 22 cubic yards of material was either hauled back to the beach or returned naturally from offshore deposits during the hurricane. 10

13 2a. September 20, b. December 12, 2012 Photographs 2a to 2c. Two views are to the north, 2c is southwest. Photograph 2a shows the dune and beach prior to Sandy when the beach had a modest width and the dunes had been bulldozed to pre-irene conditions. View 2b looks north along the ridge of sand hauled back from inland to the beach. No dune remains from that present prior to the storm. Massive structural damage occurred as waves demolished buildings. View 2c looks toward the southwest from the back shot monument that once was landward of the dune along the public access pathway. Not much escaped damage along this beach section and the dune had a 20-foot crest elevation, but the beach was very narrow and resulted in immediate dune erosion as the storm commenced. 2c. December 12,

14 Sand Volume Trends at 1041 Ocean Avenue, Mantoloking, NJ (Mant 2) Storm Loss During the Fall of 200 The Spring 2006 Gain Was Due to Significant Seasonal Accretion Impact of Fall Northeast Storms Recovery due to Bulldozing Sand Volume in Cu. Yds./Ft. Loss Due to Sandy Q Q1 200 Q2 200 Q 200 Q4 200 Q Q Q 2004 Q Q Q Q 2005 Q Q Q Q 2006 Q Q Q Q 2007 Q Q Q Q 2008 Q Q Q Q 2009 Q Q Q Q 2010 Q Q Q Q 2011 Q Q Q Q 2012 Q Year Annual Sand Volume Beach Sand Volume Trend Poly. (Beach Sand Volume Trend) Figure. Quarterly sand volume changes since 2002 show modest annual or quarterly changes until 2011 when sand accretion commenced leading to a net increase of 60 yds /ft. at the site. A loss late in 2011 was doubled by the impact of Hurricane Sandy. 12

15 Mant- #1117 Ocean Avenue The third Borough monitoring site is located on private property at #1117 Ocean Avenue. This site originally established in 1986 is part of the State of New Jersey s coastal monitoring program (NJBPN). The site was later included in the beach-monitoring program in Mantoloking because of the pre-existing data collected for the State at this location. The profile line was set along the home s dune walkover to minimize damage to the dune vegetation. Positioned nearly in the center of the municipal shoreline, this site has proven to be vulnerable to dune erosion over the years. In 1992 a more severe northeast storm almost breached this site and did cause overtopping and wave wash around the home. This site has by far, the narrowest, lowest dune in Mantoloking. This problem extends south to Herbert Street where the dunes are even lower. Irene erosion cut deeply into the dunes at Herbert Street as the September 0, 2011 annual dune walk reveled. Above is a quote from the 2011 annual dune walk report on the results from Hurricane Irene. The point is not to rub salt into the wound, but to emphasize that the restoration effort MUST incorporate a plan to augment the sand volume in the Borough s mid-section by at least 50% more than what is needed to simply replace what was lost. The immediate post-sandy loss was yds /ft. By December the loss was yds /ft. on the beach/dune system but due to sand deposited offshore the loss was reduced to yds /ft. Photograph 2d. Taken September 0, 2011 at 1201 Ocean Avenue showing the worst of the Hurricane Irene dune erosion with less than 15 feet of low dune remaining between the homes and the next severe storm. The bulldozer did what it could to replace the lost sand, but with no compaction or vegetation, Sandy erased everything in this view. 1

16 a. June 28, 2012 b. December 12, 2012 Photographs a to c. Two views are to the south, one west. Photograph a shows the situation June 28, 2012 following the post-irene bulldozing that pushed sand back to the scarp that eroded past the dune crest in August 2011 (sand-grass line). View b is a view of the crew establishing a new instrument set up position that was landward of the dune crest. The sand at this spot was hauled back from inland. View c View to the west from the beach across the dune sand placed following the storm. The homes in the distance are located on the west side of Route 5. c. December 12,

