PREPARED FOR: THE BOROUGH OF AVALON 3100 DUNE DRIVE AVALON, NJ 08202

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1 FINAL REPORT FOR 2012 ON THE CONDITION OF THE MUNICIPAL OCEANFRONT BEACHES FOLLOWING HURRICANE SANDY IN THE BOROUGH OF AVALON, CAPE MAY COUNTY, NEW JERSEY View from 78 th Street to the north immediately following Hurricane Sandy where the seaward dune slope eroded exposing the row of cedar posts now showing on the beach. Dune erosion amounted to a retreat of 44 feet on the average. Photo taken October 31, PREPARED FOR: THE BOROUGH OF AVALON 3100 DUNE DRIVE AVALON, NJ PREPARED BY: THE RICHARD STOCKTON COASTAL RESEARCH CENTER 30 WILSON AVENUE PORT REPUBLIC, NEW JERSEY FEBRUARY 2013

2 Table of Contents Introduction 1 Impact from Hurricane Sandy 1 Monitoring Program 2 Oceanfront Beach Surveys 2 Table 1: Quarterly Oceanfront Beach Profiles Volume Changes, Individual Oceanfront Site Reviews-- 9 th to 78 th Streets 3 Photographs 1a, b, c to 10a, b, c for Each of 10 Oceanfront Profile Sites 5-41 Figures 1 to 19 Cross Sections of each of 10 Oceanfront Profile Sites 6-42 Figures 2 to 20 Trend Graphs for Sand Volume Changes 7-43 Summary of Avalon s Oceanfront Beaches 44 Sand Back-Passing Project 44 Figures 21 to 28 Digital Sand Volume Change Maps for the Back-Pass Source & Placement Areas on the Avalon Shoreline Over 4 Time Intervals Recommendations 50 Typical Beach Profile 52 Glossary of Coastal Terms 53 i

3 ANNUAL REPORT FOR TO THE BOROUGH OF AVALON ON THE CONDITION OF THE MUNICIPAL BEACHES with a REVIEW OF HURRICANE SANDY Introduction: The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey Coastal Research Center (CRC) was tasked with a review of the municipal oceanfront shoreline within the Borough of Avalon over the past year. This annual report presents a discussion of the changes to the beach sand volume, shoreline positions and the impact of Hurricane Sandy on the Borough oceanfront. The recently completed US Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE) emergency maintenance project based on beach erosion suffered during the winter of 2009 to 2010 made a significant difference in the impact of Hurricane Sandy on the Avalon beachfront. From April 30 to May 24, Great Lakes Dredge & Dock placed an additional 450,000 cubic yards (cy) of sand on the Avalon beaches between 8 th Street and 31 st Street. This sand was in place to face Hurricane Irene August 30, Another northeast storm had additional impact on October 29, 2011, but left the majority of the deposited sand in place. A second sand backpassing project was completed March 5, 2012 that recycled 63,956 cy of sand from the middle of the island back north. There were no storm events of any importance between the October northeaster and the arrival of Hurricane Sandy exactly a year later. Impact from Hurricane Sandy: Hurricane Sandy made landfall near Atlantic City about 8 p.m. ET on October 29, 2012, as "Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy. Sandy was the second named storm to have struck New Jersey in less than two years following Irene which made landfall in August Sandy followed a rather unusual path for Hurricanes forming in late October. The storm encountered an upper-level low over the eastern United States and was blocked to the northeast by a high pressure ridge over Atlantic Canada, which served to turn it to the northwest. The high pressure system acted like a wall, preventing Sandy/cold front from pushing northeastward generating the rapid, devastating westward turn straight into New Jersey. Sandy merged with the cold front over the eastern US to become a hybrid cyclone over the Mid-Atlantic and northeast. A dip in the jet stream and the cold front combined to direct and intensify Sandy into Superstorm Sandy at landfall on the Jersey coast. The storm arrived near high tide on a full moon that made matters worse. The point of landfall made a huge difference to the Cape May and Atlantic County beaches because the shoreline south of the point of landfall saw a reversal of the wind direction about 8 PM meaning the second high tide was blunted by southwest winds not a continuation of high velocity northeast winds that crushed Ocean and Monmouth County beaches. Post-storm measurement of wave run-up on the dunes in Avalon showed levels at or near 14.5 feet NAVD88 elevations. This produced two observed locations of minor overwash at 18 th and 9 th Streets. Dune elevations were approximately 13 to 14 feet at both sites and water washed over and down the landward side. However, the vegetation held the crest together so down-cutting and breaching did not occur. In Long Branch in Monmouth County similar measurements yielded wave run-up elevations of 24.5 feet with consequentially far higher levels of storm damage. For the record, the CRC observed and dealt with greater levels of storm damage from waves due to the northeast storm of December Avalon lost two homes and saw the entire Townsend s Inlet shoreline properties extensively flooded and beaten by strong waves. This problem was addressed since with a multi- 1

