Phys 1240 Fa 05, SJP 12-1 DRAFT Chapter 12: Wind instruments

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Phys 1240 Fa 05, SJP 12-1 DRAFT Chapter 12: Wind instruments"

Transcription

1 Phys 1240 Fa 05, SJP 12-1 DRAFT Chapter 12: Wind instruments When we studied strings, we saw that the fact that a string has no vibrations at the two ends leads to very important consequences, basically everything we've talked about for the last several weeks! (The "zeros" at the ends mean that only special wavelengths "fit", the harmonics. Think back to Chapter 10, when we drew pictures of all the harmonics on a string. The fundamental, n=1, was the simplest (longest wavelength) wave we could draw which went to zero at the two ends. The "boundary" (forcing zero motion at the two ends) is what determines the allowed wavelengths, which in turn determines the sounds we hear! Now let's turn to wind instruments. The story is similar but a tick more complicated. That's partly because the vibration inside a wind instrument is not so easy to visualize as the vibration of the string. When I draw my string picture (above) you can picture the actual metal string vibrating in the pattern shown. It's a transverse wave of the string atoms. But in a wind instrument, we have longitudinal pressure oscillations in the air. It's the pressure that varies sinuosoidally (wave-like) as you move along the tube. Now, it's true, you COULD think about the longitudinal displacement of air molecules, again a wave-like pattern in there, but we've mostly tried to think about sound as a pressure wave, so that's the language we'll often stick with. Let me imagine a tube which is OPEN at both ends. It could be a flute (just an empty cylinder, basically), if you want something concrete to visualize. You apply some pressure variations (by blowing), and it sets up "pressure waves" which travel down the inside of the tube, bounce off the ends, interfere with themselves, and set up a standing wave. To be very precise, I'm talking about OVERpressure waves here (the air starts off at "atmospheric pressure", and then you get some overpressure or underpressure which travels along the tube) I could use those EXACT same ideas, by the way, to describe the string wave shown above (and earlier): you apply some "displacement variation" (by plucking a string), and it sets up transverse waves which travel along the string, bounce off the ends, interfere with themselves, and set up a standing wave. So the story is very nearly the same, we're just talking about motion of a string in one case, and air pressure in a tube in the other. With a string, the motion is zero at the ends because we clamp down the string there. In an open tube (which means open at BOTH ends), it is the OVERpressure which is zero at the open ends - because the ends are just open air, which tends to like to be right AT atmospheric pressure. (If there's solid pipe all around you, it's a lot easier to set up "high pressure" or "low pressure" than if you're just in open air. Of course, you CAN still have high pressure in the room, that's how sound travels, but it's just much easier and strong, inside the tube.) So this "end condition" of the overpressure being zero is NOT quite as "rigorous" as clamping a string down, where it's strictly zero. Here in the pipe, it's just that, compared to the overpressures experienced inside the chamber, the ends (and outside) are much much closer to being zero overpressure all the time, the variations are much smaller. But the main point is, that pressure inside an open tube looks very much like displacement of a string: It's a standing wave, zero on the ends, vibrating in the middle. In the end, what you get if you graph pressure versus position inside the tube, is a graph which looks JUST like that string picture at the top of the page! You can have "overpressure" or "underpressure" inside the tube, but you're pretty much at zero at the two ends, and so the simplest possible standing wave will be the one we've drawn before for strings.

2 Phys 1240 Fa 05, SJP 12-2 DRAFT Here's a graph of PRESSURE vs POSITION inside the pipe: I've drawn the "pipe" on top of the graph in grey, to show how the wave "fits". The story is completely analogous to the strings: If you want a wave that starts and ends at zero (overpressure), then the simplest wave you can draw has exactly HALF a wave fitting in the pipelength L, which means (λ/2)= L. I interpret this picture as saying that at the very center of the pipe, the pressure "swings" from very high (overpressure) to very low (underpressure), over and over... (It's an antinode) At the ends, it's very close to atmospheric pressure all the time. The next possible standing wave that "fits" will be one where TWO half-waves fit, i.e 2(λ/2)= L. That graph (without drawing the pipe) is just this: Again, I'm drawing OVERPRESSURE on the y-axis, and position down the pipe along the x-axis. So the way I interpret this second mode (n=2), is that there is no overpressure at the two ends OR at the midpoint, but the pressure is swinging from very high above normal to very far below normal at TWO spots (these are "anti-nodes", ¼ and ¾ of the way down the tube.) This story continues exactly in parallel to the string story: we will have harmonics (higher possible allowed vibration patterns, the more complex standing waves). They will have wavelengths that "fit", which means n (λ/2)= L (where n is an integer, that counts how many half-waves fit, it's the harmonic number, or the "mode" number, just exactly analogous to the string story from last chapter) And once again, we have standing waves, which satisfy my favorite equation: λ f = v Here, v is the speed at which pressure waves travel down the pipe. That's just the speed of sound! These waves are themselves basically just intense sound waves "trapped" inside the pipe. So just like strings, we get a series of allowed harmonics if we blow on an open pipe: the fundamental frequency, f 1 = v/(2l). and the higher harmonics (labeled by an integer "n"), with f n = n f 1 The sound that you hear is kind of "leakage". There's oscillating air inside the tube (standing waves of pressure), and although the pressure at the end is CLOSE to zero, it might vary just a little - which is enough to send a traveling wave out into the room, and to your ears. If the standing wave has frequency f, then that's the frequency that the pressure varies ANYWHERE in the tube. So the tube itself will be wiggling at frequency f, as will the air (VERY slightly) at the ends. So you're going to generate sound waves in the room with that same frequency f... If you were to change the speed of sound (v) in the air inside the tube, then λ f = v tells us that either λ or f will have to adjust. Which? Well... remember, wavelength λ is determined by the length of the tube. It's geometry! So that really CAN'T adjust. Wavelength is just what "fits" in the tube, it has nothing to do with how fast the waves move. So it's the f that will adjust. Thus, as the air in a wind instrument like a flute warms up (increasing the speed of sound waves, v) the frequency that you hear will ALSO shift. This is different from a string instrument (where the frequency is determined by the length of the string, and the tension of the string, and the mass of the string, but NOT the speed of sound in air!)