17 Sand Volume Trends, 1117 Ocean Avenue, Mantoloking, NJ (Mant ) 25 Sand Volume in Cu. Yds./Ft Q Q1 200 Q2 200 Shoreline Retreat Due to Multiple Northeast Storms and Isabel Q 200 Q4 200 Q Q Q 2004 Q Sand Input from Offshore During the Spring 2006 Q Q Q 2005 Q Q Q Q 2006 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Year Impact of Fall Northeast Storms This site recovered to pre-storm levels Q 2008 Q Q Q Q 2009 Q Q Q Q 2010 Q Q Q The Sandy Loss was Reduced by Tidal Deposition Offshore at the Inlet Annual Sand Volume Change Beach Sand Volume Trend Poly. (Beach Sand Volume Trend) Q 2011 Q Q Q Q 2012 Q Figure 5. Located in the middle of the Borough shoreline, this site has always seemed vulnerable to erosion because the dune was the narrowest of the five sites with a thin crest at 20 feet elevation. Hurricane Irene eroded landward of the crest in 2011, and the sand volume pushed back did replace the volume lost to that Hurricane. Sandy powered through the properties on the ocean and destroyed the homes behind and on either side of the profile monument. Sand was hauled back to the location. The immediate post-sandy loss was yds /ft. By December the loss was yds /ft. on the beach/dune system but due to sand deposited offshore became reduced to yds /ft.

18 Mant-4 Princeton Avenue The Mant-4 beach profile is located at the seaward end of Princeton Avenue along the municipal dune walkover. This site was selected for the beach monitoring program in the Borough due to its location approximately midway between the #1117 and #154 Ocean Avenue sites, and for its easy accessibility. Of special interest is the history of erosional problems associated with the vertical access shaft for the Ocean County Utilities Authority (OCUA) sewage discharge line, located on the seaward dune slope, adjacent to the profile line. This site had been quite stable since the 1992 northeast storm. Mantoloking installed individual geo-textile bags filled with sand around the street end and the access shaft into the municipal utility line. Hurricane Sandy completely removed the dune so that the street pavement simply ended at a continuation of that elevation out onto the dune s position, then down to the beach (Nov 5 th cross section). Vast quantities of water cascaded into the Borough at this street-end opening. Since it is down hill all the way to Barnegat Bay the flow was intense. The deposited sand had been hauled back onto the beach to form a modest replacement dune by December 12 th. 16

19 4a. September 20, b. December 12, 2012 Photographs 4a to 4c. All views are to the north or east. Photograph 4a shows the dune and beach a month prior to Sandy. Note that the beach width is narrow while the bulldozing of sand had restored the cut made by Irene in August This perspective was taken from the Instrument Position that was seaward of the MUA access shaft. View 4b shows the northern view of the oceanfront from Princeton Avenue on December 12 th. The loss of the dune was complete with all homes impacted by wave energy and resulting flooding. 4c. November 5, 2012 View 4c This view was taken Nov. 5 th just following Sandy with the bulldozer initially leveling out the beach using sand hauled back from further inland. Note the MUA access shaft that was well landward of the dune crest and actually about a foot lower than the dune summit at the top elevation of the shaft. 17

20 Sand Volume Trends at Princeton Avenue, Mantoloking, NJ (Mant 4) Sand Volume in Cu. Yds./Ft A Trend of Shoreline Advance Ended in 2005, but Spring 2006 Balanced Most of the Losses Sandy Reduced the Gain by Half Q Q1 200 Q2 200 Q 200 Q4 200 Q Q Q 2004 Q Q Q Q 2005 Q Q Q Q 2006 Q Q Q Q 2007 Q Q Q Year Retreat Continued Until 2011 Q 2008 Q Q Q Q 2009 Q Q Q Q 2010 Q Annual Sand Volume Change Beach Sand Volume Trend Poly. (Beach Sand Volume Trend) Q Q Q 2011 Q Q Q Q 2012 Q Figure 7. This site was repeatedly defended due to the presence of the MUA sewer line discharge pipeline that crosses the beach into the sea. Sand volume slowly gained over six years since 2002 only to decline nearly to the starting sand volume by late and early 2012 produced a sizable sand volume increase of 65 cubic yards of sand per foot of beachfront. Sandy reduced this gain by half. 18

