Magical bubbles and soap films

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1 Magical bubbles and soap films Magical Bubbles & Soap Films March 20, 2010 Frank Kühnemann Physics Department German University in Cairo Water Droplets Walking over Water Films and Bubbles Minimal Surfaces: Physics, Mathematics and Architecture Films and Bubbles in Space 1

2 Water drops What gives the droplet its spherical shape? Water molecules attract each other (surface tension) surface like a flexible membrane, trying to reach a minimum size A minimum problem : For a fixed amount (volume) of water, what will be the shape with the smallest surface? Calculation and experiments: The Sphere 2

3 Walking on water Adding soap to the water Tensid molecules have two different ends likes water (hydrophil) molecules Soap layer at the surface dislikes water (hydrophob) Micelle in water Smaller force between the detergent molecules reduced surface tension 3

4 Soap bubbles Repulsion between the soap particles breaks the film A bubble Gravity pulls down the water molecules water molecule Soap particle How to make really large films? Martin Rutgers Ohio State University 4

5 How to make really large bubbles? Colourful soap bubbles 5

6 Waves on the water Wavelength = distance between two crests of the wave Light waves Different colors of light have different wavelengths λ. They are smaller than 1/1000 of a mm (0.001 mm)! (One sheet of printer paper: about 0.1 mm) λ = mm λ = mm 6

7 Light waves and soap films Light hits the film partial reflection at the front and the back Light waves and soap films For very thin films, the two reflected waves interact = Interference between the reflected waves. The thickness of the film controls which colors can be seen in the reflected light. 7

8 Light waves and soap films The wall of the soap bubble is only some 1/1000 mm thick! What to learn from soap bubbles? Geometry Surface for one enclosed volume? Sphere Surface for two enclosed volumes? Two spheres in contact Contact area is not plane: bent towards the larger sphere 8

9 How to build the perfect honeycomb? How to enclose the largest volume with the minimum wall material, one cell next to the other? honeycomb Soap bubbles enclosed between two plates What is the smallest area for a given frame? Which form yields a minimal surface for a given frame? Plateau problem (J.A.F. Plateau) Moebius Clover leaf Calculation is complex make a soap film model! 9

10 Architecture: Light-weight, stable structures Sebastian Demuth For the minimum surface all forces are balanced only a light-weight frame is required Soap films replace(d) computers! Frei Otto: Minimal surface principles Wire models Soap films Multihalle Mannheim 10

11 Munich Olympic Stadium Sharm El Sheikh Airport, new terminal 11

12 Prophet s Mosque, Medina, Saudi Arabia Saturday Morning Science - Water in space What happens when gravity becomes negligible? Astronaut Don Pettit, Ph.D., Saturday Morning Science Experiments aboard the International Space Station, February

13 Saturday Morning Science - Water in space Air bubble in a water droplet, resting on a plantlet leaf Saturday Morning Science - Water in space What happens when gravity becomes negligible? Water drops 13

14 Back on Earth What happens when a raindrop hits a soap bubble? or other intruders? Physics? A summary That s just an advanced form of playing 14

15 The new place: Freiburg Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques Freiburg Freiburg Thankyou! See you soon! 15

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