3 Phys 1240 Fa 05, SJP 12-3 DRAFT If you look at your book, Figure 12.2, you will see some graphs that match what we've been drawing. They draw the first three modes, f1, f2, and f3, going down the page. The graphs on the right match exactly with what I've been drawing on the previous page, OVERpressure p vertically, and position along the tube horizontally. They're time dependent, which is why we draw several lines in each graph. The solid and dashed lines, e.g. represent the pressure at slightly different times. Visualize an animation, a standing wave wiggling up and down, which means that at the center of the tube (for the n=1 fundamental wave) the pressure is VERY high, then VERY low, repeating at frequency f... Let's think about how this could happen. How can the pressure get higher at the center of the tube? High pressure means that more molecules of air are squeezed together there. Air must have rushed into the tube from the outside, squeezing to a high density (and thus pressure) in the middle. But then the high pressure at the center "pushes back", causing those air molecules to rush back outside. Indeed, just like a mass on a spring, there will be an overshoot. As the molecules all rush away, they CONTINUE to head out for awhile, and there will be a "partial vacuum" in the middle for a short while. That's the time which I draw as "dotted", where the wave has NEGATIVE overpressure at the middle of the tube. So air is rushing out of the tube, then into the tube, at a frequency f of the oscillation itself. Now let's think about the motion of individual air molecules. Right at the VERY center, molecules just sit still. (Air rushes in and pushes them from BOTH sides, then rushes back out but the molecule SMACK in the middle can just sit there, by symmetry, which way would it go?) So if you were to try to draw DISPLACEMENT OF MOLECULES as a function of where you are in the tube, you would find that the molecule at the very center stays put the whole time. It gets squeezed for a while, then "sucked on", but it doesn't budge. That looks like a NODE, a position where there is always ZERO motion. On the other hand, molecules at the openings at the end are moving like crazy. That's where the molecules FLOW in and out. So you get a displacement ANTINODE at the two ends. Take a look at the top of fig 12.2 in the text, shown also here: I'm showing you EXACTLY the same mode as the top figure on the previous page (the fundamental, the SIMPLEST wave!) But now I'm not showing PRESSURE on the vertical axis, I'm showing "displacement away from where you're supposed to be" of air molecules. A slightly odd idea. It's like each air molecule has a little tag that says "you belong at x= such-and-so". If there's no standing wave, that's where the molecule lives. But when you introduce this (fundamental) wave into the pipe, the molecules jiggle back and forth, and at any snapshot in time, some molecules are "off to the side from where they belong". What I'm graphing is "how far off to the side is the molecule that belongs here". So for the solid curve, you see that an air molecule on the left side of the tube has a big positive displacement, i.e. it's shifted to the RIGHT, which means it's "deep inside" the tube (helping make that high pressure at the center we know is there!) Look at an air molecule at the right side of the tube, over at x=l. The solid curve has a big negative value, which means THAT molecule is shifted way to the LEFT, again "deep inside" the tube (again helping make high pressure inside!) My dashed curve is a moment later, when all displacements are zero. At this moment, the air molecules are all in their proper positions, but they're MOVING - they're rushing outwards. Another moment later you have my dotted curve. Now the molecule at x=0 has a large NEGATIVE displacement (which means it's shifted left, outside the tube. It's left behind a vacuum, a negative pressure at the middle of the tube where it's feeling evacuated). Over at x=l, the dotted curve is positive, THAT molecule is shifted RIGHT, outside of the tube also.

4 Phys 1240 Fa 05, SJP 12-4 DRAFT You really have to think hard about this one, reading it probably won't make sense, but if you can just "run the movie" in your head, this should make more sense to you. You're just visualizing the motion of air in and out of the tube that CAUSES the standing wave pattern we're looking at. See box 12.1 and fig 12.1 for the book's attempts to help you put this all together. Perhaps after reading these notes, that figure will make just a little more sense? Give it a try! In any case, if you look at the fundamental wave pattern shown on the previous page (for displacement, rather than for pressure), you'll see that some things are the same when you compare the "displacement" graph with the "pressure" graph, and others are different. Differences: There is a displacement node at the middle of the pipe (right where the pressure antinode lives). That's a general rule: pressure antinodes correspond to displacement nodes. The places where the pressure gets really high (or low) is also the place where the particles actually never move. A little weird, but it does make sense. Think about right next to a wall - the molecules there can't move ('cause there's a wall there!) but you can build up really high or low pressure! There is a displacement antinode at both ends (right where the pressure nodes are!) Again, a general rule: pressure nodes correspond to displacement antinodes. The places where the pressure stays atmospheric all the time is the place where the particles are rushing in and out. Again, a little weird, try to wrap your head around this. These rules make sense if you can just visualize "pressure" and "displacement" of air molecules, and how those will relate to one another. Similarities: Most important, the WAVELENGTH of this wave is exactly the same whether you draw it in the displacement way, or the pressure way. Stare at the two graphs and convince yourself. In BOTH cases you have λ =2L. (In the case of the displacement graph, you're going from a "high" to a "low", which is half a wave, fitting in the length L. In the case of the pressure graph, you're going from a "zero" to the next "zero", which is again just half a wave) Since λ is the same, it means the frequency is the same. You can think about displacement waves or pressure waves - it changes the picture you draw, but does NOT change what sound comes out! Look now at the pattern of the left graphs in Fig 12.2 of the text. Convince yourself that the wavelength is the SAME for the corresponding graph next to it (count quarter wavelengths if you want to compare). Convince yourself that antinodes and nodes have all switched positions. Convince yourself that there is always a pressure node at the two ends, and always a displacement ANTInode at the two ends... This just about finishes all that we need to know about OPEN pipes. Couple of summarizing comments: Open pipes have harmonics just like string instruments. The formula f n = n f 1 where f 1 = v/(2l) is the same as strings, for the same reasons. The only difference is that "v" now represents the speed of sound in air (rather than the speed of waves on a string) The formula is a little bit more approximate for pipes than for strings, because in reality you don't have exactly zero overpressure at the ends. It's also generally the case that that pressure node is a little bit beyond the end of the pipe, which means "L" is just a hair longer than the pipe length. In fact, as the DIAMETER of the pipe (which we've totally ignored so far) gets bigger, that effective length gets a little bigger still. That's called the "end correction", it usually won't matter much, except for really fat organ pipes. (The text says you can add 0.3*diameter to your effective pipe length, as a rule of thumb)

5 Phys 1240 Fa 05, SJP 12-5 DRAFT Closed pipes: When we talk about closed pipes, we really mean "half closed", i.e. open at one end, and closed at the other. (If it was closed at BOTH ends, no air could go in or out, and you wouldn't have a very good musical instrument, because it would be hard to hear the sound that resulted. There is an exception to this - when you stick a closed tube up to your ear, sealing it around your ear. Now you DO have a doubly-closed tube, and you CAN hear the harmonics. This will be a hw problem for you to think about - you'll find the situation is pretty similar to the doubly open tube. Try to work it out, make sense of it yourself. Are there nodes at the end? pressure or displacement nodes? What does that tell you about the allowed wavelengths? But we'll stick to "closed => half-closed" for the rest of these notes) So let's zoom in on a pipe that's open at the right end, but sealed/closed at the left end. Your text draws the pressure graphs for the various allowed standing waves in Fig Let's try to make sense of those. We'll start with the "pressure" graph, I find it the easiest to think about. So, at the right end, it's open, same as what we just discussed. The pressure will be "atmospheric" where it's open to the atmosphere, so you'll have zero overpressure there. So when we try to graph "allowed standing waves", we MUST have our pressure graph go to zero at x=l. (Look at Fig 12.3, the right hand graphs are the pressure graphs. Notice they all go to zero at the right hand end) What about the left end, that's the closed or sealed end. Now, if a tube is sealed, there is NO reason to expect the pressure will stay at atmospheric all the time. If air rushes into the tube, it'll get HIGH pressure there next to the seal. And if air rushes out, it'll go to low pressure. In fact, at the left end (x=0), the molecules can't move, which (as we discussed on the previous page) corresponds to the MOST over and underpressure possible, it's a pressure anti-node there. So here's the puzzle. Can you draw a wave which has a node at x=l, and an anti-node at x=0? That's our goal. If you can draw it (if it "fits"), then you have a standing wave! Let's start with the simplest, the longest possible wave... So we should just have one QUARTER of a wave in our picture, because a quarter of a wave is all you need to go from a zero (node) to a peak (antinode). That's the picture here on the right. It's the fundamental (lowest frequency) for a closed tube, n=1. Look: we have λ/4 = L, one QUARTER of a wavelength fits. That means (since f λ = v), that the fundamental frequency is also different than before: f 1 = v/λ = v/(4l). It's divided by 4, rather than 2 (like before), so we have a LOWER fundamental frequency for closed tubes. Your ear canal is a closed tube (open to the atmosphere on one end, closed by the eardrum on the other). The length is about 3 cm, which means f 1 = (344/(4*.03m)) ~ 3000 Hz. This is the lowest frequency where your ear itself "resonates", and that's why the Fletcher-Munson curve is a minimum at about this frequency - you are most sensitive to waves of this frequency, because your ear canal actually resonates with the sound!