21 Mant-51 #154 Ocean Avenue This monitoring site was initially located on private property between the homes at #1547 and #1549 Ocean Avenue. Because of its proximity to the border with Brick Township, this location became the final site for the Borough monitoring program. A profile line was established along the southern property line of #1547 Ocean Avenue with a reference location at the landward dune toe. During 2005, the site was moved to the public access pathway between #154 and #159 Ocean Avenue because of accessibility issues on private property at the previous site location. The shift in the line s location was 202 feet to the north. The dune system along the southern 1,500 feet of Mantoloking is the widest and highest in the municipality. Homes are set back to the natural toe of the back slope of the dune. In November 2010, the dune was 180 feet wide at the toe and 90 feet along the crest with an elevation of 2 feet NAVD 88. These dunes are among the best seen along the Northern Ocean County developed shoreline. The narrow beach seaward of the dune toe was instrumental in allowing the high storm surge elevation (11.5 feet) and the fierce waves to impact the dune toe almost immediately, and continuously throughout the storm. As a result over half the dune volume above the 10.0-foot elevation (NAVD88) was eroded away, but the dune elevation landward of the 24-foot crest elevation at the site remained above 20 feet in spit of the erosion of 50 additional feet of the dune landward of the 24-foot crest position. This sacrifice by the dune system allowed the homes to survive without any wave impact or wave-produced flooding landward into the Borough. Water did flow landward down the Albertson Ave public access pathway, but not in volumes seen to the north. Had the beach been wider, this dune would have performed in a similar fashion to those built on Long Beach Island to 22-foot elevations by the ACOE project completed in three municipalities on the island. This loss can and must be replaced because what is currently left in position is essentially identical in sand volume to the dunes before Sandy elsewhere in Mantoloking. 19

22 5a. September 20, b. December 12, 2012 Photographs 5a to 5c. All views are to the north. Photograph 5a presents the view to the north a month prior to Sandy. The post-irene bulldozing had been completed early in the summer and the conditions favored sand accretion on the beach all summer long. View 5b was taken following Hurricane Sandy in December. Note how the salt water has killed the trees left in positions close to the homes in 5a. The sand in the irregular ridges was pushed up to help reinforce the remaining dune. View 5c The December view shows the instrument set up in its original position, but now on the beach instead of on the crest of the pre-sandy dune. 5c. December 15,

23 Sand Volume Trends at 154 Access Way, Mantoloking, NJ (Mant 51) Sand Volume in Cu. Yds./Ft Q Q1 200 Q2 200 The Fall 200 Loss Was Shifted into the Winter 2004 Q 200 Q4 200 Q Q Q 2004 Q A Long Period of Decline Slowly Ended by 2010 Q Q Q 2005 Q Q Q Q 2006 Q Q Q Q 2007 Q Q Q Year Sand Loss Trends Slowly Reversed Sandy Took 70% of the Gain Q 2008 Q Q Q Q 2009 Q Q Q Q 2010 Q Q Q Q 2011 Q Q Q Annual Sand Volume Change Beach Sand Volume Trend Poly. (Beach Sand Volume Trend) Q 2012 Q Figure 8. The highest and widest dune system in Mantoloking suffered a sand volume loss trend from 2004 to The volume of sand in the system surveyed followed the pattern elsewhere in the Borough by improving by 50 cubic yards of sand per foot of beachfront between 2010 and the rd quarter of Hurricane Sandy cut severely into this gain taking 70% of it either further offshore or more likely, south into Brick Township.

