Wave refraction and energy patterns in the vicinity of Gangavaram, east coast of India
|
|
- Noreen Kimberly Hood
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Indian Journal of GeoMarine Sciences Vol. 39(4), December 010, pp Wave refraction and energy patterns in the vicinity of Gangavaram, east coast of India K. V. S. R. Prasad, S. V. V. Arun Kumar*, Ch. Venkata Ramu & K. V. K. R. K. Patnaik Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam , India *[ Received 0 August 010; revised 1 December 010 Wave energy distribution along Gangavaram, east coast of India has been carried out for the predominant waves representing southwest monsoon (JuneSeptember), northeast monsoon (OctoberFebruary) and storm period (MarchMay and October) using a wave refraction model. Model computes refraction coefficient, shoaling coefficient, breaker heights and breaker energies along the coast. During all seasons, higher wave energy pattern is observed in the region to the south of the port but towards north, complex wave conditions exist due to rocky headlands and promontories and as a result wave breaking transpires at deeper depths. Low wave energy conditions are observed very near to north breakwater during all the seasons and even during storms. During storm conditions wave energies amplify along the coast. South breakwater of the port is under the region of convergence during southwest monsoon and for the storms approaching in southsoutheast direction. Numerical wave refraction studies facilitate the coastal engineers and scientists to understand the coastal processes. [Keywords: Wave refraction, Refraction model, Nearshore, Gangavaram coast] Introduction Wave refraction phenomenon is an important process responsible for effecting changes in coastal configuration. Along the east coast of India, wave refraction studies were conducted using numerical 1,,3 and traditional methods 4,5. In the north coastal sector of Andhra Pradesh, these studies are very meager. Visakhapatnam, the city of destiny consisting of two ports: one near Dolphin s nose and the other is newly constructed Gangavaram port at a distance of just 15 km southwards. These ports require frequent monitoring of wave conditions, littoral transport and bathymetry changes in order to maintain the ports and facilitate navigation. The present study deals with wave refraction and distribution of nearshore wave energy patterns in the neighborhood of Gangavaram. Gangavaram is located in the industrial nerve center of north coastal Andhra Pradesh (latitude 17 37' N and longitude 83 14' E). The coast here forms a bay between Yarada hill at north and Mukkoma hill at south, and comprises of promontories, pocket beaches as well as open sandy beaches are peculiar for coastal studies. A creek in between these two hills forms Balacheruvu lagoon, where the natural port of Gangavaram has been developed mainly to cater to the needs of the adjoining Visakhapatnam steel plant in the south (Fig. 1). It is one of the deepest natural ports in India with a depth of about 0 m. The stations are identified on the location map showing S1 to S13 on the southern side of the port and N1 to N9 towards north of the port. Climate in this region is mainly controlled by the Indian monsoons. The swell waves are having periods 5 10s 6,7 approaching from SSE and E directions during southwest monsoon and northeast monsoon respectively. During storm conditions (considering before and after storms also), the wave periods of 8 10s are predominant and sometimes 118s 8 are also observed in both the seasons. Though the lower periods are dominant the higher periods are the ones which are important as far the energy distribution is concerned 3. The sea is rough during June to September with wave heights ranging from 1 to 3 m, and wave heights, of the order of 0.5 to 1 m prevail during October to December, except during the cyclone periods. Materials and Methods Based on wave atlas prepared for the Indian coast and past studies 5,7, the predominant deep water wave directions E and SSE, with periods 8 and 10 s representing southwest (JuneSeptember) and north
2 510 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 39 NO. 4, DECEMBER 010 Fig. 1 Location map and study area. east monsoon (OctoberJanuary) respectively are considered. In the Bay of Bengal, the frequency of storms is more during MarchMay and October 4 with wave periods 14s. Naval Hydrographic Charts 300 and 3035 were considered for extracting digital bathymetry using Arc Map software. Numerical refraction procedure is adapted from Skovgaard et al. 9 and Mahadevan 3. Similar numerical refraction studies were previously carried by many researchers 1,,3,10,11 for the Indian coast. In this study, we computed the nearshore wave energy and breaker conditions in addition to refraction and shoaling coefficients. Assumptions of model The computation of wave ray pattern is based on linear small amplitude wave theory applied for shallow waters. Accordingly the wave speed depends on the depth of the water in which it propagates. This model computes wave speed at every grid point under the following assumptions: 1. Wave energy transmitted between adjacent orthogonal remains constant. This supposes that the lateral dispersion of energy along the wave front, reflection of energy from sloping bottom, and the loss of energy by friction and other processes are negligible.. The direction of wave advance is perpendicular to the wave crest. 3. Waves have small amplitude, constant period and long crest 4. The speed of a wave with a given period at any location depends only on the depth of water at that location 5. Changes in bottom topography are gradual 6. Effects of current and winds are considerably negligible. Model details and computation of wave refraction The wave refraction pattern for the given area can be computed based on wave orthogonals and the 1 refraction coefficients, K t =, which can be β obtained by solving the set of differential equations d β dβ + p( s) + q( s) β = 0 ds ds 1 where, p( s) = (cosθ C x + sinθc y ) and C 1 q( s) = (sin θ Cxx sin θc xy + cos θc C In order to solve these equations RungaKuttaGill integration procedures are used 3. The procedure for wave refraction input details are explained in yy )