4 million dollar improvement to the seawall defending this shoreline. Sandy did impact some of the homes, but at a far lower level of intensity. Beach erosion varied along the oceanfront shoreline with the largest volume losses appearing at the profiles south of 58 th Street to the Stone Harbor border. The vast dune field fronting 35 th to 58 th Streets acted as a big sponge absorbing both the water, wave energy and the sand transported landward within the multiple ridges of foredunes present at the landward limit of the bare sand. All beaches became lower in elevation, with a very flat, low gradient slope seaward. Bars were already forming offshore on October 31 st when the CRC visited the coastline to survey post-sandy damages. Long profiles were completed between November 30 and December 3, 2012 as the final survey for Monitoring Program: The CRC monitored the ten oceanfront cross sections four times in These surveying activities continue a monitoring program dating back to Monitoring provides details on sediment movement along the Borough s Atlantic shoreline and surveying has continued through several multiple- restoration projects. The ACOE restored the ocean beaches in 2002, with the Borough and State providing additional sand hydraulically pumped onto the beach in 2006 and Trucks were used under contract to haul in quarry sand in 2007 and 2009 to restore recreational access between 10 th and 17 th Streets. Trucks were utilized again in 2010 to restore the dune in the 4-block section between 17 th and 21 st Streets followed by the 643,000 cy sand pumping in June of In 2011, a federal maintenance beach replenishment project placed 450,000 cy of sand on northern beaches. A back-passing program was implemented as a pilot project in 2006 to recycle 58,000 cy of sand hauled to the northern shoreline from surplus material obtained between 31 st and 70 th Streets. This was repeated again in 2012 under US Army Corps authorization when 63,956 cubic yards of sand were hauled from the same source beaches to the zone between 12 th and 21 st Streets. The following is a list of quarterly studies included in this report and the dates of the surveys: Oceanfront Beach Surveys: Survey 115 December 9, 2011 Survey 116 March 19 & 20, 2012 Survey 117 June 26 & 27, 2012 Survey 118 September 24 & 25, 2012 Survey 120 December 9 & 12, 2012 Survey 119 A special Post-Sandy survey October 31, 2012 Done to wader depth for very rapid data collection on all of 7-Mile Island Oceanfront beaches were surveyed quarterly to depict both seasonal and annual changes. The observations show trends in both shoreline position and volume that occurred in Table 1 shows trends in sand volume by quarter. Recovery actually dominated the winter quarter after the October 29, 2011 northeast storm. Later weather patterns produced a quarterly net sand volume loss in the 2 nd quarterly review, but the summer produced a decent gain from offshore sand supplies. The 4 th quarter survey covers the impact of Hurricane Sandy with heavy losses at some sites, but minimal loss in the mid-section and a positive number for 17 th Street. Big losses from 58 th to Stone Harbor produced the lion s share of the quarter s 440,021 cubic yard sand volume loss. This is likely due to the wave approach direction that allowed the 8 th Street Townsend s Inlet jetty to shelter the usual erosional hot spot at 12 th Street and propel sand south toward the offshore region near 17 th Street. Other evidence is found in the erosional scour produced in the beach on the Avalon side of the 8 th Street jetty where storm waves broke on the jetty and crashed down on the beach scouring it to the water level along where the jetty rests against the dry beach. This erosion did not severely 2

5 impact the 9 th Street profile site just 500 feet south of the jetty. The island curves westward in the midsection allowing the waves to move material toward that zone. South of 58 th Street the curve comes back seaward allowing waves to directly impact the beach and run up to the dunes. Table Oceanfront Beach Profile Quarterly Sand Volume Changes Profile Winter Spring Summer Fall Number 12/11-3/12 3/12-6/12 6/12-9/12 9/12-11/12 (yds 3 /ft) (yds 3 /ft) (yds 3 /ft) (yds 3 /ft) 8th Street Jetty AV AV AV AV AV AV AV AV AV AV Quarterly Volume Change (yds 3 ) = 25,982-10, , ,021 Individual Site Review: This section describes the changes documented at each of the cross section locations. In general, for 2012, the summer season was one of significant sand accumulation recovering all the losses suffered from Irene in The beach from which the back-passed sand was taken also recovered the volume removed. Losses to the engineered beach were surprisingly minor considering the intensity of Sandy. As said previously, the angle of wave approach may have held the determining factor in this result. AV-9 - Ninth Street Onshore regions of the 9 th Street cross section were completely stable including the September cross section. Variations occurred offshore in the elevation of the bar system. The beach/dune system was virtually unchanged over that time interval. Sandy cut into the berm nearly to the toe of the dunes. Sand was 3

6 transported offshore making the late November cross section of the seafloor the highest in final elevation of the set shown in Figure 1. Four feet vertically was deposited 1,200 feet from the reference location and 800 feet from the water s edge. There was no accumulation on the beach between the immediate post-sandy cross section on October 31 st and the quarterly survey done a month later. This would indicate a trend of sand transport to the south with little movement toward the shoreline from the ocean floor. 4

7 1a. September 25, b. October 31, 2012 Photographs 1a to 1c. 9 th Street view to the north. Photograph 1a shows the beach and inlet jetty a month prior to Sandy. The sand is dry to the jetty and the dune toe and fence is present. View 1b is the same view toward the inlet jetty was taken two days following the storm. There is a water-filled trough carved out of the sand along the jetty where huge waves crashed down on the beach because the wind direction was nearly directly at the camera perspective. View 1c By December the beach was quite narrow and low in elevation, but nearly the same to the water s edge as surveyed in late October (1b). 1c. November 30,

8 Figure 1. Six cross sections at 9 th Street show the beach very stable by September 2012, then the striking impact of Hurricane Sandy took dune toe and berm sand and added material offshore with little change between October and November 2012 surveys. 6

9 Volume in Cu. Yds./Ft Beach Sand Volume Trends at 9 th Street, Avalon, NJ *also NJBPN Site #216 The ACOE project was completed by early 2002 creating shoreline advances of between 250 and 325 feet Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Loss rates slowed down by 2005 and sand was placed just south of the site in early 2007 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Site is Sheltered from Storms by the Jetty Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Sand Moves North After A Fill Sandy did not Impact this Site due to Jetty Sheltering Annual Sand Volume Change Beach Sand Volume Trend Poly. (Beach Sand Volume Trend) Year Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Figure 2. The sand volume trend at the 9 th Street site was one of steady loss until Since the start point was immediately following the ACOE s shore protection project, the loss was within the scope of that design for the fill. Subsequent projects have augmented the volume with the 2011 work showing the most accumulation. Sandy s influence on sand quantity was fairly minimal. 7

10 AV-12 - Twelfth Street Since placement of the engineered beach project in 1987, the 12th Street cross section has experienced repeated episodes of erosion of the berm with extensive shoreline retreat. Changes during 2012 prior to Sandy were quite constructive given the site s history. Sand volume changes comprised gains in the winter (12.63 yds 3 /ft.), a loss during the spring ( yds 3 /ft.), and a small gain during the summer (0.39 yds 3 /ft.). Hurricane Sandy took yds 3 /ft. from the berm and seaward dune toe. Sand had been deposited in a classic bar just offshore by the late November 2012 profile survey. Compared to losses reported during the winter of 2009 to 2010, this loss was relatively minor in nature. The bar s sand volume is considerably less than the loss volume on the beach and in the toe of the dune, but continued recovery in the absence of more traditional storms is expected. The trend in sand volume is self-explanatory with the loss only reversed by subsequent beach nourishment efforts. The 2011 Federal effort will be matched by a similar project this coming winter and spring when the dredge returns. 8

