Original Article. Physiological characteristics and physical fitness of girls at the beginning of classes at the volleyball sports school

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1 Journal of Physical Educaion and Spor (JPES), 17(4), Ar 276, pp , 2017 online ISSN: X; p-issn: ; ISSN - L = JPES Original Aricle Physiological characerisics and physical finess of girls a he beginning of classes a he volleyball spors school LESIA GALAMANDJUK 1, MYKOLA PROZAR 2, IVAN STASJUK 3, NATALIIA BAKHMAT 4, GENNADII IEDYNAK 5, OLENA KLJUS 6, MICHAJLO GUSKA 7, TETIANA DOKUCHINA 8 2,3,5,6,7, Deparmen of Theory and Mehodology of Physical Educaion, Ivan Ogienko Naional Universiy in Kamianes-Podilsky, UKRAINE 1,4,8 Deparmen of Theory, Mehodology of Preschool Educaion and Deparmen of Mehodology Elemenary School Educaion, Ivan Ogienko Naional Universiy in Kamianes-Podilsky, UKRAINE Published online: December 30, 2017 (Acceped for publicaion November 30, 2017 DOI: /jpes Absrac We sudied he sae of physical finess and he physiological characerisics display of girls a age 9 and 10 who jus sared o aend a volleyball spors school. Maerial: The sudy involved girls a age 9 (n = 73) and 10 (n = 76), all from one own, who a ha age began classes a he volleyball spors school in 2015, 2016, and We sudied physical finess by he developmen of moor abiliies, using he Eurofi ess. Physiological characerisics were relaed o he aciviy of he cardiovascular, respiraory, neuromuscular sysems, he required daa were obained using well-known funcional ess. Resuls: a he beginning of classes a he volleyball spors school, he developmen of moor abiliies and physiological characerisics of girls a age 9 correspond o he low level, girls a age 10 - o he average level. Girls a age 9 have significanly lower (a he level of p <0.05 o p <0.001) values of he indicaors han girls a age 10. They only have hear rae, blood pressure unchanged; by value of indicaors all girls are wihin he age norm. The above is confirmed by oher similar sudies ha ook place one and wo years earlier in he same own. Conclusions: I is advisable for girls o engage in volleyball a SSOR saring from 10 years old. In he case of he beginning of classes a age 9 i is necessary o pay increased aenion o he developmen of heir moor abiliies and physiological characerisics during he school year. Along wih ha, i is imporan in his period o increase he girls moivaion o regular volleyball classes a SSOR. Keywords: volleyball, selecion, girls, physical finess, physiological characerisics. Inroducion There is no uniform view on he opimal age for beginning volleyball a a spors school in he special lieraure. For example, some researchers indicae he age of years (Volkov, 2005), ohers years (Belyaev, 2009). Some coaches recommend o sudy volleyball echniques saring from 8-9 years (Zhelezniak, 1988). According o oher daa, children can perform gaming aciviies in a simplified form already a he age of seven, which involves he use of volleyball echniques (Viera, Bonnie, 1996). Analyzing he informaion abou he beginning of volleyball classes in he counries ha occupy he firs posiions in he world ranking, we noe ha in he US he such age is he age of 9 (Bob, 2005; Cecile, 2015; Clemens, McDowell, 2012). In Brazil, he age of 8-9 is considered favorable for he beginning of classes (Jeff, 2005). In Ialy, volleyball classes sar a he age of 9-10 (Paolin, 2014). In Ukraine, he raining program for spors schools of he Olympic Reserve (SSOR) saes ha he groups of basic, specialized raining and preparaion for he highes sporing skills are formed from children a age 9-12 (Prozar, Kozak, 2010). Taking ino accoun he opimal age for beginning volleyball raining, he problem conneced wih he sae of developmen of physiological characerisics, physical qualiies of girls and boys who sar volleyball a SSOR is acualized. (Resende, Sarmeno, Falcão, Mesquia, Fernández, 2014). A he beginning of preparaion, one of he key asks is o maser he echnique of performing moor acions, which are echniques of volleyball (Cecile, 2015; Clemens, McDowell, 2012; Rober, 2005; Sally, 2004). Successful masering of such echniques