3 PRASAD et al.: WAVE REFRACTION AND ENERGY PATTERN 511 AppendixI. The numerical computation requires the water depths H ij at each grid point for computation of wave speed C ij. Other input data needed are the deep water wave characteristics such as the wave period (T in seconds), wave direction (α ο in degrees) and height (h o in meters). Therefore C ij can be calculated using the formula C ij gt πh = tanh π CijT ij The model computes the wave speed and wave height ( h = h K K ) by an iterative procedure at all ij o r s grid points, starting from the deep water of the model domain; the deep water wave speed provides the initial approximation for the iterative procedure. For computing the wave speed at subsequent grid point and considered, the calculated at the previous points serves as the initial approximation. For depths less than L/, where L is the deep water wave length, the wave speed was computed fromc ij = gh ij, whenever H ij is less than 0.1 m; C ij was assumed to be zero. It is necessary to calculate the partial derivatives of the wave speed with respect to x and y grid points. With grid spacing as the unit of measurement for length in the horizontal plane, the finite difference forms of the differential coefficients are C Ci+ 1, j Ci 1, j C Ci, 1 C =, = x y C C = + C +, i 1, j Ci, j Ci 1, j x y = Ci, 1 Ci, j + Ci, j 1 C Ci 1, 1 Ci 1, 1 Ci+ 1, j 1 + Ci 1, j = x y 4 i, j 1 Initial conditions The integration of the differential equations is started offshore in the deep water where the wave rays are parallel, and proceeds towards the shore. The integration step size is expressed as a fraction of the spatial grid spacing, the unit of measurement for lengths in horizontal plane. As the xaxis of the coordinated system is in deep water, the origin for the wave rays may be selected at equal intervals along the xaxis. Where the refraction coefficient is 1, i.e., β = 1, and its derivative is zero θ will be equal to the 1 deep water wave direction. These conditions along the xaxis form the initial conditions for the differential equations. Termination of model and extraction of breaker parameters The model computes the wave speed, wave angle (with respect to xaxis), refraction coefficient (Kr), shoaling coefficient (Ks) and height (h ij ) at every grid point and terminates under one/all of the following conditions: (a) Wave steepness h i j / L greater than 1/7 (b) Breaking depth d b equals 1.8 h b (c) Wave ray reaches zero depth or any negative depth value (denotes land). Whenever breaking depth is reached, the model automatically extracts the near shore wave height (breaker height h b ), breaker angle (α b ), shoaling coefficient (K s ), refraction coefficient (K r ) and computes the near shore breaker energy using 1 the formula, Eb = ρgh b. 8 Results and Discussion Wave refraction and Energy distribution Southwest monsoon period The refracted wave orthogonals for the SSE direction and for the periods 8 and 10s are shown in Fig.. For 8s wave period, convergence is observed near the south breakwater and further southwards in the Appikonda beach at station S4 (Fig. a) with breaker heights m (Fig. 3a) and nearshore breaker energy is about J/m (Table. 1). Waves of 10s period show more convergence of energy along the coast (Fig. b) than that of 8s period with highest wave energy of J/m at station S4. But, here the convergence is just shifted southward (from S3 to S4). In the north of the port, divergence is observed with breaker heights m (Fig. 3a&b) having energies ranging between J/m (at station N5) to J/m (at station N). The shoaling and refraction coefficients vary along this coast ranging between and , respectively. The waves in the northern region are breaking at deeper depths than usual due to the presence of rocky headlands and promontories of Yarada hills. During this season, most of the wave energy is concentrated in the southern portion of the port and the south breakwater is likely to be in the region of
4 51 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 39 NO. 4, DECEMBER 010 Fig. Wave refraction for SSE waves: (a) 8s period (b) 10s period. Fig. 3 Variation of breaker parameters for SSE waves: (a) 8s and (b) 10s. Table 1 Near shore wave energy E b ( 10 3 J/m ) for different wave conditions Station T = 8 sec T = 10 sec T = 14 sec ID E waves SSE waves E waves SSE waves E waves SSE waves S7 S6 S5 S4 S3 S S N1 N N3 N4 N5 N
5 PRASAD et al.: WAVE REFRACTION AND ENERGY PATTERN 513 convergence. Because of the steep foreshore in the south the breaking waves may be plunging to surging type. Due to the presence of the shoals in the north and premature breaking, the waves seem to be less intense but due to rocky headlands all around, not safe for swimming. Recent news papers reported many deaths at the headland of Yarada hill (stations N3N5) not due to rip currents but only due to sharp rocky bed. Northeast monsoon period Wave orthogonals approaching the coast from E direction and for the periods 8 and 10s are shown in Fig. 4. Waves of 8s period show convergence near the south side of the port (station S1) where rocky promontories exist and further southwards in the Appikonda beach (station S6) with breaker heights 0.81.m and wave energies J/m and J/m respectively except at rocky outcrops it is around 1.5 m (Fig 5a). The wave convergence has shifted from the port break water during southwest monsoon to the station S1 during the season. At Appikonda beach secondary wave convergence is observed. Waves of 10s period show more convergence of energy along the coast than that of 8s period as in case of southwest monsoon. In the north of the port, divergence is observed with breaker heights m (Fig. 5) and Fig. 4 Wave refraction for E waves: (a) 8s period (b) 10s period. Fig. 5 Variation of breaker parameters for E waves: (a) 8s and (b) 10s.
6 514 INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 39 NO. 4, DECEMBER 010 with energies J/m (at station N1) and J/m (at station N). During this season, a consistent convergence is also observed at the tip of the south breakwater. The intensity of wave convergence and wave energy is reduced when compared with that of southwest monsoon season. Storm period The occurrence of storms/cyclones is higher during pre monsoon (MarchMay) and post monsoon (October). Vulnerability of the coast depends on the extent of wave effect during storm periods 4. So, wave refraction is also considered for 14s i.e., longer wave periods with m deep water wave height for E (pre monsoon) and SSE (post monsoon) waves and shown in Fig. 6 (a & b). Wave orthogonals are converging near the south of port (station S1) and very far southwards in Appikonda beach (station S6) for E waves and for SSE waves the convergence pattern is shifted in the areas where there is divergence for E waves. For SSE waves, intense convergence patterns are observed at stations S4, S and south breakwater. During these conditions, breaker heights are observed to be reaching 34m (Fig. 7). In the northern portion, waves are converging slightly at station N5 and the remaining is unaffected. In the south for storms approaching from east, wave energies are very higher of the order J/m at station S6 and it reduces to J/m at station S1 nearer to Fig. 6 Wave refraction for storm conditions of 14s period: (a) E waves (b) SSE waves. Fig. 7 Variation of breaker parameters for (a) E waves and (b) SSE waves during storms.