6 Phys 1240 Fa 05, SJP 12-6 DRAFT Now, what's the NEXT harmonic that's allowed? You might want to just assume that it's going to be like before, 2f 1, but that's not right. We have to draw the picture to find out why! Once again, I challenge you to try to draw a real sin wave that starts at zero, wiggles past the first max, goes back to zero, and then gets to the NEXT maximum. (Because that's what we need, it has to go from zero at one end to max at the other end. The fundamental was where it just went directly, and now we're drawing the NEXT possibility). Here's the picture: (focus just on the solid curve first, convince yourself it's what we want. Zero, to the SECOND max possible...) Now you have to think about what the wavelength of this funny wave is. You can do it, try! I claim that we have THREE quarter wavelengths fitting in this picture. (Don't take my word for it. Look at the picture, trace out the quarter waves!) So (3/4)λ = L, which means the corresponding frequency will be f=v/λ = v/(4l/3) = 3 (v/(4l)) I did a little algebra there. Don't let it "slide by", work it out, see how all those 3's and 4's work out! In the end, notice how it compares to what we had for the fundamental, which was v/(4l). This new one, the NEXT allowed harmonic, is not twice the fundamental, it is THREE times. And if you look at the bottom right picture in Fig 12.3, you should be able to convince yourself that the next allowed wave that fits will be FIVE times the fundamental. So we have a different harmonic pattern with closed pipes. We get the fundamental (which is LOWER than expected, by a factor of 2). And then we only get the ODD harmonics, i.e. 3f 1, 5f 1, etc. Some instruments are closed tubes, like a clarinet or an oboe. You have a reed which sticks into one end, but the END is still basically sealed. (The OTHER end is of course open, that's where most of the sound energy "leaks out"!) If you look at the spectrum of those instruments, you'll see that every other harmonic is absent (or nearly so). It makes for a rather characteristic timbre for those instruments! Organs have a mix of open and closed pipes. They will used closed ones for the very lowest tones (because they can be half as long to get that same low note!) Notice also that the NEXT higher frequency where your ear canal will resonate is three times the fundamental, about 9 or 10 khz, which is the next dip in the Fletcher-Munson curve! (Cool, this stuff really works) Bottom line: Half open pipes (also called "closed") have fundamental f 1 = v/(4l) And then the only allowed harmonics are ODD multiples of that.

7 Phys 1240 Fa 05, SJP 12-7 DRAFT We've been talking about the allowed harmonics in pipes. One thing I've slightly glossed over is how you get them going in the first place. How do you add energy to the pipe at many frequencies (so that the resonant frequencies can get "amplified") With a string it's easy - you just need to pluck it or bow it, that gets the string moving. Plucking is kind of obvious - you displace different parts of the string by different amounts, and let it go - all the different parts start to oscillate, it's like you created a starting "waveform" given by the shape of the initial pluck. That waveform is built out of all the harmonics, so they're all there to start with. The bow does something a little different to the string - you move the bow smoothly, but the string sticks and displaces, then (randomly) slips. This "stickslip" motion makes the string vibrate, and it's a more random/chaotic motion than the smooth motion of the bow. This is a way to generate all sorts of frequencies, and only the resonant ones (the harmonics) will build up. You're "feeding" energy in at all frequencies, and the harmonics will amplify. With a wind instrument, you also need to produce pressure fluctuations. If you just blow smoothly, you get steady flow of air, which tends not to "oscillate". You need to somehow break it up, get it unstable. You want something that is analogous to the bow. There are a variety of methods. One is to blow the air across a hard, sharp edge. The resulting turbulent flow of air contains lots of different components (different frequencies) You can also get this by having air come out of a small hole, and enter a big space, or pass through a narrow gap. All of these are "edgetones" instruments - some variant on this idea. Recorders, flutes, organ pipes are all examples. Alternatively, you can have a vibrating reed, where some physical object "buzzes" as the air flows past it. It's sort of like the edgetone, but the edge is not fixed, there's a kind of feedback between the buzzing reed and the oscillations of pressure in the air. It's a more complex kind of system, but in the end produces sound in ways quite analogous to what we've been discussing above. It's all just different mechanisms to excite those harmonics! There's yet another class of instruments, which are "reed like", but have no actual reed. These are the brass instruments, like the trumpet or trombone. Here, the thing that vibrates is YOU, your lips can play the role of the reed! Again, there's a kind of dynamic feedback - as the cavity approaches a natural resonant frequency, your lips start to vibrate at that same frequency, which increases the amount of energy being fed in. This is positive feedback, and allows you to hit and hold a note strongly, loudly, and consistently. There's yet another piece to this story - the shape of the instrument. Clearly the length is the most important, "L" determines the frequency. (Opening or closing holes, or stretching the trombone, or any of a variety of tricks can change the size of the vibrating cavity to get different fundamentals. And different excitations like blowing harder or softer might get a different harmonics, so that e.g. a bugle player can get a couple of octaves without changing the length by exciting different modes) But there's another aspect too. If, e.g. the inside of the instrument is flared (conical) instead of straight (cylindrical), you can subtly change the frequencies of the harmonics. I guess the best way to think about it is if you go back to the "aside" that the node actually occurs a LITTLE bit to the outside of the end. If the end is flared, higher harmonics might have that node shift to slightly different spots! So, the harmonics might not actually be "perfect", and this adds an interesting shift to the character of the sound you hear. We do like perfect harmonics, but a little variation can be interesting too. There's one last wind instrument we should really talk about - the human voice! Here, the vibrating vocal cords play the role of "reed", and your mouth makes the length and shape of the instrument. Perhaps we'll come back to this one if we have time!

i-clicker Discussion Question

i-clicker Discussion Question PHY132 Introduction to Physics II Class Class 3 Outline: Outline: Ch. 21, sections 21.1-21.4 The Principle of Superposition Standing Waves Nodes and Antinodes Musical Instruments QuickCheck 1.1 i-clicker