is impossible wihou a high level of physical finess in general and specific in paricular (Di Tore, Schiavo, D isano, 2016; Wues, Bucher, 2005). The classes also solve oher imporan asks, he success of which is largely condiioned upon he high level of physiological characerisics developmen (Dick, 2007; Wilmore, Cosill, Kenney, 2012). However, here is lile (Prozar, Iedynak, 2011) daa on he sae of developmen of hese characerisics for girls a age 9 and 10, who sared volleyball a SSOR. This does no conribue o he developmen of recommendaions for coaches on he opimal conen of classes a he iniial sage of raining. In his regard, here is a need o conduc a sudy of indicaed direcion Corresponding Auhor: GENNADII IEDYNAK, yedinak.g.a@gmail.com

2 Maerial and mehods Paricipans. The sudy involved girls who urned 9 and 10 years old by he ime of saring heir volleyball a SSOR. In Sepember 2017, he number of hese girls a age 9 was n = 24, girls a age 10 - n = 27, in Sepember respecively n = 27 and n = 23, in Sepember n = 22 and n = 26. The age of 9-year-old girls a he beginning of he sudy was in he range from 8 years 10 monhs o 9 years 3 monhs, he age of 10-year-old girls - in he range from 9 years 9 monhs o 10 years 2 monhs. The sudy was conduced in compliance wih he World Medicine Associaion declaraion of Helsinki: Ehical principles for medical research involving human subjecs, The sudy proocol was approved by he Ehical commiee of he Kamianes-Podilsky Ivan Ohienko naional universiy. Procedures. We sudied physical finess and physiological characerisics of girls 9 and 10 years old during heir firs SSOR classes his year (Sepember 2017) and he wo previous years (Sepember 2015 and 2016). We sudied physical finess according o he daa of he sanding long jump, si and reach, dynamomery of he wris; we kep up wih all he demands se forh in he recommendaions (Eurofi, 1993). Physiological characerisics were relaed o he aciviy of he girls' cardiovascular, respiraory, neuromuscular sysems. We used well-known funcional ess recommended by he American College of Spors Medicine (2017) and researchers such as Bar- Or, Rowland (2004), Di Tore, Schiavo, D'isano (2016), Wilmore, Cosill, Kenney (2012) and ohers. We were deermining he following: blood pressure (sysolic - SBP and diasolic - DBP); hear rae (HR); vial capaciy (VC); Ruffier index (Ruffier es index - RTI); Robinson Index (RI = SBP x HR / 100); Vial capaciy index (VCI = VC / body mass), index of maximum isomeric srengh (IMIS = maximum isomeric srengh / body mass). During he ess, we fulfilled all he required demands. We used cerified equipmen: o deermine he blood pressure - Sanamedical Adul Deluxe Aneroid Sphygmomanomeer, o deermine he IMIS - handgrip Camry dynamomeer, o deermine he VCI - NDD EasyOne Plus Sysem spiromeer. Iniially we go permission o paricipae in he sudy from each girl and her parens. Daa for sudy were he quaniaive values of ess and funcional ess. We esablished he differences in he values in each characerisic under sudy of he girls 9 and 10 years old who sared SSOR classes from Sepember Aferwards, we compared he value of each characerisic in all groups of girls 9 and all groups of girls 10 years old, ha is, who sared volleyball raining in Sepember 2015, 2016 and Daa analysis. Аll saisical analyses were performed using SPSS Version 21. For each characerisic, we deermined he mean value, he sandard deviaion; also we deermined Suden's -crierion for unpaired samples. The 0.05, 0.01, levels of probabiliy were used o indicae saisical significance. Resuls Girls who sared volleyball a he age of 9, a he beginning had only SBP, DBP and HR a quiescen wihin he age norm (see Table 1). Oher physiological characerisics under sudy, as well as resuls in a sanding long jump, display of flexibiliy and muscular srengh, indicaed he "poor funcional condiion" (see Table 2). Girls who sared volleyball raining a age 10 had he value of mos physiological characerisics and resuls in physical finess ess a he level of "average funcional condiion". The excepions were SBP, DBP and HR: heir values, as well as for 9-year-old girls, corresponded o he age norm. A similar