Oceanography 10. Practice Exam #1

Transcription

1 Practice Exam #1 (Topics 1A, 1B, 2A, & 14A) page 1 Oceanography 10 Name: Practice Exam #1 This test is worth a total of 61 pts. You will have approximately 1.5 hours to finish the test. Write the answers into the blank spaces provided, or circle the best answers to the multiple-choice questions. If you disagree with all, some, or parts of the answers to a multiple-choice question, please write your own understanding or even your own answer in the exam next to the answer that you selected. (If you select the wrong answer but add correct information, it may improve your score. However, if you select the best answer and add incorrect information, it may lower your score.) When answering short-answer questions, write as if you were trying to explain the concepts to a friend or family member who has NOT taken the class: carefully explain your reasoning, and use evidence, examples, and pictures to support your claims. Student Score Value Subject 26 1A Introduction to Oceanography 12 1B Density Lab 12 2A Life in the Ocean 11 14A Cabrillo Beach ASA Boon 61 Total Were there any questions that you did not expect to see on the exam? Which question or questions did you find to be the most confusing or the most misleading? What made them confusing or misleading? The word boon has several possible meanings, including: a favor, a benefit bestowed upon a request a timely blessing or benefit

2 Practice Exam #1 (Topics 1A, 1B, 2A, & 14A) page 2 Introduction to Oceanography (Topic 1A) 1. Which of the following are currently major uses of the ocean? Do not identify ways in which the ocean benefits us without any human action or knowledge. (Mark all that apply.) Catching fish and other animals for food Desalinating water to make it fresh enough to drink Drilling for oil and natural gas to power our vehicles and homes Extracting rare earth metals that are dissolved seawater for use in high tech batteries Generating electricity ( clean energy ) from ocean currents Generating electricity ( clean energy ) from ocean waves Harvesting animals and extracting chemicals from them to make medicines Removing oxygen dissolved in seawater so that we can breathe it 2. Approximately what percentage of the world s population lives close to the ocean (within about 60 miles of the ocean)? 3. Label the continents, the oceans, the Equator, and the 4 major directions in the map below. Direction?

3 Practice Exam #1 (Topics 1A, 1B, 2A, & 14A) page 3 4. Are plankton algae or animals? Plankton are algae. Plankton are animals. Some plankton are algae and some plankton are animals. Which of the following are the key characteristics of plankton? In other words, which of the following statements are true for ALL plankton? Can some plankton swim? Are all plankton small (microscopic)? True or false? Most of the life in the ocean is microscopic (very small). 5. What do plants & algae need to carry out photosynthesis? (Circle all that apply.) Calcium Carbonate Carbon Monoxide Sediments Water Carbohydrates Nutrients Sunlight Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Silica 6. What is the purpose of photosynthesis? In other words, why do plants & algae carry out photosynthesis? What do they want to make? (Circle all that apply.) To make carbon dioxide. To make food (carbohydrates). To make nutrients. To make oxygen. 7. How do most new nutrients naturally enter the ocean? In other words, what supplies (carries) nutrients into the ocean? ( New means that these nutrients have not been in the ocean before, and naturally means that humans are not involved in the process.) (Circle one answer.) Ocean Currents Rivers & Rainwater Sewage & Storm Drains Waves & Tides Winds Where do they get most of the new nutrients from? (Circle one answer.) Bacteria Fecal Matter ("Poop") In the Soil (in the Land) Ocean Sediments 8. In what ways is this statement misleading? How could you correct or fix it? Phytoplankton eat nutrients.

4 Practice Exam #1 (Topics 1A, 1B, 2A, & 14A) page 4 9. What benefits do phytoplankton provide to humans? Phytoplankton make their own, and we eat. Phytoplankton make Most / Some / A Small Portion of the that we breathe. Phytoplankton absorb, which we are trying to remove from the atmosphere because. Partially-decomposed phytoplankton bodies buried in the sediments can become that we use to 10. What s wrong with these statements? How could you correct or fix them? Phytoplankton begin the food chain; they make their own nutrients & are food for the animals we eat. Phytoplankton breakdown toxic chemicals in the air. 11. Phytoplankton are (A), and zooplankton are (A). (B) extract nutrients from ocean water. (B) carry out photosynthesis. A: algae, animals, bacteria, plants B: phytoplankton, zooplankton, both phytoplankton & zooplankton 12. Algae take in the gas and release the gas. Animals take in the gas and release the gas. 13. List 2 substances that the hardest phytoplankton & zooplankton shells are made of. (a) 14. What important role do bacteria play in the ocean ecosystem? (b) When bacteria decompose the bacteria release into the ocean water, which lead(s) to growth of more. Possible Answers: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, dead bodies, dissolved substances, fish, nutrients, oxygen, phytoplankton, zooplankton, sediments, toxins, wastes (fecal matter)