More information

MECHANICAL WAVES AND SOUND

MECHANICAL WAVES AND SOUND MECHANICAL WAVES AND SOUND Waves Substances have a stable equilibrium state Uniform pressure everywhere throughout the substance Atomic springs are at their equilibrium length Can make a wave by disturbing

More information

Chs. 16 and 17 Mechanical Waves

Chs. 16 and 17 Mechanical Waves Chs. 16 and 17 Mechanical Waves The nature of waves A wave is a traveling disturbance that carries energy from one place to another, and even though matter may be disturbed as a wave travels through a

More information

Chapter 12: Mechanical Waves and Sound

Chapter 12: Mechanical Waves and Sound Chapter 12 Lecture Chapter 12: Mechanical Waves and Sound Goals for Chapter 12 To describe mechanical waves. To study superposition, standing waves and sound. To present sound as a standing longitudinal

More information

Similarly to elastic waves, sound and other propagated waves are graphically shown by the graph:

Similarly to elastic waves, sound and other propagated waves are graphically shown by the graph: Phys 300/301 Physics: Algebra/Trig Eugene Hecht, 3e. Prepared 01/24/06 11.0 Waves & Sounds There are two fundamental waves of transporting energy and momentum: particles and waves. While they seem opposites,

More information

i-clicker Discussion Question

i-clicker Discussion Question PHY132 Introduction to Physics II Class Class 3 Outline: Outline: Ch. 21, sections 21.1-21.4 The Principle of Superposition Standing Waves Nodes and Antinodes Musical Instruments QuickCheck 1.1 i-clicker

More information

LAB 4: PROPERTIES OF WAVES Definition of Wave: A wave is a disturbance traveling in a medium.

LAB 4: PROPERTIES OF WAVES Definition of Wave: A wave is a disturbance traveling in a medium. LAB 4: PROPERTIES OF WAVES Definition of Wave: A wave is a disturbance traveling in a medium. A. SMALL GROUP ACTIVITIES WITH A STRING Several basic properties of wave behavior can be demonstrated with

More information

3: PROPERTIES OF WAVES

3: PROPERTIES OF WAVES 8/2/2005 3: PROPERTIES OF WAVES Definition of Wave A wave is a disturbance traveling in a medium. A. SMALL GROUP ACTIVITIES WITH SLINKIES Several basic properties of wave behavior can be demonstrated with

More information

4: PROPERTIES OF WAVES Definition of Wave: A wave is a disturbance traveling in a medium.

4: PROPERTIES OF WAVES Definition of Wave: A wave is a disturbance traveling in a medium. 4: PROPERTIES OF WAVES Definition of Wave: A wave is a disturbance traveling in a medium. A. SMALL GROUP ACTIVITIES WITH SLINKIES Several basic properties of wave behavior can be demonstrated with long

More information

Pre AP Physics: Unit 7 Vibrations, Waves, and Sound. Clear Creek High School

Pre AP Physics: Unit 7 Vibrations, Waves, and Sound. Clear Creek High School Pre AP Physics: Unit 7 Vibrations, Waves, and Sound Clear Creek High School Simple Harmonic Motion Simple Harmonic Motion Constant periodic motion of an object. An object oscillates back and forth along

More information

Chapter 11 Waves. Waves transport energy without transporting matter. The intensity is the average power per unit area. It is measured in W/m 2.

Chapter 11 Waves. Waves transport energy without transporting matter. The intensity is the average power per unit area. It is measured in W/m 2. Energy can be transported by particles or waves: Chapter 11 Waves A wave is characterized as some sort of disturbance that travels away from a source. The key difference between particles and waves is

More information

Units of Chapter 14. Types of Waves Waves on a String Harmonic Wave Functions Sound Waves Standing Waves Sound Intensity The Doppler Effect

Units of Chapter 14. Types of Waves Waves on a String Harmonic Wave Functions Sound Waves Standing Waves Sound Intensity The Doppler Effect Units of Chapter 14 Types of Waves Waves on a String Harmonic Wave Functions Sound Waves Standing Waves Sound Intensity The Doppler Effect Units of Chapter 14 Optional Superposition and Interference Beats

More information

Lecture Outline Chapter 14. Physics, 4 th Edition James S. Walker. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

Lecture Outline Chapter 14. Physics, 4 th Edition James S. Walker. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture Outline Chapter 14 Physics, 4 th Edition James S. Walker Chapter 14 Waves and Sound Units of Chapter 14 Types of Waves Waves on a String Harmonic Wave Functions Sound Waves Sound Intensity The

More information

PHYS 102 Quiz Problems Chapter 16 : Waves I Dr. M. F. Al-Kuhaili

PHYS 102 Quiz Problems Chapter 16 : Waves I Dr. M. F. Al-Kuhaili PHYS 102 Quiz Problems Chapter 16 : Waves I Dr. M. F. Al-Kuhaili 1. (TERM 001) A sinusoidal wave traveling in the negative x direction has amplitude of 20.0 cm, a wavelength of 35.0 cm, and a frequency

More information

Chapter # 08 Waves. [WAVES] Chapter # 08

Chapter # 08 Waves. [WAVES] Chapter # 08 Chapter # 08 Waves Q2) Write short answers of the following questions. i) What is the difference between progressive and stationary waves? Answer: Progressive Waves 1 Progressive waves are the result of

More information

6. An oscillator makes four vibrations in one second. What is its period and frequency?

6. An oscillator makes four vibrations in one second. What is its period and frequency? Period and Frequency 19.1 The period of a pendulum is the time it takes to move through one cycle. As the ball on the string is pulled to one side and then let go, the ball moves to the side opposite the

More information

Waves Multiple Choice

Waves Multiple Choice Waves Multiple Choice PSI Physics Name: 1. The distance traveled by a wave in one period is called? A. Frequency B. Period C. Speed of wave D. Wavelength E. Amplitude 2. Which of the following is the speed

More information

PHY-2464 Physical Basis of Music

PHY-2464 Physical Basis of Music Physical Basis of Music Presentation 14 Basics of Flutes Adapted from Sam Matteson s Unit 3 Sessions 26 & 27 Sam Trickey Mar. 1, 2005 Reminder 1: A string with fixed ends has harmonic vibrations given

More information

Physics 101 Lecture 20 Waves & Sound

Physics 101 Lecture 20 Waves & Sound Physics 101 Lecture 20 Waves & Sound Recall we ve talked about transverse & longitudinal waves: - transverse waves: medium motion is to wave motion - longitudinal (pressure) waves: medium motion is to

More information

LAB 10 Waves and Resonance

LAB 10 Waves and Resonance Cabrillo College Physics l0l Name LAB 10 Waves and Resonance Read Hewitt Chapter 19 What to learn and explore Almost all of the information that we receive from our environment comes to us in the form

More information

Chapter 17 Mechanical Waves

Chapter 17 Mechanical Waves Pearson Prentice Hall Physical Science: Concepts in Action Chapter 17 Mechanical Waves 17.1 Mechanical Waves Objectives: 1. Explain what causes mechanical waves 2. Name and describe the three main types

More information

CHAPTER 8: MECHANICAL WAVES TRANSMIT ENERGY IN A VARIETY OF WAYS

CHAPTER 8: MECHANICAL WAVES TRANSMIT ENERGY IN A VARIETY OF WAYS CHAPTER 8: MECHANICAL WAVES TRANSMIT ENERGY IN A VARIETY OF WAYS DISCLAIMER FOR MOST QUESTIONS IN THIS CHAPTER Waves are always in motion, as they transmit energy and information from one point to another.

