Life at its Peak of Exuberance: Coral Reefs and Tropical Rainforests
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1 Life at its Peak of Exuberance: Coral Reefs and Tropical Rainforests Note: These links do not work. Use the links within the outline to access the images in the popup windows. This text is the same as the scrolling text in the popup windows.. Introduction (Page 1) Both: The part of this map that is shaded in black shows the areas in which coral reefs occur. Note that reefs are mostly tropical or subtropical. Many of today s reefs are expected to disappear in the next 20 years with global warming. With warming, however, they may spread further north and south nto areas in which they do not occur at the present time. Tropics: This world map shows the location of tropical rainforest in dark blue. There are three major ocations, the American tropics, equatorial Africa and southeastern Asia. There are smaller tracts of ropical rainforest elsewhere such as Madagascar and India. There are also temperate rainforests but hese differ significantly from tropical ones in structure and biodiversity and are not considered here. I. How do coral reefs form? (Page 2) Calcareous Algae: This is an alga that produces calcium carbonate, or lime. The lime contributes to reef formation by cementing larger parts together. Extend: The coral reef you see here is Heron Island Reef in Australia. At exceptionally low tides corals briefly become exposed above water. Only a few species of coral can withstand this kind of emergence. A small coral island, Heron Island, appears in the background. Narrow: This photograph shows a narrow reef stretching towards the horizon. Great Barrier Reef: On the left is a map of the state of Queensland, the northeastern part of Australia, as shown in the small insert. The Great Barrier Reef stretches about 1,500 miles along its coast. The map on the right shows more detail of the Great Barrier Reef. The darker blue on the right is the open sea and he lighter blue shows the area in which the reef occurs. The blue of intermediate hue near the coast
2 represents a deeper, non-reefal channel. Fringing:
3 This photograph shows views from the same location both above and below the water. Note that he coral extends right up to the beach. Patch Reefs: This aerial photograph shows two patch reefs, one with a coral island and one without. Notice that here is a deep-water channel between the two reefs. Atolls: This is a map of Cocos Atoll in the Indian Ocean. It was the atoll that gave Charles Darwin the idea of how atolls were formed. The reefs and islands are in a circle. Within that circle a volcano once protruded from the ocean. As the volcano slowly subsided into the sea, its fringing reef grew toward he surface, leaving a ring of reefs around the former outline of the now-submerged volcano. II. Zonation of reefs (Page 3) Zones: This diagram shows the typical zonation of a coral reef. The seaward edge is the reef face or reef front. It extends rather steeply into the sea from near the surface down to the limits of coral growth. The next zone is the reef crest or reef edge. This is the outer edge of the reef where the surf breaks against the corals. It is the area of greatest physical impact of the sea. Sheltered behind the reef crest is the reef flat, a shallow area of mixtures of dead and live coral. The reef flat leads into a lagoon of deeper calmer water. Reef Front: Here you can see a diver investigating the steep descent of the reef along the reef front. The reef front contains live growth of coral down to where the light is too dim for mutualistic algae to get enough light to carry out photosynthesis. Reef Crest: This photograph is of the reef crest at low tide. Notice the water draining from the lagoon back into he sea. At high tide the surf would be pounding this area and it would not be possible to stand where the person is walking. Profusely: In the quieter water behind the reef crest one can find coral growing in great profusion, as seen in
4 his photograph. Lagoon: This photograph shows an aerial view of a section of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. The reef edge is in the upper part of the photograph. The aqua-colored part is the sandy-bottomed lagoon with extensive growth of coral showing up as a variegated pattern of brown. Beach Rock: The dark material in this photograph between the sandy beach and the water is beach rock. Beach rock forms only under the sand on beaches. It is caused by rainwater soaking into coral sand and dissolving some of the calcium carbonate which then re-precipitates when it seeps down to where he sea water has soaked laterally into the sand. The precipitated lime cements sand grains, shells and other objects into a layer of rock. When the sand on the beach erodes away, the harder beach rock remains to mark the previous location of the beach. V. Reefs teeming with life (Page 4) Animals: Unlike most panoramas, on coral reefs animals dominate the habitat and its shape and appearance are due to them. Algae and plants are present but they are not usually very conspicuous. In this photograph the structure of the reef is determined by corals of a variety of shapes and sizes. Corals Themselves: This photograph illustrates the variety of shapes and colors of corals on a reef and how they dominate the habitat. Fish: Above the stable structure of the coral, fish often form a kaleidoscope of color and motion. Echinoderms: This photograph will remind you that pencil urchins, a kind of echinoderm, can be a conspicuous part of the reef fauna. Sea Fans: This photograph is to remind you that sea fans can be a conspicuous part of the reef fauna. Turtles:
5 Although sea turtles occur in other marine habitats as well, they are common inhabitants of the reef Birds: Birds nest in abundance on the small islands on reefs and they are important predators on reef fish. Sometimes their numbers are prodigious, as here on the Great Barrier Reef. Sea Snakes: Sea snakes, like the one shown here, are real air-breathing snakes, not eels. They can dive to 300 feet and stay down for as long as two hours, but they must eventually surface to breathe. They feed on fish. They differ from land snakes in having a paddle-shaped tail used in swimming. Commensals: These pilot fish have a commensal relationship with sharks. They follow sharks and eat whatever scraps the shark leaves behind from its meals. The shark neither benefits nor is harmed by their presence. Curiously, the shark doesn t attempt to eat the pilot fish. Overgrow: A large brown coral is seen here beginning to grow up over a small light-colored one. It time it will probably cover it completely. Encroachment: This photograph shows a boundary between two species of coral. When polyps are out feeding they contact each other over the unoccupied area between them. The blue species on the left stings and kills the polyps of the green species on the right, thereby preventing any encroachment. V. What is a tropical rainforest? (Page 5) Tropical Rainforest: This view is of a tropical rainforest, the most biodiverse terrestrial habitat on earth. Mild and Stable: The histogram shows the rainfall in an area of tropical rainforest in southeastern Asia. Notice that here is abundant rainfall every month of the year and that there is little seasonal fluctuation. The emperatures are shown by the line graph; they are mild and show little variation throughout the
6 year. Emergent: In tropical rainforests there are often individual tall trees, called emergent trees, scattered throughout he forest and protruding well above the upper canopy, as shown here. This photograph again llustrates the layered nature of the canopy, with a secondary canopy below the upper closed one, and then still lower down a more scattered layer of trees and small shrubs. Vines: Vines are a common feature of tropical rainforests. Here you can see one climbing for a number of meters up the trunk of a tree. Long Stems: Here you can see the stem of a liana ascending into the canopy. Hang: This woody loop is the stem of a liana hanging down from the canopy of a tropical rain forest. These stems may reach up to 250 feet long and extend over the canopies of more than one tree. Bare Understory: This is the floor of a tropical rainforest. Notice how devoid it is of herbaceous plants or other low vegetation. Buttressed: This is a large tree in a tropical rainforest. As true of many rainforest trees it has large buttresses at he base of the bole. Note the man for scale. VI. Rainforest diversity (Page 6) VII. Specializations (Page 7)
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