resul was found when comparing he resuls in all samples: only HR and SBP pracically did no differ and were wihin he age norms; Table 1. Peculiariies of discovering of physiological characerisics of girls a age 9 (n = 24) and 10 years (n = 27) a he beginning of classes a a volleyball spors school (Sepember 2017). The name of he characerisic Age M σ m VC, ml ,0 39,12 3,92*** ,7 40,55 HR a quiescen, bpm 9 95,9 1,91 1, ,5 1,28 HR afer 30 squas, bpm 9 141,8 2,11 3,61*** ,1 2,08 HR a 45 second of res afer squas, bpm 9 106,0 1,35 2,5* ,6 1,13 SBP, mmhg 9 104,7 1,43 0, ,7 1,11 DBP, mmhg 9 69,6 1,12 2,05* 10 66,9 0,69 VCI, ml/kg 9 45,3 1,18 2,32* 10 49,1 1,14 IMIS, % 9 42,0 1,25 3,0** 10 47,9 1,52 RI, condiional unis 9 101,1 2,24 4,29***

3 10 90,0 1,29 RTI, condiional unis 9 15,1 0,71 3,35** 10 11,9 0,64 Noe: *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001 Table 2. Peculiariies of he resuls in physical finess ess of girls a age 9 (n = 24) and 10 (n = 27) a he beginning of classes a he volleyball spors school (Sepember 2017). Name of he es Age M σ m Sanding long jump, m Si and reach, sm Dynamomery of a wris, kg Noe: *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p < ,21 0, ,29 0,03 9 7,9 1, ,7 0, ,8 0, ,2 0,49 2,22* 2,14* 6,75*** oher resuls were significanly (a he level p <0,05 o p <0,001) beer for girls a age 10 han for girls a age 9. Resuling from he discovered differences we compared he values of physical finess and physiological characerisics of girls a age 9 and 10 who sared volleyball a SSOR from Sepember We found ha hese samples had only HR a quiescen and SBP which did no differ. Oher indicaors under sudy had he values of girls a age 10 significanly (p < ) beer han of girls a age 9 (see Table 3 and 4). A similar Table 3. Peculiariies of discovering of physiological characerisics of girls a age 9 (Sepember n = 22, Sepember n = 27), 10 years (n = 26 and n = 23) a he beginning of classes a a volleyball spors school Indicaor Ag e M σ m M σ m VC, ml ,0 33,31 4,34*** 1600,0 28,12 4,23*** ,7 34, ,4 32,03 HR a quiescen, bpm 9 94,9 2,12 1,68 91,8 2,39 0,81 HR afer 30 squas, bpm 10 90,1 1,91 89,4 1, ,1 2,01 4,43*** 140,8 2,68 2,61* ,2 2,11 131,5 2,34 HR a 45 second of res afer 9 108,1 1,64 2,32* 109,2 1,82 2,28* squas, bpm ,2 1,95 101,6 2,79 SBP, mmhg 9 104,4 1,03 0,16 103,9 1,25 0,46 DBP, mmhg VCI, ml/kg IMIS, % RI, condiional unis RTI, condiional unis Noe: *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p < ,1 1,53 103,1 1, ,4 1,43 2,54* 67,2 1,68 1, ,8 1,11 64,1 2, ,8 1,41 2,56* 45,1 1,32 3,27** 10 50,1 1,52 51,8 1, ,7 1,27 2,7* 41,1 1,72 2,73* 10 46,8 1,4 48,0 1, ,1 1,34 3,68** 101,8 1,37 3,9*** 10 92,2 2,33 91,1 2, ,8 0,81 2,99** 15,1 0,86 2,95** 10 11,2 0,89 11,7 0,77 Table 4 The peculiariies of he resuls in he ess of physical finess of girls a age 9 (Sepember n = 22, Sepember n = 27), 10 years (n = 26 and n = 23) a he beginning of classes a a volleyball spors school Indicaor Ag e M σ m M σ m Sanding long jump, m 9 1,20 0,05 2,03* 1,23 0,03 2,12* 10 1,33 0,04 1,32 0,03 Si and reach, sm 9 7,1 0,96 2,22* 8,1 0,98 2,2* Dynamomery of a wris, kg Noe: *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p < ,9 0,81 11,4 1, ,9 0,37 7,23*** 13,1 0,38 6,38*** 10 17,4 0,5 17,9 0,65

4 resul was obained afer analyzing he daa of girls 9 and 10 years old which sared volleyball a SSOR since Sepember Tha is o say, during he las hree years, girls a age 9 who sared volleyball raining a SSOR had significanly lower physical finess and physiological characerisics han girls who sared volleyball classes a age 10. Discussion The obained daa are due o a complex of reasons. One of he main reasons for he differences in girls' values of 9 and 10 years in favor of he laer is relaed o he morphosis (Malina, Bouchard, Bar-Or, 2004). During his period he physiological characerisics and physical finess of he child are improved wih each new year of his/her life (Asha, 2011; Bar-Or, Rowland, 2004; Carlos, Daniel, Marques, 2012; Delas, Lafreničre, Fenouille, Paque, Marin-Krumm, 2017). The high level of developmen of he body's sysems, in urn, conribues o a beer soluion of various