More information

Questions. Background. Equipment. Activities LAB 3. WAVES

Questions. Background. Equipment. Activities LAB 3. WAVES Questions LAB 3. WAVES How can we measure the velocity of a wave? How are the wavelength, period, and speed of a wave related? What types of behavior do waves exhibit? Background Consider what happens

More information

Waves. harmonic wave wave equation one dimensional wave equation principle of wave fronts plane waves law of reflection

Waves. harmonic wave wave equation one dimensional wave equation principle of wave fronts plane waves law of reflection Waves Vocabulary mechanical wave pulse continuous periodic wave amplitude wavelength period frequency wave velocity phase transverse wave longitudinal wave intensity displacement wave number phase velocity

More information

Chapter 20 - Waves. A wave - Eg: A musician s instrument; a cell phone call & a stone thrown into a pond A wave carries from one place to another.

Chapter 20 - Waves. A wave - Eg: A musician s instrument; a cell phone call & a stone thrown into a pond A wave carries from one place to another. Section 20.1 - Waves Chapter 20 - Waves A wave - Eg: A musician s instrument; a cell phone call & a stone thrown into a pond A wave carries from one place to another. Waves can change motion, we know that

More information

Doppler Effect. PHY132H1F Introduction to Physics II Class 3 Outline:

Doppler Effect. PHY132H1F Introduction to Physics II Class 3 Outline: PHY132H1F Introduction to Physics II Class 3 Outline: Doppler Effect Principle of Superposition Standing Waves on a String Standing Sound Waves Wave Interference Beats Survey: How did the reading go that

More information

Chapter 19: Vibrations And Waves

Chapter 19: Vibrations And Waves Lecture Outline Chapter 19: Vibrations And Waves This lecture will help you understand: Vibrations of a Pendulum Wave Description Wave Speed Transverse Waves Longitudinal Waves Wave Interference Standing

More information

g L Agenda Chapter 13 Problem 28 Equations of Motion for SHM: What if we have friction or drag? Driven Oscillations; Resonance 4/30/14 k m f = 1 2π

g L Agenda Chapter 13 Problem 28 Equations of Motion for SHM: What if we have friction or drag? Driven Oscillations; Resonance 4/30/14 k m f = 1 2π Agenda Today: HW quiz, More simple harmonic motion and waves Thursday: More waves Midterm scores will be posted by Thursday. Chapter 13 Problem 28 Calculate the buoyant force due to the surrounding air

More information

Traveling Waves vs. Standing Waves

Traveling Waves vs. Standing Waves The Physics Classroom» Physics Tutorial» Waves» Traveling Waves vs. Standing Waves Waves - Lesson 4 - Standing Waves Traveling Waves vs. Standing Waves Traveling Waves vs. Standing Waves Formation of Standing

More information

Chapters 25: Waves. f = 1 T. v =!f. Text: Chapter 25 Think and Explain: 1-10 Think and Solve: 1-4

Chapters 25: Waves. f = 1 T. v =!f. Text: Chapter 25 Think and Explain: 1-10 Think and Solve: 1-4 Text: Chapter 25 Think and Explain: 1-10 Think and Solve: 1-4 Chapters 25: Waves NAME: Vocabulary: wave, pulse, oscillation, amplitude, wavelength, wave speed, frequency, period, interference, constructive,

More information

Wave Motion. interference destructive interferecne constructive interference in phase. out of phase standing wave antinodes resonant frequencies

Wave Motion. interference destructive interferecne constructive interference in phase. out of phase standing wave antinodes resonant frequencies Wave Motion Vocabulary mechanical waves pulse continuous periodic wave amplitude period wavelength period wave velocity phase transverse wave longitudinal wave intensity displacement amplitude phase velocity

More information

Slide 1 / The distance traveled by a wave in one period is called? Frequency Period Speed of wave Wavelength Amplitude

Slide 1 / The distance traveled by a wave in one period is called? Frequency Period Speed of wave Wavelength Amplitude Slide 1 / 20 1 The distance traveled by a wave in one period is called? Frequency Period Speed of wave Wavelength mplitude Slide 2 / 20 2 Which of the following is the speed of a wave traveling with a

More information

Core Concept. PowerPoint Lectures Physical Science, 8e. Chapter 5 Wave Motions and Sound. New Symbols for this Chapter 2/20/2011

Core Concept. PowerPoint Lectures Physical Science, 8e. Chapter 5 Wave Motions and Sound. New Symbols for this Chapter 2/20/2011 PowerPoint Lectures Physical Science, 8e Chapter 5 Wave Motions and Sound New Symbols for this Chapter T-Period f-frequency v-wave speed λ-wavelength A-Amplitude Sound is transmitted as increased and decreased

More information

Chapter 16. Waves-I Types of Waves

Chapter 16. Waves-I Types of Waves Chapter 16 Waves-I 16.2 Types of Waves 1. Mechanical waves. These waves have two central features: They are governed by Newton s laws, and they can exist only within a material medium, such as water, air,

More information

INSTRUMENT INSTRUMENTAL ERROR (of full scale) INSTRUMENTAL RESOLUTION. Tutorial simulation. Tutorial simulation

INSTRUMENT INSTRUMENTAL ERROR (of full scale) INSTRUMENTAL RESOLUTION. Tutorial simulation. Tutorial simulation Lab 1 Standing Waves on a String Learning Goals: To distinguish between traveling and standing waves To recognize how the wavelength of a standing wave is measured To recognize the necessary conditions

More information

Define transverse waves and longitudinal waves. Draw a simple diagram of each

Define transverse waves and longitudinal waves. Draw a simple diagram of each AP Physics Study Guide Chapters 11, 12, 24 Waves, Sound, Light & Interference Name Write the equation that defines each quantity, include units for all quantities. wave speed-wavelength equation natural

More information

Chapter 11 Waves. Waves transport energy without transporting matter. The intensity is the average power per unit area. It is measured in W/m 2.