7 PRASAD et al.: WAVE REFRACTION AND ENERGY PATTERN 515 south breakwater. In the north, for the same wave approach wave convergence is slight with higher value at station N3 and N4. Whereas for waves approaching from southsoutheast direction, the energies are surprisingly lower of J/m at station S5 and also observed that the convergence pattern is shifted towards north during this condition. For stations N1 to N4 wave divergence is clearly observed as in case of seasonal waves (8s and 10s). Conclusions During all seasons, higher wave energy pattern is observed in the region to the south of the port but towards north complex wave conditions exist due to rocky headlands and promontories and as a result wave breaking transpires at deeper depths. Low wave conditions are observed very near to north breakwater during all the seasons, even during storms. This may be attributed to the presence of shoals in the vicinity. During storm conditions wave energies amplifies along the coast but for E waves it is much higher than that of SSE waves on either side of the port South breakwater is under the region of convergence during southwest monsoon and storms approaching in southsoutheast direction. Numerical wave refraction studies facilitate the coastal engineers and scientists to understand the coastal processes and this model can be successfully adapted to any type of coast. Acknowledgements Authors are grateful to Prof. B. S. R. Reddy, for his constructive suggestions during the progress of this work and acknowledges Dr. B. R. Subramaniam, Director, and Dr. V. Ranga Rao, Scientist, ICMAM PD for constant encouragement and collaboration. Author (S. V. V. Arun Kumar) sincerely acknowledges C.S.I.R, New Delhi for providing research fellowship. References 1 Angusamy, N., Udayaganesan, P. & Victor Rajamanickam, G., Wave refraction pattern and its role in the redistribution of sediment along southern coast of Tamilnadu, India, Indian J. Mar. Sci., 7(1998) Chandramohan, P., Longshore sediment transport model with particular reference to Indian coast, Ph.D. thesis, IIT Madras, India, 1988, pp Mahadevan R, Numerical calculation of wave refraction, (National Institute of Oceanography, Goa, India, Technical Report No. /83) 1983, pp Prasad, K.V.S.R., Arun Kumar, S.V.V., Venkata, Ramu, Ch. & Sreenivas, P., Significance of nearshore wave parameters in identifying vulnerable zones during storm and normal conditions along Visakhapatnam coast, India, Natural Hazards, 49()(009) , doi : /s Reddy, B.S.R., Venkata reddy, G. & Durga Prasad, N., Wave conditions & waveinduced longshore currents in the nearshore zone off Krishnapatnam, Indian J. Mar. Sci., 8(1979) Chandramohan, P., Narasimha Rao, T.V., Panakala Rao, D. & Prabhakara Rao, B., Studies on nearshore processes at yarada beach (South of Visakhapatnam harbour), east coast of India, Indian J. Mar. Sci., 13(1984) Chandramohan P., Sanil Kumar, V. & Nayak, B.U., Wave statistics around the Indian Coast based on ship observed data, Indian J. Mar. Sci., 0(1991) Sanil Kumar, V., Ashok kumar, K. & Raju, N.S.N., Wave characteristics off Visakhapatnam coast during a cyclone, Curr. Sci., 86(11)(004) Skovgaard, O., Jonsson, I.G. & Bertelsen, J.A., Computation of wave heights due to refraction and friction, J. Waterways, Harbour Coastal Eng. Div. ASCE, 1(1975) Chandramohan, P., Sanil Kumar, V. & Nayak, B.U., Coastal processes along the shorefront of Chilika lake, east coast of India, Indian J. Mar. Sci., (1993) Sajeev, R., Chandramohan, P. & Sanil Kumar, V., Wave refraction and prediction of breaker parameters along the Kerala coast, India, Indian J. Mar. Sci., 6(1997) AppendixI The data input (Input.dat) required to trace the orthogonals and to calculate the refraction, shoaling coefficients are: 1. Total number of grid point along the xaxis: NX. Total number of grid point along the yaxis: NY 3. Whether depths at grid points printed (1) or not: PRNT=1 or 0 (default 1) 4. Number of orthogonal to be traced: NSET 5. Origin of the domain: X1, Y1 6. Orthogonal spacing: SPAC 7. Maximum number of possible steps involved in integration: MAX 8. Integration step size: ISTEP 9. Deep water wave period: T (in seconds) 10. Deep water wave direction with respect to x axis of the model domain: THE (in degrees) 11. Deep water wave height: H (in meters) Input.dat
Available online at ScienceDirect. Procedia Engineering 116 (2015 )
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Engineering 116 (2015 ) 320 325 8th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2015) Department of Ocean Engineering, IIT
More informationArtificial headlands for coastal restoration
Artificial headlands for coastal restoration J. S. Mani Professor, Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 636, India Abstract Construction of a satellite harbour
More informationSTUDIES ON THE TRANQUILITY INSIDE THE GOPALPUR PORT
STUDIES ON THE TRANQUILITY INSIDE THE GOPALPUR PORT INTRODUCTION Sundar. V 1, Sannasiraj. S. A 2 and John Ashlin. S 3 Gopalpur port is an artificial harbor located in Odisha state. The geographical location
More informationWave Energy & Littoral Drift Off Krishnapatnam