asks ha he coach pus in he iniial sage of young ahlees' raining (Dick, 2007; Raiola, 2014; Sally, 2004). Young sporsmen wih a high level of developmen of physiological characerisics are beer adaped o increased physical aciviy; learning new moor aciviies, which are ofen complicaed in erms of coordinaion, requires in addiion o such characerisics also a high level of physical finess (Wilmore, Cosill, Kenney, 2012). This ogeher creaes very favorable condiions for achieving a high resul in solving he key asks of he iniial sage of young volleyball players raining (Viera, Bonnie, 1996; Ghorbanzadeh, Bayar, Koruç, 2017). In he case of lack of physical finess and poor funcional condiion, a coach should significanly increase he amoun of appropriae raining. (Wues, Bucher, 2005). This is caused by a reducion in he ime required for echnical raining and oher learning asks. Achievemen of he arges becomes problemaic (Cecile, 2015; Clemens, McDowell, 2012; Jeff, 2005). I is also noed ha he level of young ahlees physical finess o some exen depends on he effeciveness of masering he main moor aciviy (Volkov, 2005). This is proved rue by he following resuls: he effeciveness of masering he game echniques increases in he case of he average funcional condiion of young volleyball players during he iniial sage (Boichuk, Iermakov, Nosko, 2017). The key reason for one more resul, namely poor funcional condiion and he developmen of moor abiliies of girls a age 9 was associaed wih low physical aciviy in heir spare ime (Prozar, Iedynak, 2011). Anoher reason may lie in he lack of efficacy of physical educaion a school (Buenko, Goncharova, Saienko, Tolchieva, Vako, 2017). Awareness of he parens of he child and, o a cerain exen, he eacher of physical educaion of he need o add physical aciviy for such child conribues o he realizaion of heir join, adequae acions. The resul of such acions is display of he child's desire o engage in a paricular spor (Adamčák, Nemec, Barík, 2017; D isano, Di Tore, 2016). Bu he parens do no ake ino accoun he poor funcional condiion and he developmen of moor abiliies of heir child. As a resul, he likelihood of a posiive resul in selecing a spors secion may decrease (Ivashchenko, Khudolii, Iermakov, Lochbaum, & Yermakova, 2017). The lack of significan differences beween he resuls obained in one region over he pas hree years during he selecion of girls o he SSOR volleyball secion who reached he age of 9 years and who were 10 years old were associaed wih a complex of reasons. One of he main reasons was he implemenaion of he requiremens of spors merology regarding he formaion of samples for he sudy (Vincen, 2005). Anoher reason was associaed wih he lack of radical changes in approaches o he realizaion of physical educaion in his period, he formaion of moivaion of elemenary school graders o engage in spors or oher ypes of physical aciviy in heir spare ime. This is one of he main condiions for improving he resuls of physical educaion a school (Di Tore, Schiavo, D isano, 2016). Conclusions I is preferable for girls o sar volleyball a SSOR saring from 10 years. In case of such classes saring a 9 years i is essenial during he school year o pay increased aenion o he developmen of heir moor abiliies and physiological characerisics. In he meanime, i is imporan o increase he moivaion of such girls o sysemaic volleyball classes a SSOR. Conflics of ineres No conflics of ineres exis. Acknowledgemens. This research was conduced under he heme "Theoreical and mehodological principles of healh and recreaional moor aciviy of differen populaion groups", which is a plan of scienific work for of he Minisry of Educaion and Science of Ukraine. References Adamčák, Š., Nemec, M., Barík, P. (2017). Opinions of primary school sudens on aking par in spor aciviies in seleced regions of Slovakia. Journal of Physical Educaion and Spor, 17(Suppl. 1), doi: /jpes.2017.s1012 American College of Spor Medicine (2017). ACSM: Physical aciviy in children and adolescens. hps://www. acsm.org/docs/defaul-source/brochures/physical-aciviy-in-children-and-adolescens.pdf

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