Chapter 11 Waves. Waves transport energy without transporting matter. The intensity is the average power per unit area. It is measured in W/m 2. Chapter 11 Waves Energy can be transported by particles or waves A wave is characterized as some sort of disturbance that travels away from a source. The key difference between particles and waves is a

More information

Mechanical Waves. Chapter 15. PowerPoint Lectures for University Physics, Thirteenth Edition Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman

Mechanical Waves. Chapter 15. PowerPoint Lectures for University Physics, Thirteenth Edition Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman Chapter 15 Mechanical Waves PowerPoint Lectures for University Physics, Thirteenth Edition Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman Lectures by Wayne Anderson Goals for Chapter 15 To study the properties and

More information

Acoustics for Music Theory *

Acoustics for Music Theory * OpenStax-CNX module: m13246 1 Acoustics for Music Theory * Catherine Schmidt-Jones This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 Abstract For adults,

More information

Waves & Interference

Waves & Interference Waves & Interference I. Definitions and Types II. Parameters and Equations III. Sound IV. Graphs of Waves V. Interference - superposition - standing waves The student will be able to: HW: 1 Define, apply,

More information

Slide 2 / 28 Wave Motion. A wave travels along its medium, but the individual particles just move up and down.

Slide 2 / 28 Wave Motion. A wave travels along its medium, but the individual particles just move up and down. Slide 1 / 28 Waves Slide 2 / 28 Wave Motion A wave travels along its medium, but the individual particles just move up and down. Slide 3 / 28 Wave Motion All types of traveling waves transport energy.

More information

Chapter 15 Wave Motion. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 15 Wave Motion. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 15 Wave Motion 15-1 Characteristics of Wave Motion All types of traveling waves transport energy. Study of a single wave pulse shows that it is begun with a vibration and is transmitted through

More information

Section 1 Types of Waves. Distinguish between mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves.

Section 1 Types of Waves. Distinguish between mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves. Section 1 Types of Waves Objectives Recognize that waves transfer energy. Distinguish between mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves. Explain the relationship between particle vibration and wave motion.

More information

is shown in Fig. 5.1.

is shown in Fig. 5.1. 1 The variation with time t of the displacement x of a point in a transverse wave T 1 is shown in Fig. 5.1. 1 x A T 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 t/s -A Fig. 5.1 (a) By reference to displacement and direction of travel

More information

Table of Contents. Chapter: Waves. Section 1: The Nature of Waves. Section 2: Wave Properties. Section 3: The Behavior of Waves

Table of Contents. Chapter: Waves. Section 1: The Nature of Waves. Section 2: Wave Properties. Section 3: The Behavior of Waves Table of Contents Chapter: Waves Section 1: The Nature of Waves Section 2: Wave Properties Section 3: The Behavior of Waves 1 The Nature of Waves What s in a wave? A wave is a repeating disturbance or

More information

Vibrations are the sources of waves. A vibration creates a disturbance in a given medium, that disturbance travels away from the source, carrying

Vibrations are the sources of waves. A vibration creates a disturbance in a given medium, that disturbance travels away from the source, carrying Vibrations are the sources of waves. A vibration creates a disturbance in a given medium, that disturbance travels away from the source, carrying energy with it, we call this traveling disturbance a wave.

More information

Chapter 14 Waves. Apr 30 7:11 AM

Chapter 14 Waves.   Apr 30 7:11 AM Chapter 14 Waves http://faraday.physics.utoronto.ca/iyearlab/intros/standingwaves/flash/long_wave.html Apr 30 7:11 AM 1 May 5 7:16 AM 2 May 5 7:17 AM 3 May 5 7:17 AM 4 May 5 7:19 AM 5 May 5 7:29 AM 6 May

More information

Constructing a PVC Flute

Constructing a PVC Flute Constructing a PVC Flute EQUIPMENT PVC pipe The instructions are for ¾ diameter PVC 480 PSI or 200 PSI. The thickness of the PVC depends on the PSI rating. Corks or dowels that fits into the end of the

More information

9.2 Waves at Media Boundaries

9.2 Waves at Media Boundaries media boundary the location where two or more media meet Figure 1 The walls and shapes of recording studios are carefully designed to ensure that the sound going to the microphone is a true representation

More information

Date Lab Time Name. Wave Motion

Date Lab Time Name. Wave Motion Objective Wave Motion This laboratory examines the principle on which most musical instruments operate and allows the student to observe standing waves, hear resonance and calculate the velocity of the

More information

23.1 Period and Frequency

23.1 Period and Frequency 23.1 Period and Frequency 23.1 The period of a pendulum is the time it takes to move through one cycle. As the ball on the string is pulled to one side and then let go, the ball moves to the side opposite

More information

Conceptual Physics. Chapter 25: Vibrations and Waves Mr. Miller

Conceptual Physics. Chapter 25: Vibrations and Waves Mr. Miller Conceptual Physics Chapter 25: Vibrations and Waves Mr. Miller Vibrations A vibration is a wiggle in time A vibration cannot exist in one instant, but needs time to move back and forth. Waves A wave is

More information

Chapter 14 Waves http://faraday.physics.utoronto.ca/iyearlab/intros/standingwaves/flash/long_wave.html Apr 30 7:11 AM May 5 7:16 AM 1 May 5 7:17 AM May 5 7:17 AM 2 May 5 7:19 AM May 5 7:29 AM 3 May 5 7:30

More information

Waves. Chapter 9. [ pictures will be here, and they include "p" which is a location in the water ]

Waves. Chapter 9. [ pictures will be here, and they include p which is a location in the water ] Chapter 9 Waves Chapter 9 is finished, but is not in camera-ready format. Specifically, all of the diagrams are missing. But here are some excerpts from the text, with omissions indicated by... This chapter

More information

Defined as a transfer of energy, in the form of a temporary disturbance of a medium, where the medium itself does not move.

Defined as a transfer of energy, in the form of a temporary disturbance of a medium, where the medium itself does not move. Waves: Defined as a transfer of energy, in the form of a temporary disturbance of a medium, where the medium itself does not move. Three Classifications of waves: 1. Mechanical waves: These are waves that

More information

Harmonics and Sound Exam Review

Harmonics and Sound Exam Review Name: Class: _ Date: _ Harmonics and Sound Exam Review Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is not an example

More information

Transverse waves cause particles to vibrate perpendicularly to the direction of the wave's motion (e.g. waves on a string, ripples on a pond).

Transverse waves cause particles to vibrate perpendicularly to the direction of the wave's motion (e.g. waves on a string, ripples on a pond). Waves Introduction A vibration must be the source of a wave. Waves in turn also cause vibrations. They are intrinsically connected. Waves transmit energy. There are different ways in which waves can be

More information

Lesson 14: Simple harmonic motion, Waves (Sections )

Lesson 14: Simple harmonic motion, Waves (Sections ) Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion The projection of uniform circular motion along any ais (the -ais here) is the same as simple harmonic motion. We use our understanding of uniform circular motion

More information

Lecture 8. Sound Waves Superposition and Standing Waves

Lecture 8. Sound Waves Superposition and Standing Waves Lecture 8 Sound Waves Superposition and Standing Waves Sound Waves Speed of Sound Waves Intensity of Periodic Sound Waves The Doppler Effect Sound Waves are the most common example of longitudinal waves.

