Introduction to Storm Surge
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1 Introduction to Storm Surge
2 Hurricane Katrina (2005) Mississippi 1200 deaths, $108 billion damage
3 Hurricane Sandy (2012) Northeast U.S. 73 deaths, $65 billion damage
4 Hurricane Ike (2008) - Bolivar Peninsula, Texas 20 deaths, $29.5 billion
5 Unit Outline Introduction to Storm Surge Who is vulnerable? What is Storm Surge? Factors affecting Storm Surge Measuring Storm Surge
6 Ike s track
7
8 House of David and Kimberly King Waveland, Mississippi
9 Vulnerability Coastal areas are at increasing risk from sea-level rise and storm surge Rising sea-level provides a higher base for future surge/inundation events thus producing an increasing threat to: Coastal communities Ecosystems (wetlands, critical species, habitat loss, etc) Transportation systems (highway systems, ports, rail) Economic viability (tourism, transport of goods, natural resources) Energy
10
11 Gulf Coast Biloxi, Mississippi Katrina (2005) Key West, Florida Georges (1998) Laffite, Louisiana Rita (2005) Galveston, Texas Ike (2008)
12 Southeast Rodanthe, North Carolina Isabel (2003) Pawley s Island, South Carolina Hugo (1989) Jacksonville, Florida Fay (2008) North Hutchinson Island, Florida (Jeanne 2004)
13 Mid-Atlantic Baltimore, Maryland Isabel (2003) Hampton, Virginia Isabel (2003) Mantoloking, New Jersey Sandy (2012) Staten Island, New York (Sandy 2012)
14 New England Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island Carol (1954) Westport, Massachusetts Irene (2011) Providence, Rhode Island 1938 Hurricane East Haven, Connecticut Sandy (2012)
15 What is Storm Surge? STORM SURGE is an abnormal rise of water generated by a storm, over and above the predicted astronomical tide. STORM TIDE is the water level rise during a storm due to the combination of storm surge and the astronomical tide
16 Storm Surge from Hurricane Irene Rumley Marsh on the Pamlico River in North Carolina
17 Low Water from Hurricane Irene Pamlico Sound at Cape Hatteras, NC
18 Storm Surge from Tropical Storm Debby Bayshore Blvd., Tampa, FL
19 Storm Surge from Hurricane Isaac Pontchartrain Drive, Slidell, LA
20 Typhoon Haiyan The Philippines
21 What about Waves? Breaking waves also contribute to the total water level through wave runup/setup WAVE RUNUP is the time-varying fluctuation of water-level elevation at the shoreline due to wave breaking WAVE SETUP is the time-averaged water level rise due to wave breaking The magnitude of both runup and setup are related to offshore wave period, wave height, and shelf slope
22 Wave Runup
23 Wave Setup
24 Galveston Day before Ike arrived
25 Freshwater Input River input, esp. into bays and sounds Mississippi River discharges 200, ,000 cubic feet per second Rainfall
26 Total Water Total Water Total water level = Storm surge + Tides + Wave setup + Freshwater
27 No More Surge in the Saffir-Simpson Scale! (it fits like a square peg in a round hole) KATRINA (3) IKE (2) SANDY (1) ISAAC (1) CHARLEY (4)
28 No Such Thing as Just a Tropical Storm Louisiana State Rd. 23 near Myrtle Grove Tropical Storm Lee (2011)
29 Deep Water A B C Wind Wind Eye A B C 0 MSL 5O Current a. Top view of Sea Surface b. Side view of Cross Section ABC
30 Landfall A B C Eye Wind Wind STORM SURGE A B Current C MSL Mainland Barrier Island Continental Shelf a. Top view of sea surface and land b. Side view of Cross Section ABC
31 Understanding Surge
32 Factors Affecting Storm Surge Central Pressure Intensity (wind speed) Forward Speed Size Radius of Maximum Winds (RMW) Angle of Approach Width and Slope of Shelf Local features concavity of coastlines, bays, rivers, headlands, or islands
33 Effects of Low Pressure
34 Intensity (Wind Speed) 15 mph stronger
35 Forward Speed (Open Coast) 25 mph
36 Size (Radius of Max Winds)
37 Angle of Approach NNW NW Motion
38 Width and Slope of Shelf Wide shelf/ gentle slope Narrow shelf/ sharp slope
39 Start of shelf trapped wave up the Florida Coast
40
41
42 Observing and Measuring Storm Surge Tide stations (NOAA) Still water Traditionally most reliable Limited stations Stations often fail at height of event High water marks (FEMA/USGS) Perishable Traditionally best method for capturing highest surge Subjective and often include impacts of wave runup/setup Pressure Sensors (USGS) Relatively new method Deployed in advance of storm at expected location of highest surge Can contain effects of waves
43 High Water Mark Hoboken, New Jersey (Sandy)
44 Questions/Comments?
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