5 Practice Exam #1 (Topics 1A, 1B, 2A, & 14A) page What is the average depth of the oceans? 16. How much of the Earth s surface is covered by the ocean? (Answer with a fraction or a percentage.) 17. Match the following features of the ocean floor with their descriptions: deep, flat parts of the ocean deepest parts of the ocean flat area close to the coast steep area between the continents and the deep ocean floor underwater mountain chain Possible Answers: Abyssal Plains Continental Shelf Continental Slope Mid-Ocean Ridge Trenches 18. Label the following features of the ocean floor in side-view picture on the right. Possible Answers: Abyssal Plains Continental Shelf Continental Slope Mid-Ocean Ridge Trenches 19. Which of the following statements about the mid-ocean ridge (MOR) are true? (Mark all that apply.) The MOR is an underwater mountain chain. The MOR is located out in the middle of the ocean; it does not run into the continents. Volcanoes commonly erupt on the MOR. Earthquakes commonly happen near the MOR. 20. Which of the following statements about ocean trenches are true? (Mark all that apply.) Ocean trenches are the deepest places in the ocean. Ocean trenches are located out in the middle of the ocean, far away from any kind of land. Volcanoes commonly erupt near ocean trenches. Earthquakes commonly happen at or near ocean trenches. Most ocean trenches are in the Pacific Ocean.

6 21. What are the 2 major kinds (categories) of ocean sediments? Practice Exam #1 (Topics 1A, 1B, 2A, & 14A) page 6 Remains of Meteors and Asteroids Cooled Lava Mud Sand Remains (e.g., Shells) of Organisms Pieces of Rock Salt 22. What are the 2 kinds of biological sediments? (a) (b) 23. Most of our drinking water was originally in the ocean. True: salt evaporates from the ocean, leaving behind fresh water that we take from the ocean True: water evaporates from the ocean, leaving the salt behind, and then falls as rain and snow True: we use desalinization plants to remove the salt False: most of our water comes from snow melting up in the mountains False: most of our water comes from aquifers (underground water, groundwater ) 24. Does most of the life in the ocean (fish, marine mammals, phytoplankton, zooplankton, etc.) live close to land or far from land? Which kind of organisms are at the bottom of the ocean food chain? Why are the organisms at the bottom of the food chain more abundant in this place (the place that you identified above)? In other words: What do they need? Why do they need it? Why is it more abundant in this place? Only discuss the differences between the ocean near the coast and far from the coast. Why do so many of the other kinds of organisms live in this place (the place that you identified above)? (Make sure that you clearly and accurately describe the relationships between the organisms.) This question suggests that you must discuss several of the kinds of organisms listed above. If you discuss organisms in general, you will be downgraded for having a vague answer.

7 Practice Exam #1 (Topics 1A, 1B, 2A, & 14A) page 7 Density (Topic 1B) 25. Suppose an object has a mass of 110 g and a size of 11 cm 3. What is its density? (Don t forget to write the units.) What is the density of (room-temperature fresh) water? (Don t forget to write the units.) An object has a density of 0.79 g/cm 3. Will it float or sink in water? Will it float or sink in alcohol (which has a density of 0.8 g/cm 3 )? Float / Sink Float / Sink 26. How can you make Add / Remove Weight (Mass) without changing its Size (Volume) an object less dense? or make it Larger / Smaller without changing its Weight (Mass) (Circle 2 answers.) 27. Which has a higher density, warm water or cold water? Why? (A) water has a higher density than (A) water. If you (B) water, the water gets (C) A: Warm, Cold C: bigger (expands), heavier (weighs more), B: Heat, Cool lighter (weighs less), smaller (contracts) You may use 1 or 2 answers for C. 28. Which has a lower density, fresh water or salty water? Why? (A) water has a lower density than (A) water. If you (B) water, the water gets (C) A: Fresh, Salty C: bigger (expands), heavier (weighs more), B: Add Salt to, Remove Salt from lighter (weighs less), smaller (contracts) You may use 1 or 2 answers for C. 29. Which floats on top, warm water or cold water? Warm Water / Cold Water Which floats on top, fresh water or salty water? Fresh Water / Salty Water Write warmest, coldest, freshest (least salty), and saltiest in the appropriate layers in the side-view picture on the right. Mixed Layer Thermocline Deep Ocean Layer 30. Which gives more support, high density water or low density water? High Density Water / (In other words, which pushes upwards more strongly on an object, Low Density Water / high density water or low density water?) Both Give the Same Support 31. Is it easier to float in warm water or cold water? Warm Water / Cold Water / Equally Easy to Float in Both Is it easier to float in fresh water or salty water? Fresh Water / Salty Water / Equally Easy to Float in Both