Indian Journal of Marine Sciences Vol. 11, March 1982, pp. 2631 Wave Energy & Littoral Drift Off Krishnapatnam B S R REDDY, G VEKATA REDDY' & K HEMATHA KUMAR Department of Meteorology & Oceanography, Andhra
More informationNumerical modeling of refraction and diffraction
Numerical modeling of refraction and diffraction L. Balas, A. inan Civil Engineering Department, Gazi University, Turkey Abstract A numerical model which simulates the propagation of waves over a complex
More informationLittoral Processes along Shoreline from Andhakaranazhi Kerala Coast
Indian Journal of Marine Sciences Vol. 11, September 1982, pp. 201-207 Littoral Processes along Shoreline from Andhakaranazhi Kerala Coast to Azhikode on the S S C SHENOI & S PRASANNA KUMAR Department
More informationIMPACTS OF COASTAL PROTECTION STRATEGIES ON THE COASTS OF CRETE: NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS
IMPACTS OF COASTAL PROTECTION STRATEGIES ON THE COASTS OF CRETE: NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS Tsanis, I.K., Saied, U.M., Valavanis V. Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania,
More informationCoastal & Marine Environment. Chapter. Wave Transformation. Mazen Abualtayef Assistant Prof., IUG, Palestine
Coastal & Marine Wave Transformation Mazen Abualtayef Assistant Prof., IUG, Palestine Wave Transformation Wave transformation describes what happens to waves as they travel from deep into shallow water
More informationAppendix E Cat Island Borrow Area Analysis
Appendix E Cat Island Borrow Area Analysis ERDC/CHL Letter Report 1 Cat Island Borrow Area Analysis Multiple borrow area configurations were considered for Cat Island restoration. Borrow area CI1 is located
More informationof monsoon waves off U ran, west coast of India
Indian Journal of Marine Sciences Vol. 18, June 1989,pp.1I3-1I7 Characteristics of monsoon waves off U ran, west coast of India B U Nayak, P Chandramohan & S Mandai National Institute of Oceanography,
More informationDUXBURY WAVE MODELING STUDY
DUXBURY WAVE MODELING STUDY 2008 Status Report Duncan M. FitzGerald Peter S. Rosen Boston University Northeaster University Boston, MA 02215 Boston, MA 02115 Submitted to: DUXBURY BEACH RESERVATION November
More informationWave Energy Atlas in Vietnam
Wave Energy Atlas in Vietnam Nguyen Manh Hung, Duong Cong Dien 1 1 Institute of Mechanics, 264 Doi Can Str. Hanoi, Vietnam nmhungim@gmail.com; duongdienim@gmail.com Abstract Vietnam has achieved remarkable
More informationShoreline changes and reef strengthening at Kavaratti island in Lakshadweep Archipelago - A case study
Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences Vol. 43(7), July 2014, pp. 1140-1144 Shoreline changes and reef strengthening at Kavaratti island in Lakshadweep Archipelago - A case study T.N.Prakash*, L.Sheela
More informationLATLAS. Documentation
LATLAS Documentation 27.07.2017 1. Project's presentation The LATLAS project aims at supplying an interactive Internet platform with an atlas of waves for the main Swiss lakes. The characteristics of waves
More informationINUNDATION, RUN-UP HEIGHTS, CROSS-SECTION PROFILES AND LITTORAL ENVIRONMENT ALONG THE TAMIL NADU COAST AFTER 26 TH DECEMBER 2004 TSUNAMI
INUNDATION, RUN-UP HEIGHTS, CROSS-SECTION PROFILES AND LITTORAL ENVIRONMENT ALONG THE TAMIL NADU COAST AFTER 26 TH DECEMBER 2004 TSUNAMI D. ILANGOVAN, S. JAYAKUMAR, R. GOWTHAMAN, G. TIRODKAR, P. GANESHAN,
More informationMODELING OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON COASTAL STRUCTURES - CONTRIBUTION TO THEIR RE-DESIGN
Proceedings of the 14 th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology Rhodes, Greece, 3-5 September 2015 MODELING OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON COASTAL STRUCTURES - CONTRIBUTION TO THEIR
More informationWave Characteristics Along Visakhapatnam Coast
Indian Journal of Marine Sciences Vol. 3, December pp. 1974, 120124 Wave Characteristics Along Visakhapatnam Coast R. VARADARAJULU & G. SATYANARAYANA RAJU Department of Meteorology & Oceanography, Andhra
More informationMAR 110 LECTURE #15 Wave Hazards
1 MAR 110 LECTURE #15 Wave Hazards Rogue Wave Hazard Rogue waves are very large open ocean waves of sometimes can range in height from 60 ft (20m) to120 feet (40m) and thus a significant hazard to large
More informationIMAGE-BASED FIELD OBSERVATION OF INFRAGRAVITY WAVES ALONG THE SWASH ZONE. Yoshimitsu Tajima 1
IMAGE-BASED FIELD OBSERVATION OF INFRAGRAVITY WAVES ALONG THE SWASH ZONE Yoshimitsu Tajima 1 This study develops an image-based monitoring techniques for observations of surf zone hydrodynamics especially
More informationComparison of Predicted and Measured Shoaling at Morro Bay Harbor Entrance, California
Comparison of Predicted and Measured Shoaling at Morro Bay Harbor Entrance, California by Edward F. Thompson, Inocencio P. DiRamos, and Robert R. Bottin, Jr. PURPOSE: This Coastal and Hydraulics Engineering
More informationWave Breaking and Wave Setup of Artificial Reef with Inclined Crown Keisuke Murakami 1 and Daisuke Maki 2
Wave Breaking and Wave Setup of Artificial Reef with Inclined Crown Keisuke Murakami 1 and Daisuke Maki 2 Beach protection facilities are sometimes required to harmonize with coastal environments and utilizations.