More information

INDIANA UNIVERSITY, DEPT. OF PHYSICS P105, Basic Physics of Sound, Spring 2010

INDIANA UNIVERSITY, DEPT. OF PHYSICS P105, Basic Physics of Sound, Spring 2010 Name: ID#: INDIANA UNIVERSITY, DEPT. OF PHYSICS P105, Basic Physics of Sound, Spring 2010 Final Exam Friday, 7 May 2010, 2:45 4:45 p.m. Closed book. You are allowed a calculator. There is a Formula Sheet

More information

Lab #21 - ORR: Resonance Tube

Lab #21 - ORR: Resonance Tube Chapter 21 Lab #21 - ORR: Resonance Tube Introduction The vertical resonance apparatus is a device for helping the Physics student understand the principle of waves and resonance. In particular the study

More information

CH 17 - MECHANICAL WAVES & SOUND. Sec Mechanical Waves

CH 17 - MECHANICAL WAVES & SOUND. Sec Mechanical Waves CH 17 - MECHANICAL WAVES & SOUND Sec. 17.2 - Mechanical Waves Mechanical Wave - disturbance in matter that carries energy from one place to another. Mechanical waves require matter called a MEDIUM to travel

More information

Physics 122 Class #7 Outline. Announcements Traveling waves Math of Sinewaves Doppler Effect Superposition Standing Waves Math of Standing Waves

Physics 122 Class #7 Outline. Announcements Traveling waves Math of Sinewaves Doppler Effect Superposition Standing Waves Math of Standing Waves Physics 122 Class #7 Outline Announcements Traveling waves Math of Sinewaves Doppler Effect Superposition Standing Waves Math of Standing Waves Announcements Updated syllabus is posted Exam #1 is in two

More information

Algebra Based Physics

Algebra Based Physics Algebra Based Physics Waves www.njctl.org Table of Contents Click on the topic to go to that section Types of Waves Standing Waves on a String Table of Contents https://www.njctl.org/video/?v=ywgtos4xmqo

More information

Sinusoidal Waves. Sinusoidal Waves. Sinusoidal Waves

Sinusoidal Waves. Sinusoidal Waves. Sinusoidal Waves Sinusoidal Waves A wave source at x = 0 that oscillates with simple harmonic motion (SHM) generates a sinusoidal wave. 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16-1 Sinusoidal Waves Above is a history graph

More information

4.4 WAVE CHARACTERISTICS 4.5 WAVE PROPERTIES Student Notes

4.4 WAVE CHARACTERISTICS 4.5 WAVE PROPERTIES Student Notes 4.4 WAVE CHARACTERISTICS 4.5 WAVE PROPERTIES Student Notes I. DIFFERENT TYPES OF WAVES A. TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL WAVES B. WAVE PULSES AND TRAVELLING WAVES C. SOUND AND WATER WAVES II. DEFINING TERMS

More information

UNIT IV: SOUND AND LIGHT Chapter 25-31

UNIT IV: SOUND AND LIGHT Chapter 25-31 IMPORTANT TERMS: Amplitude Antinodes Blue shift Bow wave Constructive interference Crest Destructive interference Doppler effect Frequency Hertz In phase Interference pattern Longitudinal wave Node Out

More information

Wave and particle models of physical phenomena

Wave and particle models of physical phenomena Ch15Lectures Page 1 Chapter 15: Travelling Waves and Sound Wave and particle models of physical phenomena In mechanics, we made frequent use of particle models of physical phenomena; in this course we'll

More information

Waves Chapter Problems

Waves Chapter Problems Waves Chapter Problems Wave speed, frequency and wavelength 1. A fisherman noticed that a float makes 30 oscillations in 15 seconds. The distance between two consecutive crests is 2 m. What is the period

More information

PHYSICS - CLUTCH CH 16: WAVES & SOUND.

PHYSICS - CLUTCH CH 16: WAVES & SOUND. !! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: WHAT IS A WAVE? A WAVE is a moving disturbance (oscillation) that carries energy. - A common example is a wave on a string, where the moving string carries energy We re only

More information

Physics 1520, Spring 2014 Quiz 1A, Form: A

Physics 1520, Spring 2014 Quiz 1A, Form: A Physics 1520, Spring 2014 Quiz 1A, Form: A Name: Date: Section 1. Multiple Choice 1. The image below shows two different types of sinusoidal waves produced on a slinky. Which wave is the same type of wave

More information

Physics 1520, Spring 2014 Quiz 1B, Form: A

Physics 1520, Spring 2014 Quiz 1B, Form: A Physics 1520, Spring 2014 Quiz 1B, Form: A Name: Date: Section 1. Multiple Choice Questions 1 2: The equations for two traveling waves traveling on the same string are: Wave 1: y(x, t) = (5.0 cm) cos((2.09

More information

Physics 1-2 Mr. Chumbley Physics: Chapter 11 p

Physics 1-2 Mr. Chumbley Physics: Chapter 11 p Physics 1-2 Mr. Chumbley Physics: Chapter 11 p. 362-401 Section 1 p. 364 371 Section 2 p. 372-377 Simple Harmonic Motion There exist many different situations in which objects oscillate in regular, repeating

More information

Ch16Lectures Page 1. Ch16Lectures Thursday, April 16, :22 PM

Ch16Lectures Page 1. Ch16Lectures Thursday, April 16, :22 PM Ch16Lectures Page 1 Ch16Lectures Thursday, April 16, 2009 12:22 PM Ch16Lectures Page 2 Ch16Lectures Page 3 Ch16Lectures Page 4 The following animation illustrates the interference of two wave pulses travelling

More information

20.1 Waves. A wave is an oscillation that travels from one place to another. Because waves can change motion, they are a travelling form on energy.

20.1 Waves. A wave is an oscillation that travels from one place to another. Because waves can change motion, they are a travelling form on energy. Waves Chapter 20 1 20.1 Waves A wave is an oscillation that travels from one place to another. Because waves can change motion, they are a travelling form on energy. 2 Recognizing Waves Waves are present:

More information

Waves Practice Problems AP Physics In a wave, the distance traveled by a wave during one period is called:

Waves Practice Problems AP Physics In a wave, the distance traveled by a wave during one period is called: Waves Practice Problems AP Physics 1 Name 1. In a wave, the distance traveled by a wave during one period is called: (A) Amplitude (B) Frequency (C) Wavelength (D) Displacement 2. A stretched wire resonates

More information

Sounds from Vibrating Air

Sounds from Vibrating Air Let Us Entertain You Activity 3 Sounds from Vibrating Air GOALS In this activity you will: Identify resonance in different kinds of tubes. Observe how resonance pitch changes with length of tube. Observe

More information

SOUND. Pitch: Frequency High Frequency = High Pitch Low Frequency = Low Pitch Loudness: Amplitude. Read Sections 12-1 and 12-4

SOUND. Pitch: Frequency High Frequency = High Pitch Low Frequency = Low Pitch Loudness: Amplitude. Read Sections 12-1 and 12-4 Read Sections 12-1 and 12-4 SOUND Sound: The speed of sound in air at 25 o C is 343 m/s (often rounded to 340 m/s). The speed of sound changes with temperature since the density and elasticity of air change

More information

Unit 7: Waves and Sound

Unit 7: Waves and Sound Objectives Unit 7: Waves and Sound Identify the crest, trough, wavelength, and amplitude of any wave, and distinguish transverse and longitudinal wages. Given two of the following quantities of a wave,

More information

Sound waves... light waves... water waves...