8 Practice Exam #1 (Topics 1A, 1B, 2A, & 14A) page 8 The Ocean Environment (Topic 2A) 32. How Plankton Stay Close to the Surface: Floating or Sinking Slowly Identify an adaptation used by ocean algae and animals which helps them float or sink slowly. Some organisms fill their bodies with High / Low-density substances like. Some organisms Increase / Decrease their drag or friction with water by Spreading Out / Contracting into a Ball and thus Increasing / Decreasing their surface area in contact with the water. Some organisms Increase / Decrease their drag or friction with water with a Smooth / Rough & Spiky shell. 33. Filter/Suspension Feeding How do filter/suspension feeders obtain food? (Mark all that apply.) carrying out photosynthesis eating benthos eating nekton eating plankton Do filter/suspension feeders filter their food out of ocean water or seafloor sediments? ocean water seafloor sediments both ocean water & seafloor sediments Give ONE example of a filter/suspension feeder that: waits for its food to come to it does not wait for its food to come to it lives on the sea floor swims or drifts through the water True or false? Filter/Suspension feeders wait for food to come to them. True False If this is true, give an example of a filter/suspension feeder that waits for its food to come to it. If this is false, give an example of a filter/suspension feeder that does not wait for its food to come to it. True or false? Filter/Suspension feeders live on the sea floor; they do not swim or drift in the water. True False If this is true, give an example of a filter/suspension feeder that lives on the sea floor. If this is false, give an example of a filter/suspension feeder that swims or drifts through the water. Which of the following are examples of filter feeding or suspension feeding? (Circle all that apply.) catching plankton that are drifting by in a mucus net grabbing drifting plankton out of the water using tentacles picking through sediments, looking for something good to eat preferred food (e.g., crustaceans) is separated from the other food (e.g., worms), which is thrown away pumping water through gill slits or baleen water goes through but plankton are caught sitting in one spot and waiting to catch fish that swim by

9 34. How do most ocean animals reproduce? Select ONE answer from the bullets below. Practice Exam #1 (Topics 1A, 1B, 2A, & 14A) page 9 Casting their eggs & sperm directly into the water where they drift and meet at random Females lay their eggs on the sea floor, and the males spray their sperm on the eggs Gather in large groups at the Ends of Rivers / High Tide / Low Tide / Special Islands, and mate over and over with different neighboring animals Males release their gametes into the water, and females take it in to fertilize their eggs Males release their gametes into the water where it randomly hits females and fertilizes their eggs What happens after the eggs are fertilized? Are they protected or vulnerable? Select ONE of the two bullets below, and if necessary complete the statement. The Males / Females / Males & Females protect their (A). The eggs drift though the ocean water unprotected. What happens after the eggs are fertilized? Are the babies fed or do they find their own food? Select ONE of the two bullets below, and if necessary complete the statement. The Males / Females / Males & Females gather food for their babies. The eggs develop into (B) that (C). A: eggs, babies, eggs and their babies B: phytoplankton, small fish, zooplankton C: carry out photosynthesis, feed on phytoplankton, feed on zooplankton, feed on small fish 35. Viscosity Warm water has a Higher / Lower viscosity than cold water, so warm water flows more Easily / Poorly around organisms bodies than cold water. Therefore, sinking algae and animals experience ( feel ) More / Less drag or friction with warm water and thus sink Faster / Slower in warm water. 36. True or false? Phytoplankton are always able to float in ocean water. True: Phytoplankton have a density which is much Higher / Lower than the density of ocean water, so they are always able to float in ocean water False: Many phytoplankton have a density which is very close to the density of ocean water. Therefore, they sink if ocean water gets too Warm / Cold and/or Fresh / Salty. 37. When conditions heat up, where does it get warmer, Warmer in the Ocean / on Land. in the ocean or on land? When conditions cool down, where does it get colder? Colder in the Ocean / on Land.