More informationBeach Wizard: Development of an Operational Nowcast, Short-Term Forecast System for Nearshore Hydrodynamics and Bathymetric Evolution
Beach Wizard: Development of an Operational Nowcast, Short-Term Forecast System for Nearshore Hydrodynamics and Bathymetric Evolution Ad Reniers Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology
More informationNearshore Morphodynamics. Bars and Nearshore Bathymetry. Sediment packages parallel to shore, that store beach sediment
Nearshore Morphodynamics http://coastal.er.usgs.gov/bier/images/chandeleur-xbeach-lg.jpg Bars and Nearshore Bathymetry Sediment packages parallel to shore, that store beach sediment Can be up to 50 km
More informationTechnical Brief - Wave Uprush Analysis Island Harbour Club, Gananoque, Ontario
Technical Brief - Wave Uprush Analysis RIGGS ENGINEERING LTD. 1240 Commissioners Road West Suite 205 London, Ontario N6K 1C7 October 31, 2014 Table of Contents Section Page Table of Contents... i List
More informationINTRODUCTION TO COASTAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT
Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering Volume 16 INTRODUCTION TO COASTAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT J. William Kamphuis Queen's University, Canada World Scientific Singapore New Jersey London Hong Kong Contents
More informationUndertow - Zonation of Flow in Broken Wave Bores
Lecture 22 Nearshore Circulation Undertow - Zonation of Flow in Broken Wave Bores In the wave breaking process, the landward transfer of water, associated with bore and surface roller decay within the
More informationDirectional Wave Spectra from Video Images Data and SWAN Model. Keywords: Directional wave spectra; SWAN; video images; pixels
Jurnal Teknologi Full paper Directional Wave Spectra from Video Images Data and SWAN Model Muhammad Zikra a*, Noriaki Hashimoto b, Masaru Yamashiro b, Kojiro Suzuki c a Department of Ocean Engineering,
More informationDeep-water orbital waves
What happens when waves approach shore? Deep-water orbital waves Fig. 9.16, p. 211 Wave motion is influenced by water depth and shape of the shoreline wave buildup zone surf zone beach Wave base deepwater
More informationInter-comparison of wave measurement by accelerometer and GPS wave buoy in shallow water off Cuddalore, east coast of India
Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences Vol. 43(1), January 2014, pp. 45-49 Inter-comparison of wave measurement by accelerometer and GPS wave buoy in shallow water off Cuddalore, east coast of India Sisir
More informationWaves Part II. non-dispersive (C g =C)
Waves Part II Previously we discussed Surface Gravity Waves Deep Water Waves Shallow Water Waves C g T 2 C g h dispersive (C g =C/2) Definitions: phase speed C= /T= /k non-dispersive (C g =C) group speed
More informationSORTING AND SELECTIVE MOVEMENT OF SEDIMENT ON COAST WITH STEEP SLOPE- MASUREMENTS AND PREDICTION
SORTING AND SELECTIVE MOVEMENT OF SEDIMENT ON COAST WITH STEEP SLOPE- MASUREMENTS AND PREDICTION Toshiro San-nami 1, Takaaki Uda 2, Masumi Serizawa 1 and Toshinori Ishikawa 2 Conveyer belts carrying gravel
More informationMULTIDECADAL SHORELINE EVOLUTION DUE TO LARGE-SCALE BEACH NOURISHMENT JAPANESE SAND ENGINE? Abstract
MULTIDECADAL SHORELINE EVOLUTION DUE TO LARGE-SCALE BEACH NOURISHMENT JAPANESE SAND ENGINE? Masayuki Banno 1, Satoshi Takewaka 2 and Yoshiaki Kuriyama 3 Abstract Beach nourishment is one of the countermeasures
More informationRefraction and shoaling analysis Using diffraction graphs Case studies Homer Spit RCPWAVE analysis Nikiski STWAVE analysis
Module 5 Orson P. Smith, PE, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Refraction and shoaling analysis Using graphs Case studies Homer Spit RCPWAVE analysis Nikiski STWAVE analysis Orson Smith, PE, Ph.D., Instructor 1
More informationPHYSICAL AND NUMERICAL MODELLING OF WAVE FIELD IN FRONT OF THE CONTAINER TERMINAL PEAR - PORT OF RIJEKA (ADRIATIC SEA)
PHYSICAL AND NUMERICAL MODELLING OF WAVE FIELD IN FRONT OF THE CONTAINER TERMINAL PEAR - PORT OF RIJEKA (ADRIATIC SEA) DALIBOR CAREVIĆ (1), GORAN LONČAR (1), VLADIMIR ANDROČEC (1) & MARIN PALADIN (1) 1.
More informationCHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION ON WAVE PREDICTION METHODS
CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION ON WAVE PREDICTION METHODS A critical evaluation of the three wave prediction methods examined in this thesis is presented in this Chapter. The significant wave parameters, Hand T,
More informationMONITORING SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PROCESSES AT MANAVGAT RIVER MOUTH, ANTALYA TURKEY
COPEDEC VI, 2003 in Colombo, Sri Lanka MONITORING SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PROCESSES AT MANAVGAT RIVER MOUTH, ANTALYA TURKEY Isikhan GULER 1, Aysen ERGIN 2, Ahmet Cevdet YALCINER 3 ABSTRACT Manavgat River, where
More informationWave Transformation along Southwest coast of India using MIKE 21
23 Wave Transformation along Southwest coast of India using MIKE 21 Parvathy K.G. 1, Deepthi I. Gopinath 2, Noujas V. 3 and K. V. Thomas 3 1 National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, 575025,
More informationCHAPTER 134 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 134 NEW JETTIES FOR TUNG-KANG FISHING HARBOR, TAIWAN Chi-Fu Su Manager Engineering Department Taiwan Fisheries Consultants, Inc. Taipei, Taiwan INTRODUCTION Tung-Kang Fishing Harbor, which is about
More informationChapter 10 Lecture Outline. The Restless Oceans
Chapter 10 Lecture Outline The Restless Oceans Focus Question 10.1 How does the Coriolis effect influence ocean currents? The Ocean s Surface Circulation Ocean currents Masses of water that flow from one
More informationOECS Regional Engineering Workshop September 29 October 3, 2014
B E A C H E S. M A R I N A S. D E S I G N. C O N S T R U C T I O N. OECS Regional Engineering Workshop September 29 October 3, 2014 Coastal Erosion and Sea Defense: Introduction to Coastal Dynamics David
More information6.6 Gradually Varied Flow
6.6 Gradually Varied Flow Non-uniform flow is a flow for which the depth of flow is varied. This varied flow can be either Gradually varied flow (GVF) or Rapidly varied flow (RVF). uch situations occur
More informationTechnical Brief - Wave Uprush Analysis 129 South Street, Gananoque
Technical Brief - Wave Uprush Analysis 129 South Street, Gananoque RIGGS ENGINEERING LTD. 1240 Commissioners Road West Suite 205 London, Ontario N6K 1C7 June 12, 2013 Table of Contents Section Page Table
More informationCurrents measurements in the coast of Montevideo, Uruguay