24 Summary of the 2012 Dune Walk: The 2012 Mantoloking Dune Walk and oceanfront property review took place October 5, 2012 with Mayor George Nebel, Mr. Frank Bruton, Dr. Stewart Farrell and Mr. Robert Mainberger participating. It was apparent that the post-irene restoration of dune erosion using the municipal procedure and equipment had been as beneficial as possible. This time a flatter seaward dune slope had been achieved reducing the slope from 5:1 to about 7:1 down to the berm. One result was the individual owners elected not to replace the elevated stair sets from the dune crest down to the beach. Many just fenced off a pathway or rolled out the flexible walks made of roped-together boards. Some fencing had been done, but far less than usual due to time constraints. No planting had been completed because the sand had been pushed into place during May and June of The sand in the restored dune was far from compact, not stabilized by plants and readily mobilized by Sandy s intensity. Not that a long-established, well-vegetated dune would have survived intact, but the rate of erosion was effectively higher due to the very recent sand placement. Conclusions: A strong summer accretional pattern produced enhanced deposition on the beach by late October unchallenged in 2012 by any storm since the October 29, 2011 northeaster. Sandy was exactly one year later. The biggest contributor to the rate of erosion and subsequent dune failure was the narrow beach that lacked any capability to cause the waves to break at a distance from the seaward edge of the dunes and to lose energy crossing the beach to reach the dune toe. This process was documented where the wider beach associated with the Federal shore protection projects did force wave breaking up to 250 feet further seaward yielding a much lower rate of dune erosion limited to the most intense interval within Hurricane Sandy (Sunday evening s high tide peak of the storm surge). The example given is the massive loss to the dunes south of Albertson Avenue (9.90 cubic yard sand volume for MANT-51) in spite of containing 40% MORE sand than in the ACOE design dune (57.12 cubic yards for the design dune) above the 6.75-foot elevation assigned to the beach berm. The survival of lower volume dunes in Monmouth County also extends this belief that a wider beach is absolutely essential to storm protection along with a properly designed dune with a decent elevation of its crest. The past two years of reporting, especially following Hurricane Irene, underlined the weakness in the mid-beach dune system as illustrated in the photograph of 1201 Ocean Avenue a month after Irene. Between the Mant- site and Herbert Street, the beach is narrow and the dunes are low and quite narrow as well. The homes are frequently entrenched well into the landward slope of the dunes making the situation one where if the dune crest is compromised in any serious way, property damage is inevitable. This would have been fact had a subsequent hurricane made close passage by New Jersey in September This paragraph from the 2011 report bears repeating since this is now the most likely time in recent history to get the wider beach necessary on which to have the dunes restored to provide a badly needed increase in storm protection for the Borough of Mantoloking. A 5 to 60-foot wide dry beach is no match for an intense storm. Mantoloking s luck ran out October 29, 2012 with the existing situation. Another storm exactly like Sandy is unlikely simply because Sandy was a meteorological sum of three separate functions the absence of any one of which would have meant the world of difference to the Borough residents. Hurricane Sandy was a mediocre hurricane that should have gone out to sea south of Cape 22

25 Hattaras. The cold front merged with the storm to make it more expansive and intense, but without the blocking high pressure near Greenland in the north Atlantic, the combination would have gone northeast away from New Jersey instead of turning left and moving directly inland across the coastline. The low probability of a recurrence of the conditions that made up Sandy does not mean that a normal category 2+ hurricane could not occur or that a re-constitution of the conditions that lead to the 1962 northeast storm could not occur in the next storm season or in the next 10 years. The US Army s Shore Protection project for Northern Ocean County is no closer today than it was in 2006 when the Borough mounted a full-court press on the oceanfront owners to obtain universal signing of the required easement to allow the project s construction on the ocean-side part of their individual properties. The CRC is not in position to pressure any of the array of political players to improve the prospect for the Federal project, but we do know that there has been no change in the easement requirements or the guarantee that 100% of the private owners will sign these documents in Ocean County. New Jersey s governor has made it clear that he now is a strong supporter of dunes and while this is a welcome change, the size and effectiveness of a new dune system depends on the width of the beach on which they are built. Any at present, the only local beach where that is true is found in private hands at the Manasquan Inlet jetty in Point Pleasant Beach. In fact no dune at all was present, so water just rolled into the Borough across the flooded beach. The CRC has presented data on a smaller scale project done in sections that would ultimately improve the situation, but even this modest project needs multiple community support as well as extensive permitting from both the State and Federal agencies as well as the money to move forward. This is the time to push for at least this level of work. Interest is focused on restoration, the public is more eager for this protection, and the government is willing and recently funded by Congress to undertake the work necessary. 2