11 2a. September 24, b. October 31, 2012 Photographs 2a to 2c. 12 th Street Views to the south. Photograph 2a shows the beach south of the pedestrian entry a month prior to Hurricane Sandy. The beach width had remained at the width generated in 2011 by the most recent fill with a new foredune developing around fencing south of the site. View 2b taken immediately following Sandy looking south along the same perspective. The incipient foredune is gone, the fence posts remain with the sand pushed up the slope into the older dune grass. No overwash occurred but the beach width is clearly much narrower. The dune was intact and the rock revetment remained buried. View 2c shows that by the end of November the beach was a little wider, but the dune was unchanged except for the removal of the sand fence posts. 2c. November 30,

12 Figure 3. The 2011 beach project remained remarkably stable. Hurricane Sandy carved into the beach to the dune toe with sand deposited offshore as a significant bar, which became organized by late November about to move onto the beach. 10

13 Beach Sand Volume Trends at 12 th Street, Avalon, NJ (AV 12) The addition of quarry sand to the northern shoreline in 2007 produced the only net seasonal gain in 8 quarters 2010 Fill Produced a 190 cy increase. More sand in 2011 also made an Additional Improvement. Volume in Cu. Yds./Ft Direct Placement Improved things in 2008 Truck-in then Loss in The rate of loss increased dramatically in 2005 as the shoreline pulled back toward the rocks Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Annual Beach Volume Change Beach Sand Volume Trend Poly. (Beach Sand Volume Trend) Year Hurricane Sandy Caused Minor Loss Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Figure 4. The 2002 Federal beach volume is the start point on this trend graph. Following 2002, the trend was continuously negative generating a maximum decline of 400 cubic yards of sand per foot of shoreline. Sand placement up to 2011 on a regular basis did return the 4 th Quarter 2012 loss total to 300 yds 3 /ft. Hurricane Sandy s impact was similar to the loss rate seen during Q-2 of

14 AV-17 - Seventeenth Street Normally 17 th Street beach performs better than the 12 th Street site. It is located about 50 feet further landward along the rock revetment which has its seaward-most point at the 12 th Street location. The rock revetment ends at the cross section location. Rocks were totally exposed in 1987 prior to the initial beach restoration effort. The erosion south of the rock revetment reached to the supports for the front porch of the home located on the south side of 17 th Street. The last time the rocks at 17 th Street were seen at the surface was in the spring of 2010 following multiple northeast storms that winter. The dune was rebuilt and the beach restored. The pre-sandy performance in 2012 was one of minor losses following a small gain during the first quarter (Q-1) (7.82 yds 3 /ft.). Both spring and summer quarters saw negative sand volume changes ( yds 3 /ft., and yds 3 /ft.) The big surprise was that following Hurricane Sandy, this site was the only one of the 10 locations where by the end of November the profile cross section had actually gained sand volume (1.00 yds 3 /ft.). This was likely due to low levels of damage to the beach and dune combined with two offshore bars that formed, one at the water s edge and the other well offshore. The wave approach may have moved sand directly to this location as a result of intense direct impact of breaking waves at the end of the 8 th Street jetty and adjacent offshore regions. Other work was focused on the discovery of lower than desired dunes at 18 th Street where a crest elevation of just less than 14 feet NAVD88 was minimally sufficient to protect the properties landward of this segment from serious breaching and wave-induced damages. The CRC conducted a detailed survey of the affected area and reported the results to the Borough engineer so the site could be remediated during the up-coming nourishment effort. It was suggested to raise the low-lying dune crest segment to 18.0 feet NAVD88 elevations to match the adjoining dune crest elevation. 12

15 3a. September 24, b. October 31, 2012 Photographs 3a to 3c. 17 th Street, view to the south. Photograph 3a was taken Sept. 24, 2012 during the 3 rd quarter s survey. The fencing had been installed to promote the growth of a foredune. The material in the foreground was beach raking debris left to establish a dune core on the northeast side of the access path. Note the beach width just before Sandy. View 3b represents the scene immediately following Sandy. The foredune fencing is gone, there is a scarp cut into the seaward slope of the primary dune (upper right above the split-rail fence). Overwash occurred in the mid-section of this scarp between 18 th and 19 th Streets. 3c. November 30, 2012 View 3c was taken late in November at the 4 th quarter survey date. The scarp had been blended over, but the dune crest still shows the damage to grass produced by a near-breaching at this low spot. 13

16 Figure 5. The berm was removed by Sandy with a pair of bars generated offshore. The transport back to the beach was underway as shown by the November 2012 cross section. 14

17 Beach Sand Volume Trends at 17 th Street, Avalon, NJ (AV 17) Volume in Cu. Yds./Ft Post-fill loss commenced immediately, but followed a linear trend to 2007 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q In 2007 mainland quarry sand was added Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Sand was added by dredge in 2008 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Fill Added 153 cy/ft to the beach, followed by more in 2011 Annual Beach Volume Change Beach Sand Volume Year Trend Poly. (Beach Sand Volume Trend) Sandy Produced no Net Loss Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Figure 6. The post-2002 Federal project beach lost sand volume until 2007 when material was re-introduced. Subsequent sand nourishment has brought the sand volume up from the maximum loss of 450 yds 3 /ft. to a point where the deficit compared to 2002 is yds 3 /ft. Hurricane Sandy had an impact on the beach s volume, but the net change was yds 3 /ft. a month following the event. 15

18 AV-23 - Twenty Third Street The 23 rd Street cross section is located seaward of the Avalon boardwalk. This location once had low tide flowing under this boardwalk in April 1987 just prior to the initial beach restoration effort. The dunes were augmented in elevation and width by the 2002 Federal project with municipal effort expended in fencing and adding naturally deposited sand to the foredune slope. The December 2011 cross section showed a narrow beach that accumulated sand by March 2012 that was maintained until September 2012 with quarterly sand volume changes of yds 3 /ft. in Q-1, yds 3 /ft. in Q-2, and yds 3 /ft. in Q-3. The berm developed and sand was added offshore as well. The impact of Hurricane Sandy was a loss in the seaward dune slope, and erosion of the berm and beach with the creation of a large bar offshore. The dune losses were relatively minor ( yds 3 /ft.) and will be replaced during the up-coming beach project. There has never been a repetition of the 1987 erosional threat at this location where the waves at low tide were washing under the boardwalk onto private property west of that structure. 16

19 4a. September 24, b. October 31, 2012 Photographs 4a to 4c. 23 rd Street, views to the south. Photograph 4a shows the beach at the toe of the dunes in late September. The beach width and berm elevation was at the annual maximum. View 4b followed Hurricane Sandy where the dunes were eroded back to the row of fencing that shows at the sky-line in photograph 1a. About 23 feet of dune loss occurred. View 4c shows little gain to the beach, no change to the dune scarp by late November. 4c. November 30,