Currents measurements in the coast of Montevideo, Uruguay M. Fossati, D. Bellón, E. Lorenzo & I. Piedra-Cueva Fluid Mechanics and Environmental Engineering Institute (IMFIA), School of Engineering, Research
More informationShorelines Earth - Chapter 20 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College
Shorelines Earth - Chapter 20 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College The Shoreline A Dynamic Interface The shoreline is a dynamic interface (common boundary) among air, land, and the ocean. The shoreline
More informationOFFSHORE WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL ALONG INDIAN COAST
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 7, July 2018, pp. 1480 1486, Article ID: IJCIET_09_07_157 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?jtype=ijciet&vtype=9&itype=7
More informationCOASTAL EROSION: INVESTIGATIONS IN THE SOUTHWEST COAST OF SRI LANKA
COASTAL EROSION: INVESTIGATIONS IN THE SOUTHWEST COAST OF SRI LANKA Wijayawardane I.S.K. 1, Ansaf K.M.M. 2, Ratnasooriya A.H.R. 3, Samarawickrama S.P. 4 1,2 Postgraduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering,
More informationPROPAGATION OF LONG-PERIOD WAVES INTO AN ESTUARY THROUGH A NARROW INLET
PROPAGATION OF LONG-PERIOD WAVES INTO AN ESTUARY THROUGH A NARROW INLET Takumi Okabe, Shin-ichi Aoki and Shigeru Kato Department of Civil Engineering Toyohashi University of Technology Toyohashi, Aichi,
More informationOcean Waves and Surf Forecasting: Wave Climate and Forecasting
Overview Ocean Waves and Surf Forecasting: Wave Climate and Forecasting Ocean regions Characterizing and describing ocean waves Wave theory, propagation, and dispersion Refraction, shadowing, and bathymetry
More informationTraining program on Modelling: A Case study Hydro-dynamic Model of Zanzibar channel
Training program on Modelling: A Case study Hydro-dynamic Model of Zanzibar channel Mayorga-Adame,C.G., Sanga,I.P.L., Majuto, C., Makame, M.A., Garu,M. INTRODUCTION Hydrodynamic Modeling In understanding
More informationSpatial Distribution of Sound Channel and Its Parameters in North Indian Ocean
Journal of Shipping and Ocean Engineering 5 (2015) 334-340 doi 10.17265/2159-5879/2015.06.007 D DAVID PUBLISHING Spatial Distribution of Sound Channel and Its Parameters in North Indian Ocean K.Ashalatha
More informationWAVE MECHANICS FOR OCEAN ENGINEERING
Elsevier Oceanography Series, 64 WAVE MECHANICS FOR OCEAN ENGINEERING P. Boccotti Faculty of Engineering University of Reggio-Calabria Feo di Vito 1-89060 Reggio-Calabria Italy 2000 ELSEVIER Amsterdam
More informationENSO and monsoon induced sea level changes and their impacts along the Indian coastline
Indian Journal of Marine Sciences Vol. 35(2), June 2006, pp. 87-92 ENSO and monsoon induced sea level changes and their impacts along the Indian coastline O.P.Singh* Monsoon Activity Centre, India Meteorological
More informationWave Propagation and Shoaling
Wave Propagation and Shoaling Focus on movement and natural alteration of the characteristics of waves as they travel from the source region toward shore Waves moving from deep to intermediate/shallow
More informationOcean Engineering Division National Institute of Oceanography Goa , India ABSTRACT..
Journal of Coastal Research 271-279 West Palm Beach, Florida Spring 21 N earshore Processes along Tikkavanipalem Beach, Visakhapatnam, ndia v. Sanil Kumar, K. Ashok Kumar and N.S.N. Raju Ocean Engineering
More informationWave Generation. Chapter Wave Generation
Chapter 5 Wave Generation 5.1 Wave Generation When a gentle breeze blows over water, the turbulent eddies in the wind field will periodically touch down on the water, causing local disturbances of the
More informationDetermination Of Nearshore Wave Conditions And Bathymetry From X-Band Radar Systems
Determination Of Nearshore Wave Conditions And Bathymetry From X-Band Radar Systems Okey G. Nwogu Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 489 phone: (734)
More informationReading Material. Inshore oceanography, Anikouchine and Sternberg The World Ocean, Prentice-Hall
Reading Material Inshore oceanography, Anikouchine and Sternberg The World Ocean, Prentice-Hall BEACH PROCESSES AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS COASTAL FEATURES Cross section Map view Terminology for Coastal
More informationWOODFIBRE LNG VESSEL WAKE ASSESSMENT
Woodfibre LNG Limited WOODFIBRE LNG VESSEL WAKE ASSESSMENT Introduction Woodfibre LNG Limited (WLNG) intends to build a new LNG export terminal at Woodfibre, Howe Sound, British Columbia. WLNG has engaged
More informationLow-crested offshore breakwaters: a functional tool for beach management
Environmental Problems in Coastal Regions VI 237 Low-crested offshore breakwaters: a functional tool for beach management K. Spyropoulos & E. Andrianis TRITON Consulting Engineers, Greece Abstract Beach
More informationSwell and Wave Forecasting
Lecture 25 Swell and Wave Forecasting Swell and Wave Forecasting Motivation Terminology Wave Formation Wave Decay Wave Refraction Shoaling Rouge Waves 1 2 Motivation In Hawaii, surf is the number one weather-related
More informationAn Atlas of Oceanic Internal Solitary Waves (February 2004) by Global Ocean Associates Prepared for Office of Naval Research Code 322 PO
Overview The is located in the North Atlantic Ocean between southern Ireland and southwest England (Figure 1). The Sea s western edge covers a continental shelf region characterized by rough and irregular
More informationLOCALLY CONCENTRATED SEVERE BEACH EROSION ON SEISHO COAST CAUSED BY TYPHOON T0709
F-4 Fourth International Conference on Scour and Erosion 2008 LOCALLY CONCENTRATED SEVERE BEACH EROSION ON SEISHO COAST CAUSED BY TYPHOON T0709 Yoshimitsu TAJIMA 1 and Shinji SATO 2 1 Member of JSCE, Associate
More information2. Water levels and wave conditions. 2.1 Introduction
18 2. Water levels and wave conditions 2.1 Introduction This Overtopping Manual has a focus on the aspects of wave run-up and wave overtopping only. It is not a design manual, giving the whole design process
More informationOceans and Coasts. Chapter 18
Oceans and Coasts Chapter 18 Exploring the oceans The ocean floor Sediments thicken and the age of the seafloor increases from ridge to shore The continental shelf off the northeast United States Constituent
More informationWaves. G. Cowles. General Physical Oceanography MAR 555. School for Marine Sciences and Technology Umass-Dartmouth