Sound waves... light waves... water waves... Sound waves... light waves... water waves... 1S-13 Slinky on Stand Creating longitudinal compression waves in a slinky What happens when you pull back and release one end of the slinky? 4/11/2011 Physics

More information

NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF WAVES P.1

NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF WAVES P.1 NATURE AND ROERTIES OF WAVES.1 DSE AER IA 218 14. Which of the following statements about waves is/are correct? (1) Longitudinal waves can transmit energy from one place to another but transverse waves

More information

2 nd Term Final. Revision Sheet. Students Name: Grade: 10 A/B. Subject: Physics. Teacher Signature

2 nd Term Final. Revision Sheet. Students Name: Grade: 10 A/B. Subject: Physics. Teacher Signature 2 nd Term Final Revision Sheet Students Name: Grade: 10 A/B Subject: Physics Teacher Signature 1 NAME: GRADE: 10 MULTIPLE CHOICES PHYSICS WORKSHEET In the space provided, write the letter of the term or

More information

PHYSICS - GIANCOLI CALC 4E CH 15: WAVE MOTION.

PHYSICS - GIANCOLI CALC 4E CH 15: WAVE MOTION. !! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: WHAT IS A WAVE? A WAVE is a moving disturbance (oscillation) that carries energy. - A common example is a wave on a string, where the moving string carries energy We re only

More information

Mechanical waves Electromagnetic waves

Mechanical waves Electromagnetic waves Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer of matter. For example by sound waves and electromagnetic

More information

Today: waves. Exam Results. Wave Motion. What is moving? Motion of a piece of the rope. Energy transport

Today: waves. Exam Results. Wave Motion. What is moving? Motion of a piece of the rope. Energy transport Exam: Exam scores posted on Learn@UW No homework due next week Exam Results D C BC B AB A Today: waves Have studied Newton s laws, motion of particles, momentum, energy, etc. Laws for describing things

More information

Vibrations and Waves Physics 5 th 6wks

Vibrations and Waves Physics 5 th 6wks Vibrations and Waves Physics 5 th 6wks Waves & Vibration: Introduction Vibration a repeated back-and-forth motion, around a fixed position. (a wiggle in time) Wave a rhythmic disturbance that transfers

More information

CHAPTER 14 VIBRATIONS & WAVES

CHAPTER 14 VIBRATIONS & WAVES Physics Approximate Timeline Students are expected to keep up with class work when absent. CHAPTER 14 VIBRATIONS & WAVES Day Plans for the day Assignments for the day 1 Section 14.1 Periodic Motion o Definitions

More information

Practice Questions: Waves (AP Physics 1) Multiple Choice Questions:

Practice Questions: Waves (AP Physics 1) Multiple Choice Questions: Practice Questions: Waves (AP Physics 1) Multiple Choice Questions: 28. A transverse wave is traveling on a string. The graph above shows position as a function of time for a point on the string. If the

More information

Cover Sheet-Block 6 Wave Properties

Cover Sheet-Block 6 Wave Properties Cover Sheet-Block 6 Wave Properties Name Standards-Physics 4 a b c d 4a. Students know waves carry energy from one place to another. 4. b. Students know how to identify transverse and longitudinal waves

More information

Section 1: Types of Waves

Section 1: Types of Waves Waves Section 1 Section 1: Types of Waves Preview Key Ideas Bellringer What Is a Wave? Vibrations and Waves Transverse and Longitudinal Waves Surface Waves Waves Section 1 Key Ideas What does a wave carry?

More information

Exercises Vibration of a Pendulum (page 491) 25.2 Wave Description (pages ) 25.3 Wave Motion (pages )

Exercises Vibration of a Pendulum (page 491) 25.2 Wave Description (pages ) 25.3 Wave Motion (pages ) Exercises 25.1 Vibration of a Pendulum (page 491) 1. The time it takes for one back-and-forth motion of a pendulum is called the. 2. List the two things that determine the period of a pendulum. 3. Circle

More information

Introduction to Waves. If you do not have access to equipment, the following experiments can be observed here:

Introduction to Waves. If you do not have access to equipment, the following experiments can be observed here: Introduction to Waves If you do not have access to equipment, the following experiments can be observed here: http://tinyurl.com/lupz3dh 1.1 There is a tray with water in it. This can model throwing a

More information

2 Characteristics of Waves

2 Characteristics of Waves CHAPTER 15 2 Characteristics of Waves SECTION Waves KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What are some ways to measure and compare waves? How can you calculate the speed of

More information

Ch13. Vibrations and Waves HW# 1, 5, 9, 13, 19, 29, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 47, 51, 53, 61

Ch13. Vibrations and Waves HW# 1, 5, 9, 13, 19, 29, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 47, 51, 53, 61 Ch13. Vibrations and Waves HW# 1, 5, 9, 13, 19, 29, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 47, 51, 53, 61 If you displace a system that obeys Hooke s Law, It will follow simple harmonic motion. The system will oscillate.

More information

Outline Chapter 7 Waves

Outline Chapter 7 Waves Outline Chapter 7 Waves 7-1. Water Waves 7-2. Transverse and Longitudinal Waves 7-3. Describing Waves 7-4. Standing Waves 7-5. Sound 7-6. Doppler Effect 7-7. Musical Sounds 7-8. Electromagnetic Waves 7-9.

More information

CHAPTER 16. Waves and Sound

CHAPTER 16. Waves and Sound CHAPTER 16 Waves and Sound Objectives: After completion of this module, you should be able to: Demonstrate your understanding of transverse and longitudinal waves. Define, relate and apply the concepts

More information

CHAPTER 8 (SECTIONS 8.1 AND 8.2) WAVE PROPERTIES, SOUND

CHAPTER 8 (SECTIONS 8.1 AND 8.2) WAVE PROPERTIES, SOUND Name Period CHAPTER 8 (SECTIONS 8.1 AND 8.2) WAVE PROPERTIES, SOUND 1 ACTIVITY LESSON DESCRIPTION SCORE/POINTS 1. NT NOTES PACKET (notes and study questions ) _ /50 NT NOTES PACKET (vocab definitions &

More information

Waves Physics Waves What is a wave and what does it carry? Types of Waves 1. Transverse

Waves Physics Waves What is a wave and what does it carry? Types of Waves 1. Transverse Waves Physics 20.1 Waves What is a wave and what does it carry? Types of Waves 1. Transverse A transverse wave has its oscillations/vibrations to the direction the wave moves. 2. Longitudinal A longitudinal

More information

DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS

DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS TSOKOS LESSON 4-6 STANDING WAVES Essential Idea: When travelling waves meet they can superpose to form standing waves in which energy may not be transferred.

More information

15815 Super Spring - Student

15815 Super Spring - Student Accessories Needed, Not Included: PURPOSE 15815 Super Spring - Student Required Accessories: string (2 to 4 meters needed) C-clamp (or any other fixed clamp on a bench) Stopwatch masking tape or labels

More information