20 Figure 7. The 23 rd Street site saw initial recovery to a wide dry beach by the September survey, but loss from Sandy took the berm and cut into the seaward dune toe. A pair of offshore bars appeared in the 5 weeks since the storm, but little recovery sand has appeared on the beach. 18

21 150 Beach Volume Trends at 23 rd Street, Avalon, NJ (AV 23) *also NJBPN Site # Volume in Cu. Yds./Ft The addition of sand to the northern beaches slowed the sand volume loss Sand was added and caused a 81 cy volume increase Twenty-third Street sits at the transition point between serious erosion and beach stability Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q storms renewed retreat Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q More fill in 2011 was followed by retreat. Sandy loss Modest Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Annual Beach Sand Volume Beach Sand Volume Year Trend Poly. (Beach Sand Volume Trend) Q Q Figure rd Street shows the post-2002 Federal project decline in beach sand volume, but to a lower degree (-230 yds 3 /ft.) not counting the additional losses by Sand added in 2010 and 2011 brought the volume up to -108 yds 3 /ft. followed by 4 of 6 quarters were loss continued. This site is 172 yds 3 /ft. in deficit compared to the 2002 initial Federal project. 19

22 AV-28 - Twenty Eighth Street The 28 th Street location is situated along the barrier island where the shoreline curves slightly to the west altering the angle at which the northeast waves strike the beach and resulting in a lower impact from the erosion that plagues the beaches to the north. This location was near the taper section of the 2002 engineered beach project but has often received sand that dispersed to the site through end losses from the beach fill zone when it stopped further north. This site was included in the taper section of the 2011 federal maintenance beach replenishment project. As a result, the shoreline advanced seaward and gained cy/ft of sand across the profile. The winter quarter of 2012 produced berm erosion leaving a flat, seaward sloping beach that accumulated sand during the spring and summer quarters to have a decent sized berm as sand moved landward. The quarterly beach volume changes were yds 3 /ft. in Q-1, yds 3 /ft. in Q-2, and 5.41 yds 3 /ft. in Q-4 surveyed a month prior to Hurricane Sandy. Hurricane Sandy reached the seaward toe of the dunes at 28 th Street, flattened the beach and dragged material offshore where a large bar had developed by late November The late November beach was a little higher than the immediate post-sandy profile all part of the evidence that this location begins the accretional zone along the Avalon shoreline. The beach/dune erosion due to Sandy was 9.33 yds 3 /ft. as measured with the 4 th quarter survey. 20

23 5a. September 24, b. October 31, 2012 Photographs 5a to 5c. 28 th Street, views to the south. Photograph 5a shows the dune and beach a month prior to Hurricane Sandy. The beach width followed a summer of berm accretion. View 5b immediately following Hurricane Sandy shows just how flat the storm made the beach leading up to a scarp cut into the dunes. The foredune ridge forming around fencing placed following the recent beach restoration work was taken, but little serious damage done. View 5c shows that by late November 2012 the beach was a little higher, no change had occurred to the dune s seaward slope to modify the hurricane damage. 5c. November 30,

24 Figure 9. The 28 th Street profile had developed a wider and higher berm by the summer s end, but Sandy leveled the beach to the toe of the dunes. A pair of offshore bars has formed since, showing that sand offshore is moving landward. 22

25 Beach Sand Volume Trends at 28 th Street, Avalon, NJ (AV 28) 100 Volume in Cu. Yds./Ft th Street is within the accretional zone on the Avalon shoreline, but still received direct fill during Sand moved to 28thStreet after the fill in 2011 with minor loss from Sandy Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q This site has had a long history of slow sand volume gain since 1981 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Storm losses in 2009 Q Q Q Q Q Annual Beach Volume Change Beach Sand Volume Trend Poly. (Beach Sand Volume Trend) Year Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Figure th Street is the first cross section to show a positive sand volume trend following the 2002 Federal project completion. Initial losses were reversed by Q-2 of 2005 followed by a long interval of oscillation around the zero change point. The series of storm loses that started in the fall of 2009 was reversed strongly by the 2011 beach nourishment effort. The loss due to Sandy was quite modest and this location completed the decade with a 64 yds 3 /ft. sand volume surplus. 23

26 AV-35 - Thirty Fifth Street The northern five sites were established in 1981 and following the 1992 northeast storm additional cross section locations were added from 35 th Street to 78 th Street. The original reference position was the last utility pole on 35 th Street, now 500 feet west of the current site used to conduct the survey. Sand naturally accreted to this section of the Borough s oceanfront from the movement of sand that was placed on the beaches to the north starting in Multiple iterations leading to the 2002 Federal project have produced a large volume of added accretion. This northern high-dune location is sensitive to the influx of sand derived immediately following significant beach nourishment. The 2012 quarterly sand volume additions started with a loss of 8.68 yds 3 /ft. in Q-1, followed by a yds 3 /ft. added in Q-2, then a 4.80 yds 3 /ft. sand volume added during Q-3. The net gain through September was reversed by Hurricane Sandy where the Q-4 result was a loss of 7.35 yds 3 /ft. Sandy cut a scarp in the developing foredune migrating out onto the beach and generated a broad, flat very low gradient beach seaward. In the month following the storm, a series of sand bars developed adding a volume well out to sea at the end of the survey that should migrate landward and produce a complete recovery in the amount of sand found here. 24

27 6a. September 26, b. October 31, c. December 3, 2012 Photographs 6a to 6c. 35 th Street, views to the north. Photograph 6a shows the beach and dune edge in late September following an accretional six months. View 6b followed the impact of Hurricane Sandy. The broad, flat beach was generated as large waves came up into the dunes, cut a minor scarp on the seaward edge of the foredune and washed inland among the multiple low ridges built over the past 20 years. View 6c was taken in December 2012 a month following the storm showing the bar migrating onto the beach. Little change has occurred at the dune scarp other than slumping of the dried out sand. 25

28 Figure 11. The 35 th Street site saw a summer berm exceeding five feet in height. The storm reduced the entire beach to a gently seaward sloping planar surface. A huge bar developed offshore and if it moves landward, will supply a large volume of sand to the beach. 26