Waves G. Cowles General Physical Oceanography MAR 555 School for Marine Sciences and Technology Umass-Dartmouth Waves Sound Waves Light Waves Surface Waves Radio Waves Tidal Waves Instrument Strings How
More informationMECHANISM AND COUNTERMEASURES OF WAVE OVERTOPPING FOR LONG-PERIOD SWELL IN COMPLEX BATHYMETRY. Hiroaki Kashima 1 and Katsuya Hirayama 1
MECHANISM AND COUNTERMEASURES OF WAVE OVERTOPPING FOR LONG-PERIOD SWELL IN COMPLEX BATHYMETRY Hiroaki Kashima 1 and Katsuya Hirayama 1 Recently, coastal disasters due to long-period swells induced by heavy
More informationChapter 8 Wave climate and energy dissipation near Santa Cruz Island, California
Chapter 8 Wave climate and energy dissipation near Santa Cruz Island, California NATHAN BURLEY A* AND ROBYN SUDDETH B A CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING B GRADUATE GROUP IN HYDROLOGIC SCIENCES UNIVERSITY
More informationShoreline Evolution Due to Oblique Waves in Presence of Submerged Breakwaters. Nima Zakeri (Corresponding Author), Mojtaba Tajziehchi
Shoreline Evolution Due to Oblique Waves in Presence of Submerged Breakwaters Nima Zakeri (Corresponding Author), Mojtaba Tajziehchi Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University
More informationANALYSIS OF MECHANISM OF SAND DEPOSITION INSIDE A FISHING PORT USING BG MODEL
Proceedings of the 7 th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC 2013) Bali, Indonesia, September 24-26, 2013 ANALYSIS OF MECHANISM OF SAND DEPOSITION INSIDE A FISHING PORT USING BG MODEL
More informationAnalysis of Extreme Wave Climates in Rhode Island Waters South of Block Island
Analysis of Extreme Wave Climates in Rhode Island Waters South of Block Island By T.G. Asher, A.R. Grilli, S.T. Grilli and M.L. Spaulding Ocean Engineering University of Rhode Island Prepared for Ocean
More informationPresented by. Mr.Danish.D.R. M.Tech Coastal Management Institute for Ocean Management Anna University, Chennai Tamil Nadu, India.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL STUDY OF THE EFFLUENT DISPOSAL FROM A DESALINATION PLANT IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT AT TUTICORIN Presented by Mr.Danish.D.R M.Tech Coastal Management Institute for Ocean Management Anna
More informationTHE WAVE CLIMATE IN THE BELGIAN COASTAL ZONE
THE WAVE CLIMATE IN THE BELGIAN COASTAL ZONE Toon Verwaest, Flanders Hydraulics Research, toon.verwaest@mow.vlaanderen.be Sarah Doorme, IMDC, sarah.doorme@imdc.be Kristof Verelst, Flanders Hydraulics Research,
More information(Refer Slide Time: 0:36)
Port and Harbour Structures. Professor R. Sundaradivelu. Department of Ocean Engineering. Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. Module-2. Lecture-8B. Wave Rose Diagram. (Refer Slide Time: 0:36) We will
More informationLecture Outlines PowerPoint. Chapter 15 Earth Science, 12e Tarbuck/Lutgens
Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 15 Earth Science, 12e Tarbuck/Lutgens 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors
More informationUse of video imagery to test model predictions of surf heights
Coastal Processes 39 Use of video imagery to test model predictions of surf heights D. Huntley 1, A. Saulter 2, K. Kingston 1 & R. Holman 3 1 Marine Institute and School of Earth, Ocean and Environmental
More informationINDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT (MINISTRY OF EARTH SCIENCES) SOUTHWEST MONSOON-2010 END OF SEASON REPORT
INDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT (MINISTRY OF EARTH SCIENCES) SOUTHWEST MONSOON-2010 END OF SEASON REPORT HIGHLIGHTS For the country as a whole, the rainfall for the season (June-September) was 102% of
More informationLONG WAVES OVER THE GREAT BARRIER REEF. Eric Wolanski ABSTRACT
LONG WAVES OVER THE GREAT BARRIER REEF by Eric Wolanski k ABSTRACT Low-frequency forcing of water currents over the continental shelf f Australia is quite strong and should be taken into account when the
More informationSTUDY ON TSUNAMI PROPAGATION INTO RIVERS
ABSTRACT STUDY ON TSUNAMI PROPAGATION INTO RIVERS Min Roh 1, Xuan Tinh Nguyen 2, Hitoshi Tanaka 3 When tsunami wave propagation from the narrow river mouth, water surface is raised and fluctuated by long
More informationUndertow - Zonation of Flow in Broken Wave Bores
Nearshore Circulation Undertow and Rip Cells Undertow - Zonation of Flow in Broken Wave Bores In the wave breaking process, the landward transfer of water, associated with bore and surface roller decay
More informationVariations in nearshore waves along Karnataka, west coast of India
Variations in nearshore waves along Karnataka, west coast of India V Sanil Kumar, Glejin Johnson, G Udhaba Dora, Sajiv Philip Chempalayil, Jai Singh and P Pednekar Ocean Engineering, National Institute
More informationPROPOSAL OF NEW PROCEDURES FOR IMPROVED TSUNAMI FORECAST BY APPLYING COASTAL AND OFFSHORE TSUNAMI HEIGHT RATIO
PROPOSAL OF NEW PROCEDURES FOR IMPROVED TSUNAMI FORECAST BY APPLYING COASTAL AND OFFSORE TSUNAMI EIGT RATIO Weniza MEE0997 Supervisor: Yutaka AYASI Yushiro FUJII ABSTRACT Regression analysis was performed
More informationImproving predictions of nearshore processes and shoreline dynamics for beaches along Australia s rocky and coral reef coasts
Improving predictions of nearshore processes and shoreline dynamics for beaches along Australia s rocky and coral reef coasts Ryan Lowe Jeff Hansen, Graham Symonds, Mark Buckley, Andrew Pomeroy, Gundula
More informationAustralian Coastal Councils Conference
Australian Coastal Councils Conference Kiama March 2019 Where Has My Beach Gone? (and what can I do about it?) Dr Andrew McCowan Water Technology Where Has My Beach Gone? Where Has My Beach Gone? Where
More informationIMAGE-BASED STUDY OF BREAKING AND BROKEN WAVE CHARACTERISTICS IN FRONT OF THE SEAWALL
IMAGE-BASED STUDY OF BREAKING AND BROKEN WAVE CHARACTERISTICS IN FRONT OF THE SEAWALL Weijie Liu 1 and Yoshimitsu Tajima 1 This study aims to study the breaking and broken wave characteristics in front
More informationSIO 210 Problem Set 3 November 4, 2011 Due Nov. 14, 2011
SIO 210 Problem Set 3 November 4, 2011 Due Nov. 14, 2011 1. At 20 N, both the ocean and the atmosphere carry approximately 2 PW of heat poleward, for a total of about 4 PW (see figure). If (at this latitude)
More informationOCEAN WAVES NAME. I. Introduction
NAME OCEAN WAVES I. Introduction The physical definition of a wave is a disturbance that transmits energy from one place to another. In the open ocean waves are formed when wis blowing across the water
More informationMIAMI BEACH 32ND STREET HOT SPOT: NUMERICAL MODELING AND DESIGN OPTIMIZATION. Adam Shah - Coastal Engineer Harvey Sasso P.E.
