17.1: Mechanical Waves
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1 New Standard SPS9: Students will investigate the properties of waves. a. Recognize that all waves transfer energy. b. Relate frequency and wavelength to the energy of different types of electromagnetic waves and mechanical waves. c. Compare and contrast the characteristics of electromagnetic and mechanical (sound) waves. d. Investigate the phenomena of reflection, refraction, interference, and diffraction. e. Relate the speed of sound to different mediums. f. Explain the Doppler Effect in terms of everyday interactions.
2 17.1: Mechanical Waves
3 What is a wave? When matter is disturbed, energy comes from the disturbance. This energy is in the form of a wave. A disturbance such as a pulse or shock produces a wave. These disturbances are many times repeated or periodic, such as a guitar string being struck. This makes the wave continuous
4 ALL WAVES TRANSPORT ENERGY!
5 Mechanical Waves Disturbance in matter that carries energy from one place to another
6 Mechanical Waves Created when a source of energy causes a vibration to travel through a medium. Requires a medium to travel through. Solids, liquids, and gases Classified by the WAY they move through a medium.
7 3 Main Types of Mechanical Waves Transverse waves Longitudinal waves Surface waves
8 Transverse Waves Wave that causes the medium to vibrate at right angles to the direction in which the wave travels. The wave carries energy from left to right The highest point of the wave is the crest. The lowest point of the wave is the trough.
9 Transverse Waves Direction of wave Crest Rest position Direction of vibration Trough
10 Examples of Transverse Waves Ripples created when rock is thrown into water Rope tied to a tree Motion of a plucked guitar string Light waves also called electromagnetic waves Secondary earthquake waves
11 Secondary Earthquake Waves Come after Primary Wave Cause the ground to roll
12 Longitudinal Waves Waves in which the vibration of the medium is parallel to the direction the wave travels. An area where the particles in a medium are spaced close together is called a compression. An area where the particles in a medium are spread out is called a rarefaction.
13
14 Longitudinal Waves
15 Examples of Longitudinal Waves Sound Primary earthquake waves Shock waves from an explosion
16 Surface Waves Wave that travels along a surface separating two media. Particles of the medium undergo a circular motion. Ocean waves are the most familiar kind of surface waves.
17
18 17.2: Properties of Mechanical Waves
19 Period The time required for one complete cycle to pass a particular point cycle is called the period. 1 Period
20 Frequency The number of complete cycles in a given time. Measured in cycles per second, or hertz (Hz). One hertz equals one wave cycle per second.
21 Frequency & Energy Frequency & Energy have a Direct Relationship High frequency=high energy Low frequency=low energy
22 Wavelength The distance between a point on one wave and the same point on the next cycle of the wave. One wave cycle is equal to one wavelength.
23 Measuring Wavelength For a transverse wave, wavelength is measured between adjacent crests or between adjacent troughs. Long wavelength Short wavelength
24 Measuring Wavelength For a longitudinal wave, wavelength is the distance between adjacent compressions or rarefactions.
25 Frequency & Wavelength Inverse relationship Increasing the frequency of a wave decreases its wavelength. Low frequency=long wavelength High frequency=short wavelength
26 Wave Speed Formula: Speed=Wavelength X Frequency Units=meters per second Speed of a wave can change if it enters a new medium but for most waves the speed will remain constant.
27 Amplitude The maximum displacement of the medium from its rest position. How high the wave rises. Intensity. Increase in amplitude means the wave carries more energy. This is due to the fact that it takes more energy to produce a larger wave. The more energy the wave has, the more the medium will be compressed or displaced.
28 Measuring Amplitude
29 Amplitude Louder sounds have a greater amplitude. Brighter lights have a greater amplitude.
30
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