29 110 Beach Volume Trends at 35 th Street, Avalon, NJ (AV 35) *also NJBPN Site #115 Volume in Cu. Yds./Ft Sand flowed to this site immediately following the ACOE fill, then tapered off Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q The situation became very quiet between 2005 and 2007, then resumed an advance, perhaps due to beach fills in '06 & '08 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q The Fall 2009 storm loss was recovered by 2011 Annual Beach Volume Change Beach Sand Volume Year Trend Poly. (Beach Sand Volume Trend) Sandy Loss was Minimal Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Figure 12. Between 28 th and 35 th Streets the general trend becomes positive over the entire decade, jumping ahead following the two projects in 2010 and No beach nourishment has ever been done south of the pier that shows in the pictures above located at 31 st Street. All the accumulation of sand has been produced by southerly littoral transport of sand from the north. Since 2002 the sand volume has increased (including Hurricane Sandy) by 94 yds 3 /ft. The surplus minimum (+13 yds 3 /ft.) occurred in 2010 following the March northeaster, last in a series of storms that winter so 80 cubic yards for every foot of beachfront has arrived in the past 2 years. 27

30 AV-44 - Forty Fourth Street Located in the heart of the famous Avalon High Dune Area that is comprised of just over 100 acres of the finest coastal dunes along the New Jersey shoreline, this site has gained sand over the decade since the Federal beach restoration in spite of being as far distant from actual sand placement either to the north in Avalon or to the south starting at 70 th Street and reaching the terminal jetty at 123 rd Street in Stone Harbor. The 2012 quarterly review shows that the Q-1 survey showed a 2.99 yds 3 /ft. loss followed by a yds 3 /ft. gain during Q-2, and 4.80 yds 3 /ft. during Q-3. The impact of Hurricane Sandy was a 2.70 yds 3 /ft. net loss in sand volume that was the second least along the Avalon coast. This site has a 1,000-foot wide zone of dunes between the 50-foot elevation primary dune back near Dune Drive that is populated by multiple ridges of lower elevation because they accumulated quickly over the past several decades as the beach accreted seaward. Sandy s waves washed inland among these ridges where sand transported from the beach was deposited as a fan into the interior. The more recent cross section shows this deposit landward of the foredune ridge. The seaward edge of the foredune was removed and became part of this deposit. The beach berm was graded flat and sand was moved seaward as well. 28

31 7a. March 17, b. August 29, 2011 Photographs 7a to 7c. 44 th Street, views to the north. Photograph 7a is a view northeast across the foredune area looking over the wide beach at this location. View 7b is the view following Hurricane Sandy, but from a point several hundred feet inland along a channel cut following extensive tidal surge flooding of the dune interior in this area. The post-storm ebb-tidal flow carved this small channel where the residual water was still draining 36 hours after the surge. View 7c shows conditions in December 2012 with the same view as the pre-storm shot above. The grass at the seaward edge of the foredune was abused by the storm surge, but waves entered this region as large white-water rushes of energy that the grass simply dissipated and allowed the suspended beach sand to deposit. 7c. December 12,

32 Figure 13. Hurricane Sandy deposited about 6.0 yds 3 /ft. in the dunes all derived from the upper dry beach. The storm leveled the berm and produced a broad, flat surface where the summer berm had been. 30

33 Beach Sand Volume Trends at 44 th Street, Avalon, NJ (AV 44) losses reduced the sand volume, but slow gains resumed Volume in Cu. Yds./Ft Q Q Q No fill sand has ever been placed this far south on the island. Dunes grow wider as the shoreline advances Q Q Q Q Q Q The trend line shows a sand volume increase of about 42 cy/ft by 2008 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Sandy caused Minor Losses Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Annual Shoreline Position Beach Sand Volume Year Trend Poly. (Beach Sand Volume Trend) Figure 14. In the central zone of sand accretion the trend is unmistakable where sand steadily accumulates punctuated by occasional bouts of erosion. Since 2002 this site has gained 110 yds 3 /ft. in new sand in spite of two episodes of mechanical harvesting and backpassing to the erosional north beaches. In ,000 cubic yards and in ,956 cubic yards were removed. A tiny reduction in sand quantity occurred during the two quarters when harvesting occurred. The 2009 storm series had a far bigger impact. Agency regulations did not allow actual sand harvesting at this location due to potential disturbance to endangered species nesting habitat. 31

34 AV-58 - Fifty Eighth Street This site lies at the southern margin of the Avalon high dune area. Development south of 58 th Street extends east of Dune Drive along numbered streets toward the beach, whereas no numbered streets extend east of Dune Drive between 58 th and 43 rd Streets and between 43 rd and 40 th where the development only extends partially into the high dunes. The annual changes prior to Sandy were typical of accretional behavior during times of low wave energy. The berm developed at the edge of the dry beach, generated some ponding in spite of the removal of sand for the back-passing effort due to the relative height generated over the summer at the berm crest (Surveys 117 & 118 on the plots). The quarterly changes were yds 3 /ft. during Q-1, 4.23 yds 3 /ft. in the spring quarter, then 3.55 yds 3 /ft. by late September. The impact of Hurricane Sandy was to take yds 3 /ft. from the beach by stripping away the berm, scouring the immediate offshore to a lower elevation. Sand was transported over the considerable foredune that had been building for several years on the toe of the primary dune, filling in the trough between the primary dune and the remainder of the foredune. Since the foredune was originally at elevation 10.0 and had a 40-foot base width, it absorbed most of the wave energy. There was no erosion on the primary dune and only a dozen feet of retreat at the foredune s seaward slope. By December 3, 2012, the beach was essentially unchanged from the survey done October 31 st but multiple bars had appeared offshore indicating that storm recovery was underway. The largest bar was located 700 feet from the water s edge seaward of a fairly deep trough. 32

35 8a. September 26, b. October 31, 2012 Photographs 8a to 8c. 58 th Street, views to the north except for 8b which shows a south view along the lower beach. Photograph 8a illustrates the broad expanse of the dry beach that extends seaward from the edge of the dune grass. View 8b is a view looking south along the low tide beach immediately following Sandy. The waves eroded all the mid- Borough beaches to a very low gradient surface erasing all topographic features previously present. The wet sand extended well into the foredunes. View 8c shows the beach in December following the hurricane with the grass a bit worse for the event, but sand moved into the plants all the way to the primary dune protecting the residences. 8c. December 3,

36 Figure 15. Sand was transported over the foredune ridge filling in the trough that existed between it and the primary dune. The berm was pushed landward and the slope was graded to a higher elevation on the foredune (7.0 vs. 4.5 ). A major bar has appeared beyond the 1,400-foot horizontal distance offshore. 34