26 0 Borough of Mantoloking - Quarterly Comparison Mant - 1 Carrigan Place Elevation, Feet (NAVD 88) Figure 2 - At Carrigan Avenue there was total dune failure, with extensive overwash during Hurricane Sandy. The shoreline retreated 28 feet while yds /ft. of sand was lost from the dune and berm. Following the storm an emergency berm was erected to prevent further damage, and sand from offshore moved back onto the dry beach via cross-shore transport. As a result of these two additions the site gained 1.7 yds /ft. of sand on the dry beach. Sand was moved to the nearshore slope as a result of the storm, yds /ft. of sand was deposited there. Line Survey Date Dec Mar Jun Sep Nov Dec 12-0 The annual comparison resulted in a shoreline retreat of 1 feet and a loss of 4.88 yds /ft. in sand volume Distance, Feet 800

27 0 Borough of Mantoloking - Quarterly Comparison Mant Ocean Avenue Line Survey Date Elevation, Feet (NAVD 88) Figure - At 1041 Ocean Avenue there was total dune failure and overwash into the Borough resulting from Hurricane Sandy. The shoreline retreated 7 feet while yds /ft. of sand were lost from the dune and berm. Following the storm an emergency berm was erected to prevent further damage which added 8.86 yds /ft. of sand to the dry beach. A significant amount of sand was moved to the nearshore slope as a result of the storm, the 18.8 yds /ft. deposited there was the result of cross-shore transport Dec Mar Jun Sep Nov Dec 12-0 The annual comparison resulted in a shoreline retreat of 40 feet and a loss of yds /ft. in sand volume Distance, Feet

28 0 Borough of Mantoloking - Quarterly Comparison Mant Ocean Avenue Elevation, Feet (NAVD 88) Figure 4 - At 1117 Ocean Avenue there was total dune failure, overwash, and the formation of a new inlet as a result of Hurricane Sandy. The shoreline retreated 85 feet while yds /ft. of sand was lost from the dune and berm. Following the storm the inlet was closed with fill material, and an emergency berm was erected to prevent further damage which added yds /ft. of sand. A significant amount of sand was moved to the nearshore slope as a result of the storm and the formation of the inlet; the yds /ft. deposited there was the result of cross-shore transport. Line Survey Date Dec Mar Jun Sep Nov Dec 12 The annual comparison resulted in a shoreline retreat of 20 feet and a loss of 8.74 yds /ft. in sand volume Distance, Feet

29 0 Borough of Mantoloking - Quarterly Comparison Mant - 4 Princeton Avenue Elevation, Feet (NAVD 88) Figure 5 - At Princeton Avenue there was total dune failure, and overwash inland from Hurricane Sandy. The shoreline retreated 16 feet while yds /ft. of sand was lost from the dune and berm. Following the storm an emergency berm was erected to prevent further damage, which added yds /ft. of sand to the dry beach. A significant amount of sand was moved to the nearshore slope as a result of the storm, the yds /ft. deposited there was the result of cross-shore transport. Line Survey Date Dec Mar Jun Sep Nov Dec 12 The annual comparison resulted in a shoreline retreat of 29 feet and a loss of 2.51 yds /ft. in sand volume Distance, Feet

30 0 Borough of Mantoloking - Quarterly Comparison Mant Ocean Avenue Elevation, Feet (NAVD 88) Figure 6 - At 154 Ocean Avenue the shoreline retreated by 2 feet, and there was a net loss in sand volume of yds /ft. to the berm and dune as a result of the damages from Hurricane Sandy. The changes here at the southern most location in Mantoloking are major, however, since the dune withstood the storm, the outcome was far better. The primary dune remained intact here; albeit lower and narrower. A significant amount of sand (14.08 yds /ft.) was deposited at the nearshore slope as a result of Sandy. Line Survey Date Dec Mar Jun Sep Nov Dec 12-0 The annual comparison resulted in a shoreline retreat of 17 feet and a loss of 2.88 yds /ft. in sand volume Distance, Feet

31 29

32 0

33 1

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35

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