ABSTRACT MIAMI BEACH 32ND STREET HOT SPOT: NUMERICAL MODELING AND DESIGN OPTIMIZATION Adam Shah - Coastal Engineer Harvey Sasso P.E. - Principal Coastal Systems International, Inc. 464 South Dixie Highway
More informationPreliminary Wake Wash Impact Analysis Redwood City Ferry Terminal, Redwood City, CA
Technical Memorandum Preliminary Wake Wash Impact Analysis Redwood City Ferry Terminal, Redwood City, CA 1. Introduction The following preliminary wake wash impact analysis was initiated by the Port of
More informationSAND BOTTOM EROSION AND CHANGES OF AN ACTIVE LAYER THICKNESS IN THE SURF ZONE OF THE NORDERNEY ISLAND
SAND BOTTOM EROSION AND CHANGES OF AN ACTIVE LAYER THICKNESS IN THE SURF ZONE OF THE NORDERNEY ISLAND Kos'yan R. 1, Kunz H. 2, Podymov l. 3 1 Prof.Dr.,The Southern Branch of the P.P.Shirshov Institute
More informationMETHODS OF DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 3 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Field observations are carried out using the facilities available in the coastal laboratory of the Centre for Earth Science Studies at Valiathura. Nearshore
More informationCross-shore sediment transports on a cut profile for large scale land reclamations
Cross-shore sediment transports on a cut profile for large scale land reclamations Martijn Onderwater 1 Dano Roelvink Jan van de Graaff 3 Abstract When building a large scale land reclamation, the safest
More informationA GENERALIZED WAVE-RAY APPROACH FOR PROPAGATION ON A SPHERE AND ITS APPLICATION TO SWELL PREDICTION
A GENERALIZED WAVE-RAY APPROACH FOR PROPAGATION ON A SPHERE AND ITS APPLICATION TO SWELL PREDICTION D. Scott 1, D. Resio 2, D. Williamson 1 1. Baird & Associates, Suite 5, 1145 Hunt Club Road, Ottawa,
More informationSwell and Wave Forecasting
Lecture 24 Part II Swell and Wave Forecasting 29 Swell and Wave Forecasting Motivation Terminology Wave Formation Wave Decay Wave Refraction Shoaling Rouge Waves 30 Motivation In Hawaii, surf is the number
More informationThe ocean water is dynamic. Its physical
CHAPTER MOVEMENTS OF OCEAN WATER The ocean water is dynamic. Its physical characteristics like temperature, salinity, density and the external forces like of the sun, moon and the winds influence the movement
More informationSURFACE CURRENTS AND TIDES
NAME SURFACE CURRENTS AND TIDES I. Origin of surface currents Surface currents arise due to the interaction of the prevailing wis a the ocean surface. Hence the surface wi pattern (Figure 1) plays a key
More informationUnsteady Wave-Driven Circulation Cells Relevant to Rip Currents and Coastal Engineering
Unsteady Wave-Driven Circulation Cells Relevant to Rip Currents and Coastal Engineering Andrew Kennedy Dept of Civil and Coastal Engineering 365 Weil Hall University of Florida Gainesville, FL 32611 phone:
More informationpage - Laboratory Exercise #5 Shoreline Processes
page - Laboratory Exercise #5 Shoreline Processes Section A Shoreline Processes: Overview of Waves The ocean s surface is influenced by three types of motion (waves, tides and surface currents). Shorelines
More informationTesting TELEMAC-2D suitability for tsunami propagation from source to near shore
Testing TELEMAC-2D suitability for tsunami propagation from source to near shore Alan Cooper, Giovanni Cuomo, Sébastien Bourban, Michael Turnbull, David Roscoe HR Wallingford Ltd, Howbery Park, Wallingford,
More informationLong Beach Island Holgate Spit Little Egg Inlet Historical Evolution Introduction Longshore Transport Map, Survey and Photo Historic Sequence
Appendix B Long Beach Island Holgate Spit Little Egg Inlet Historical Evolution Introduction The undeveloped southern end of Long Beach Island (LBI) is referred to as the Holgate spit as it adjoins the
More informationGeostrophic and Tidal Currents in the South China Sea, Area III: West Philippines
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Geostrophic and Tidal Currents in the South China Sea, Area III: West Philippines Anond Snidvongs Department od Marine Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok
More information