37 Beach Sand Volume Trends at 58 th Street, Avalon, NJ (AV 58) 130 Volume in Cu. Yds./Ft Shoreline accretion shows a positive impact from the ACOE project as well as previous local projects since 1987 Linear Growth Followed the 2002 Federal Fill 2009 was negative at this site but gains resumed in 2010 Sandy Caused a sand volume loss Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Annual Beach Sand Volume Beach Sand Volume Year Trend Poly. (Beach Sand Volume Trend) Figure 16. A similar trend pattern exists at 58 th Street compared to 44 th Street, with a relatively linear rate of sand accumulation. The worst setback occurred between Nov and March 2010 during an episode of repetitive northeast storms. Hurricane Sandy s impact generated a substantial reduction in sand volume but the net accumulation over a decade was 110 yds 3 /ft. To place this number in context, each 1,000 feet of shoreline accumulated nearly twice the sand volume extracted during the 2012 back-passing activity. 35

38 AV-70 - Seventieth Street The 70th Street cross section has a massive dune with a pair of 16-foot elevation crests covering 250 feet of beach width seaward of the development. Seasonal variations were minimal since the wind cannot produce significant changes very rapidly to so large a dune. This dune was built since 1998 largely by wind action derived from a wide dry sand beach area. The landward crest was present prior to 1998, but the seaward section was entirely developed at repeated fencing installations over the past 15 years. The seasonal beach sand volume changes were as follows: Q-1, yds 3 /ft. mostly from the offshore region; Q-2, 0.55 yds 3 /ft.; Q-3, yds 3 /ft. a result of extensive berm development. This berm grew to 5+foot elevations and presented a significant height difference over the back beach region. As a result bermtop ponding was common along the entire southern beach late in the summer, causing a few citizens to complain that the ponding was due to the sand harvesting for back-passing. Since the summer berm development was regional, and pretty extensive in the elevation achieved, the likelihood that the backpassing effort was to blame was debunked. The back beach south of 70 th Street was originally part of the Federal beach nourishment project that built the berm area to an elevation of 6.75 feet NAVD88 and thus precluded that area from ponding. The natural back beach zone seldom is built to elevations exceeding 4.5 feet NAVD88 so when the summer berm accretion exceeds 5.0 feet seaward drainage when larger waves run up and over the berm crest onto the back beach is restricted and a ponding situation results. Berm top ponding is one small aggravation faced by recreational users on a 300 to 400-foot wide dry beach during very accretional summer seasons. Hurricane Sandy stripped the berm from the beach removing a large volume of sand that did not wash inland into the dunes. This material moved south along the shoreline. The December survey showed that yds 3 /ft. were taken, the highest sand volume along the Avalon shoreline. A deep offshore trough had developed, but a bar also formed far offshore at a 1,500-foot distance from the reference position. Minor recovery was observed on the lower beachface, but little change occurred on the beach itself since the Oct. 31 st and Dec. 3 rd surveys were identical from the seaward dune slope to the low tide line. 36

39 9a. September 26, b. October 31, 2012 Photographs 9a to 9c. 70 th Street, views to the north. Photograph 9a shows the dune toe and beach looking across the public access path. View 9b shows an identical view immediately following Sandy where the fencing was removed and a minor scarp cut into the seaward toe of the forward part of the seaward dune ridge. View 9c shows the 4 th quarter view of the same dune a month plus after the storm. The split rail fencing remained with the scarp drying out and slumping to a gentler slope. A pair of bars appears on the beach and immediate offshore area indicating recovery of sand transported offshore is occurring. 9c. December 3,

40 Figure 17. Sandy removed the entire berm and transported the sand south and offshore. The dune suffered minor damage, but recovery should restore most lost sand. 38

41 Volume in Cu. Yds./Ft Beach Sand Volume Trends at 70 th Street, Avalon, NJ (AV 70) *also NJBPN Site #114 Sand was placed on the southernmost Avalon beach in 2002, so sand volume appeared in 2003 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q The trend produced an increase toward the end of the time period in 2008 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q storms saw Spring '10 loss, then Summer '10 gain saw big gains. Sandy took a Big Cut Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Annual Beach Sand Volume Change Beach Sand Year Volume Trend Poly. (Beach Sand Volume Trend) Figure 18. The positive sand volume trend continues to 70 th Street where the 2002 Federal project resumed in 2003 to continue south through the Borough of Stone Harbor. Again the start point was the as-completed federal beach sand volume. The storm series had a significant impact on sand volume, but recovery took place within 2 quarters. Sandy s cut was the most significant in terms of total volume. The decade gain was 86 yds 3 /ft. over and above the volume initially placed in

42 AV-78 - Seventy Eighth Street Positioned just two blocks from the boundary with Stone Harbor, this site is located in front of the Avalon hotel district. The dune is 170 feet wide and rises to an elevation of 18 feet. Time has seen the generation of a separate crest as sand continued to accumulate on the seaward slope since the federal project was completed. Seasonal changes during 2012 were largely confined to the development of a high elevation berm on the beach by mid-september. The quarterly sand volume changes were: Q-1, 2.54 yds 3 /ft.; Q-2, 6.16 yds 3 /ft.; and 4.15 yds 3 /ft., showing a gradual, but consistent sand accumulation. Hurricane Sandy cut yds 3 /ft. from the beach as the berm was erased with a minor cut into the toe of the seaward dune slope. A little sand had been deposited on the beach in the month between the post-sandy survey in October and the Q-4 review Dec. 3 rd. A huge trough developed offshore with an impressive bar forming well seaward. This feature will continue to develop and move landward eventually adding its volume to the beach. 40

43 10a. September 26, b. October 31, c. December 3, Photographs 10a to 10c. 78 th Street, views to the south. Photograph 10a shows the dune toe and beach in late September prior to the hurricane. Note the high, wide dry berm. View 10b shows the post-sandy beach as a nearly horizontal, very flat surface extending from the dune toe, to the water s edge. Many cubic yards of sand were moved seaward and south. View 10c was taken from the dune in December a month following the storm with bars showing as white-water wave breaks and a recovery of some sand on the beach. The fencing poles at the seaward toe of the dune were being removed to salvage the cedar posts for re-installation later.