10 Practice Exam #1 (Topics 1A, 1B, 2A, & 14A) page If an ocean animal is in water that is too fresh for it, Water enters its body (bloats) / does water enter (bloat) or leave (dehydrate) its body? Water leaves its body (dehydrates). If an ocean animal is in water that is too salty for it, Water enters its body (bloats) / does water enter (bloat) or leave (dehydrate) its body? Water leaves its body (dehydrates). 39. Where is there more oxygen, near the surface of the ocean or down deep? There is more oxygen At the Surface / Down Deep. 40. Where are there more nutrients in the middle of the ocean, near the surface or down deep? In the middle of the ocean, there are more nutrients At the Surface / Down Deep. 41. What causes the pressure in the atmosphere and ocean? 42. Which scuba diver experiences less pressure on their body while diving, diver A or diver B? Diver A Diver B Why is the pressure lower at this location? Explain. Ocean A B 43. Does sea-level rise or fall in a region of low atmospheric pressure like inside a storm? Sea level Rises / Falls / Stays the Same beneath low atmospheric pressure like a storm.

11 Practice Exam #1 (Topics 1A, 1B, 2A, & 14A) page What happens to orange light in each of the situations below? Is it reflected or absorbed? What happens when it hits a yellow animal? What happens when it hits a orange animal? What happens when it hits a white animal? What happens when it hits a black animal? Reflected / Absorbed Reflected / Absorbed Reflected / Absorbed Reflected / Absorbed 45. Circle all the colors of light present in sunlight. Red / Orange / Yellow / Green / Blue / Black (Circle all that apply.) Which color is the dominant ( strongest ) color in sunlight? 46. Which color of light is absorbed fastest by water? Which color of light tends to go straight through water best? Which color of light penetrates deepest into the ocean? 47. Underwater everything has a blue tint. Why do we see blue no matter what direction we look? Why don t we see any other colors? There is (A) blue light present underwater than any other color of light, because blue light is absorbed (B) by ocean water than other colors of light. In addition, blue light is shining in every direction you look, because blue light is (A) easily scattered by ocean water than other colors of light. Therefore, objects receive (A) blue light when underwater, so underwater objects (C) (A) blue light, making them look bluer. A: more, less B: faster, slower C: absorb, reflect 48. What color are many deep-ocean animals? How does this coloration help an animal blend in with the dark water of the deep ocean? (A) light penetrates deeper into the ocean than any other color of light, because it is (B) (C) than any other color of light. If this color of light hits one of the many (A) deep-ocean animals, the light will be (B) by the animal s body, so a predator looking at the animal will see the color (A), and therefore have difficulty seeing the animal; the animal will blend in with the deep-sea water. A: red, yellow, green, blue, black B: absorbed, reflected, scattered C: more, less, faster, slower 49. Does sound travel better (farther, faster) through air or water? Air / Water

12 Practice Exam #1 (Topics 1A, 1B, 2A, & 14A) page 12 Cabrillo Beach ASA (Topic 14A) 50. Why are coastal wetlands often wet (covered by water)? 51. What percentage of California s wetlands have been destroyed by humans? 52. Why was the wetland Salinas de San Pedro created? Flood Control Nursery for Ocean Animals To Clean Polluted Runoff To Replace Wetlands Destroyed Elsewhere 53. Is there lots of life or very little life in wetlands? Lots of Life / Very Little Life 54. Circle the major ways in which natural, healthy wetlands benefit humans that we discussed. cleaner ocean for swimming: wetlands filter pollutants out of runoff food: wetlands are a place for ocean animals that we eat to grow up mining valuable minerals (e.g., gold, silver) newly discovered plants and animals are a source of chemicals for new medicines and other drugs ports for ships: good place to load & unload cargo, protected from waves and storms produce most of the carbon dioxide that we breathe protection from drought: store fresh water protection from flooding when sea level rises during storms reduce shoreline erosion by blocking waves safer food: wetlands filter pollutants out of runoff 55. Where were the waves largest during our visit, Inside the Harbor / inside the harbor or outside the harbor? Outside the Harbor 56. During our visit, were the waves all moving in the same direction as they broke near the shoreline or were they moving in different directions at different locations along the shoreline? Moving in the Same Direction / Moving in Different Directions 57. Which is the more natural beach by the Cabrillo Aquarium, Sandy Beach / (and for the rest of Palos Verdes) the sandy beach or the tide-pool area? Tide-Pool Area 58. Where does the water that flows down storm drains go? What are the primary purposes of storm drains? (Select 2 answers.) to carry our wastes out of our homes to catch and collect water for Agriculture / Drinking / Washing to keep polluted runoff from going into the Ocean / Wetlands to keep the streets clean: storm drains help remove trash to prevent flooding which could damage our homes and other buildings to prevent flooding which could make driving dangerous

13 Practice Exam #1 (Topics 1A, 1B, 2A, & 14A) page Beaches are often "closed" after it rains. What are city authorities looking for in the water? What is in the water that causes the authorities to close the beach? (Circle ONE answer.) Bacteria Fecal Matter Mercury Pesticides Viruses DDT Fertilizers Oil PCBs How does the contaminant get to our beaches? What carry it to our beaches? (Circle ONE answer.) Currents Ships and Boats Sewage Pipes Waves Longshore Transport Storm Drains Tides Winds 60. Our local cliffs composed of sediments that (A). They mainly consist of (B), (B), & (B). A: came out of volcanoes, were dissolved in ocean water & solidified, sank & piled up on the ocean floor, washed up on land by waves, washed up on land by tides B: basalt, clam shells, coral, gravel, mud, olivine, plankton shells, sand, salt, whale bones 61. What is the major thing that erodes the top Currents Earthquakes Rain of our coastal cliffs? (Mark 1 answer.) Tides Waves Winds What is the major thing that erodes the bottom Currents Earthquakes Rain of our coastal cliffs? (Mark 1 answer.) Tides Waves Winds 62. Describe the sediments in the tide-pooling area Large / Small / Some Large, Some Small that we visited. and (Circle two answers.) Smooth / Angular (Sharp) / Some Smooth, Some Angular 63. What are tides? daily rise and fall of sea level along the coast strong ocean currents ocean water flowing towards and up the shoreline waves breaking along the shoreline How many high tides are there each day? How long does it take for the ocean to go from high tide to low tide? What causes the tides? Boats and Ships Gravitational pull of the Moon Earthquakes Gravitational pull of the Sun Waves Winds (Storms) 64. What is a tide pool? betting on when it will be high tide and low tide examining animals and algae who live along the shoreline stream of water heading into the ocean when the tide goes out stream of water heading onto land when the tide comes in water left behind along the shoreline when the tide goes down when water covers the shoreline at high tide

14 Practice Exam #1 (Topics 1A, 1B, 2A, & 14A) page The tide pool area that we visited was a marine life refuge. Were we allowed to remove living animals? Were we allowed to remove the remains of dead animals (e.g., shells)? Allowed / Not Allowed Allowed / Not Allowed 66. Name 1 stationary animal (an animal that stays in one spot) that you observed living in the tide-pooling area during our visit to the tide pools, make a sketch of it, and describe how it feeds (do not just give the name of the feeding style; describe it). If we did not get to visit the tide pools during the ASA, discuss the pictures of the tide-pool animals that we saw in class. Name: Sketch Description of How It Feeds 67. Most of the animals that are found in tide pools when you go tide pooling: are benthos carried in a high tide and left on the shore are zooplankton carried in a high tide and left on the shore drift at high tide and settle in new places each day at low tide live in the tide pools at both high tide and low tide 68. Based on your observations (or the pictures shown to you in class), complete the following statements about where the organisms in the tide-pool area live: Most animals and algae live (A) of the rocks. Most animals and algae live (B) the tide pools. Most animals and algae live near the edge of the (C). A: on top? near the bottom? B: in? outside of? C: cliffs? water (ocean)?