44 Figure 19. Berm removal occurred at 78 th Street with almost no dune damage. The offshore bar system is growing at a distance of 650 feet from the water s edge. 42

45 Beach Sand Volume Trends at 78 th Street, Avalon, NJ (AV 78) The Winter of produced substantial retreat as the ACOE project adjusted The shoreline trend turned around in 2005 and continued until late 2007 when it went flat into losses saw a Q-4 loss and Q-1 in 2010 followed by a 2011 recovery Volume in Cu. Yds./Ft Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Sandy Took a Sizable Cut Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Annual Beach Volume Change Beach Sand Volume Year Trend Poly. (Beach Sand Volume Trend) Q Q Figure 20. At 78 th Street the sand volume trend is a series of three cycles of accumulation punctuated by four episodes of significant sand loss. The losses occurred in 2003, 2007, 2009 and Hurricane Sandy in Each was in excess of 27 yds 3 /ft. with only a few other quarters with even a 10 yds 3 /ft. loss rate. Recovery followed each loss over a multi-year time. Sandy left the site with just a 2.4 yds 3 /ft. net gain over 10 years. Recovery should push this amount upward in the absence of additional storm events in the near future. 43

46 SUMMARY OF AVALON S OCEANFRONT BEACHES: 2012 started with very minor erosion reflected in the 4 of 10 sites that lost sand during the winter quarter (Q- 1). More erosion occurred during the second quarter where 5 of 10 sites saw loss of sand volume concentrated in a decreasing amount from 9 th Street ( yds 3 /ft.), to 28 th Street (-6.30 yds 3 /ft.). The beaches gained sand from 35 th Street south to Stone Harbor. During the summer quarter that ended with the September 24 & 26, 2012 survey, only the 17 th Street site lost sand volume as beaches grew higher and wider especially south of 35 th Street. The berm elevation exceeded 5.0 feet in elevation and sand was deposited in a pronounced wedge sloping landward in many cases. Hurricane Sandy expended most of its fury on the dry beach area in Avalon. There were no significant breaches to the dune system. Only two minor zones of overwash were observed and both documented for remediation during the spring of The immediate post-sandy beach was nearly horizontal from the water s edge at low tide to the dune toe. No topographic features remained with sand deposited offshore in a bar series. Powerful southerly littoral currents moved an as yet unknown sand quantity south toward Hereford Inlet. The north, northeast wind direction meant that the 8 th Street jetty became a seawall protecting the beach and property between the inlet and 21 st Street. Unusually minor sand volumes were extracted from the traditionally erosional zone centered at 12 th Street. This was good news since the 2011 project had left a significantly wider beach at the summer s end. It is expected that the current Army Corps restoration project scheduled for both Avalon and Stone Harbor that started just after Christmas will restore the engineered beach to design width and dune elevations. The success of the back-passing effort follows and appears to provide the documentation necessary to convince the USF&WS agency that this methodology properly applied poses no real or potential threat to the habitat utilized by the endangered species program (piping plover, sea beach amaranth, and least terns with the red knot a likely addition this year). SAND BACK-PASSING PROJECT: From February 6, 2012 to March 5, 2012, 63,956 cy were relocated from the wider southern beaches between 35 th and 70 th Streets to the sand starved northern beaches. The sand back-passing pilot project that was conducted by the Borough in 2006, moved 58,000 cubic yards of material that was spread out as a berm in the late spring of that year. The 2012 project came with US Army Corps oversight because they had an interest in this means of providing sand at a cheaper rate compared to restoring the traditional erosion zone that had been done with the dredge and its expensive mobilization costs. The theoretical goal is to use back-passing from regions of known surplus to supply a steady stream of recycled beach sand to the zone of loss at a rate that might prove sustainable over intervals of low storm frequency or intensity, or increase the duration between expensive dredge replenishments in the face of a normal series of northeast storms. Back-passing is not being considered to maintain the erosional zone over a sustained period of minor storms or provide for a severe event that could decimate the beaches to the tune of half million cubic yards of sand displaced. The selected zone for acquiring surplus sand was determined a decade ago to be the Avalon beach between 31 st Street and 70 th Street a distance of approximately 10,700 feet. The decade of sand accumulation in this zone since the 2002 ACOE fill was completed has shown that this zone of surplus has accumulated at least an average of 102 cubic yards of sand for each foot of shoreline. This calculates to 1,091,400 cubic yards over 10 years or at least 109,000 cubic yards per year. The application for State and Federal permits to conduct this pilot project encountered significant resistance from the National Fish and Wildlife Service through the endangered species program where concerns were put 44

47 forward that there could be potential habitat disruption to the nesting area favored by the Piping Plover. This shore bird chooses to nest on the upper dry beach in a non- or sparsely vegetated area not in or on the dunes. The broad backshore of the entire high dune zone has been a reasonable nesting area over the past years. The agency decision was to allow back-passing on a one-time basis within narrow time limits and not over the entire zone of accumulation. In particular they excluded the part which most efficiently accumulated sand at over 100 yds 3 /ft. over the past decade. Two borrow zones were prescribed, the southern one between 70 th Street north to 55 th Street, with the zone between 55 th and 39 th excluded, followed by the use of a northern zone between 39 th and 32 nd Streets. The permit required pre- and post-construction surveys of the entire set of ACOE profiles established for beach nourishment and a report presented to the agency upon conclusion of the project. The Borough agreed to conduct surveys of the borrow zone 1 month, 3 months and 6 months following the project conclusion with the results of that work presented below. Table 2 Specific Borrow Zone, Exclusion Zone and Area of Sand Deposition Changes During 6-Months of Repeated Beach Surveys SITE LOCATION 2012 Avalon Sand Back Pass Project Area of Deposition (14th to 25th Streets) 55th to 71st Street Borrow Site Endangered Species Zone (55th to 39th Streets) 32nd to 39th Street Borrow Zone Total Borrow Area Sand Volume Change Entire Project Area Sand Volume Change PRE-POST PROJECT POST to 1 MONTH POST to 3 MONTHS POST to 6 MONTHS PRE-PROJECT to (cubic yards) (cubic yards) (cubic yards) (cubic yards) 6 MONTHS (cubic yards) 42,161-5,978 5,001 14,068 13,235 26, ,205 53,012 61,102-12,492-21, ,818 38,807 39,113 57, ,139-54,957-7,795 20,812 59,925 60,668 30,719 88,460 93, The profiles that were run by the CRC where those prescribed by the ACOE in the permit to conduct the backpass operation. These are neither the regular CRC cross sections, or related to the CRC 200-foot engineered beach survey stations, nor related to the project-specific beach survey work conducted by Hatch Mott McDonald prior to and following the sand excavation. The ACOE sites vary in distance apart and were conducted prior to, following, and 1, 3, and 6-months following the sand excavation. The profile consisted of the dunes, beach and offshore to 20-plus feet of water offshore. The data was supplied to the ACOE project manager for Avalon (Mr. Keith Watson). The data points were entered into Arc GIS and a series of maps were made for each of the sets of survey data. The table above shows the pre- to post-excavation where the sand was hauled north and deposited on the beach. The net gain was 42,161 cubic yards, but the truck count and computation of the loads yielded a gain of 63,956 cy. The material was being deposited over a 5-week period and re-distribution clearly took sand out of the narrowly defined area as the discharge zone (see map). The entire project is defined as being between 14 th and 71 st Streets in the Borough of Avalon. 45

48 Figure 21. The February 20, 2012 survey preceded the sand harvesting and transfer to the north. The two borrow zones show between 0.2 and 2.0 feet of vertical elevation decrease over the general area where excavation took place. The pattern of loss and gain further seaward was due to changes in the location of offshore bars during the month of sand removal. Figure 22. This map shows the impact of sand deposition between 25 th and 14 th Streets as a ridge of sand with a +0.2-foot to 4-6-foot increase in elevation along the zone where the trucks deposited the harvested sand. 46

49 Figure 23. A month following the completion of the project, the survey showed substantial gain at each of the two borrow zones in the +0.2 to 2.0-foot range with minimal change over the exclusion zone except for the migration of offshore bars into the seaward segment of the area restricted for potential habitat impact reasons. Figure 24. The same time interval shows that the sand deposited on the beach by the end of March has been redistributed along the shoreline by mid-may The large-scale migration of offshore bars onto the beach shows in wide bands of green moving onto the seaward segments of the entire zone surveyed. 47

50 Figure 25. Three months following the backpassing effort, both borrow zones exhibit further sand deposition with 0.2 to 4.0 feet of elevation increase. The exclusion zone has a +0.2 to 2.0-foot sand layer deposition over approximately half the zone. Figure 26. The sand placed in the depositional area between 14 th and 25 th Streets has been redistributed along the beach outside the area where the trucks placed it. Bar migration continues to add material from further seaward. 48

51 Figure 27. The last series of maps show the change to the project beaches from prior to the harvesting of sand to a point 6 months later (September 20, 2012). A greater total sand volume was added to each borrow area compared to the exclusion zone by the sand volume added per foot of shoreline was consistent across the entire region (Table 2). Figure 28. The area where the sand was placed showed a 20,500 cubic yard gain from the pre-project survey. Approximately half the depositional volume registered by surveys as placed on the beach remained in place or was augmented by summer seasonal deposition by mid-september Sand moved landward generating the berm as shown in the individual cross sections for 23 rd Street. 49

52 The summary of the two sand supply zones was that 54,957 cy were excavated. Again the material was being removed over the 5 week interval and sand was constantly moving landward onto the beach. The accumulation rates following excavation per foot of beachfront were; yds 3 /ft. for the southern borrow zone; 5.92 yds 3 /ft. for the exclusion zone; and yds 3 /ft. for the northern borrow zone. Interestingly, while the project was going on, the exclusion zone gained 2.40 yds 3 /ft., followed by nearly 6 yds 3 /ft. over the subsequent 6 months. The sand volume produced by counting the truck trips delivering loads of sand produced a larger value of 64,000 cubic yards while the surveys done over a period of time while sand deposition was the rule, not an exception shows a smaller net sand placement volume of 55,000 cy. Recovery of the borrow zones over the 1-, 3-, and 6-month intervals following the project show consistent deposition across the entire area. 115,041 cy of sand was deposited between 32 nd Street and 71 st Street between February 2012 and September There was little difference in accumulation rates between the borrow sites and the exclusion zone in this study. In general, the beach lost no width, elevation or topographic configuration during or following the extraction of the 64,000 cy of sand. The impact of Hurricane Sandy obliterated all topography developed during the summer of 2012 and equals the extraction of 196,238 cubic yards from the entire zone. Yet the beach remains at the same general width with an extensive dry zone near the seaward toe of the dune vegetation. Within a month of the storm, the beach south to the 44 th Street site had regained well over half the loss from Sandy while the southern section remained in essentially a post-storm configuration. Sand deposits well offshore suggest that recovery will commence later this spring in the absence of additional severe storm events. Recommendations: The second sand back passing from a known zone of accumulation to an area of known erosion shows that the concept can be successful if performed on a regular basis. The use of high capacity trucks is a proven methodology, but an equally effective means would be to install either a temporary ABS pipeline on the beach or bury it at the toe of the dunes and use an eductor dredge to pump sand from the selected borrow zone beaches back north. The buried pipeline would be a capital improvement, but last for decades (severe erosion has shown no tendency to excavate the beach at the toe of the Avalon dunes). The equipment needed would then be the lease of the eductor and its crawler crane to deploy it plus a crew to manage the discharge pipeline in the north. This also answers the issues raised by the environmental regulators that the trucks are a detrimental intrusion on the beach used by endangered species. The buried pipeline would be installed in the winter and it would eliminate the concern over the hundreds of truck trips. The eductor could perform its excavation at low tide and follow the tide up the beach similar to the procedure followed for the past 25 years at Indian River Inlet on the Delaware ocean beach to by-pass sand north around the inlet jetties. The recovery rates in both borrow zones exceeded the sand volume excavated in 3 months following the final truck run north. The six-month recovery totals were twice that volume removed from the northern borrow zone. All during the project sand continued to advance onto the beach in the exclusion zone with no change to the width, elevation or sand surface. Hurricane Sandy took 196,000 cy from the 32 nd to 71 st Street beach zone and still did not materially affect the beach width or potential bird nesting areas, only reducing the berm elevation from 5.5 feet to 0.0 two days later (Oct 31, 2012 surveys). As this is written the ACOE project to restore Hurricane Irene and Sandy losses is being completed with an addition of about 225,000 cy of inlet sand to the northern beaches. This becomes a perfect starting point to conduct back pass operations this coming fall to augment the sand on the erosional zones taken from this zone of accretion and increase the interval between expensive dredging projects to conserve sand in the ebb-tidal shoals, recycle the resource accumulating on the beaches between 32 nd and 71 st Streets knowing it will return to this zone with in six months to one year. 50

53 51

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