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1 8 Studying Hominids In ac t i v i t y 5, Using Fossil Evidence to Investigate Whale Evolution, you were working with evidence for the evolution of the whale lineage. A lineage is a series of populations of a single species or several species descended from a common ancestor. On an evolutionary tree a branch represents a lineage. lamprey frog bird whale Each line shown on this tree for vertebrates is a lineage. The evolution of another lineage supported by a growing body of evidence is the one that led to humans. In this activity, you will examine some of the evidence about the species that make up hominids, which include humans and apes. A Neanderthal fossil skeleton. 459

2 Science & Global Issues/Biology evolution Challenge 00How do biologists study the evolutionary relationships of hominids? Materials For each group of four students set of six Cranium Diagrams For each pair of students metric ruler protractor sticky notes For each student Student Sheet 8.1, Cranium Comparisons Student Sheet 3.1, Ideas about Evolution, from Activity 3 Student Sheet 3.2, Geologic Time and Major Events, from Activity 3 Procedure Part A: Physical Evidence for Human Ancestry 1. With your group, compare the six cranium diagrams. Record in your science notebook similarities and differences you observe. 2. Group the six organisms according to how closely related you think they are based on the similarities and differences you recorded in Step 1. Write your groupings in your science notebook. 3. Obtain Student Sheet 8.1, Cranium Comparisons. Observe the characteristics shown on the chart, and record the information in the appropriate column. Measure lengths with a ruler, and measure angles with a protractor. Note: Diagrams 1, 2, and 3 already show the lines you will measure. For diagrams 4, 5, and 6 you will need to draw the lines that you will then measure. The skeleton of Lucy provides evidence about the evolution of the human lineage. 460

3 studying hominids Activity 8 4. Examine your observations from Step 3. Record any patterns in the data that suggest changes over time. 5. Complete the reading, Natural Selection in the Human Lineage, on the following pages to learn more about the ape and human lineages. As you read, follow the and Take Note strategy, using the sticky notes as you did in previous activities. 6. Based on your data and the information in the reading, what conclusions can you draw about the relationships between the six species? Part B: Molecular Evidence for Human Ancestry 7. The box below shows a portion of the amino acid sequence for hemoglobin in humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. Sketch a tree hypothesis suggested by the amino acid data and the information you gathered in Part A. Label the root of the tree common ancestor. Amino Acid Sequence Data h u m a n M V H LT P E E K S AV TA LW G K V N V D E V G G E A L G R L LV V Y P W T Q R F F E S F G D L S T P D AV M G N P K V K A H G K K V L G A F S D GLAHLDNLKGTFATLSELHCDKLHVDPEN F RLLGNVLVCVLAHHFGKEFTPPVQAAYQKVVAGVANALAHKYH c h i m p a n z e e M V H LT P E E K S AV TA LW G K V N V D E V G G E A L G R L LV V Y P W T Q R F F E S F G D L S T P D AV M G N P K V K A H G K K V L G A F S D GLAHLDNLKGTFATLSELHCDKLHVDPEN F RLLGNVLVCVLAHHFGKEFTPPVQAAYQKVVAGVANALAHKYH g o r i l l a M V H LT P E E K S AV TA LW G K V N V D E V G G E A L G R L LV V Y P W T Q R F F E S F G D L S T P D AV M G N P K V K A H G K K V L G A F S D GLAHLDNLKGTFATLSELHCDKLHVDPEN K RLLGNVLVCVLAHHFGKEFTPPVQAAYQKVVAGVANALAHKYH 8. Go back to the statements on Student Sheet 3.1, Ideas about Evolution, from Activity 3. Record on it information from this activity to support whether any of the statements is correct or incorrect. 9. Go back to the geologic timeline you constructed in Activity 3, Geologic Time. On Student Sheet 3.2, Geologic Time and Major Events, record the origin of hominins (humans and their extinct bipedal ancestors). 461

4 Science & Global Issues/Biology evolution Analysis 1. Suppose you analyzed the DNA sequences for a number of DNA segments in humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas, and you collected the data in the table below: DNA Sequences in Humans, Chimpanzees, and Gorillas DNA comparison Sequence difference (%) Human chimpanzee 1.24 Human gorilla 1.62 Chimpanzee gorilla 1.63 Explain how these data are related to the amino acid data from Part B and how they explain the evolutionary relationship between humans, chimps, and gorillas. 2. Based on the portion of the hominid tree from Procedure Step 7, how would you respond to someone who claims that a. scientific evidence suggests that humans descended from chimps and gorillas? b. scientific evidence suggests that humans, gorillas, and chimpanzees share an evolutionary ancestor? 3. How does the scientific process you followed in this activity reflect the way that scientists ask and answer questions about the natural world? Key vocabulary evidence evolutionary tree hominid lineage 462

5 studying hominids Activity 8 reading Natural Selection in the Human Lineage m o d e r n h u m a n s (Homo sapiens) are classified as members of the family Hominidae, as are gorillas and chimpanzees. Evidence suggests that the human and chimpanzee lineages split approximately 5 million years ago as shown in the tree below. Scientists are still gathering evidence that would allow them to reconstruct the early history of the hominids. The fossil and DNA data they have collected, however, suggest that the adaptation for walking upright on two legs (bipedalism) defines the divergence of the human lineage. The chart above summarizes the locomotion methods for the six hominid species that you are investigating in this activity. Locomotion Methods for Six Hominid Species Species Gorilla gorilla (gorilla) Pan troglodytes (chimpanzee) Australopithecines boisei ( Lucy, extinct) Homo erectus (extinct) Homo neanderthalensis ( Neanderthal, extinct) Homo sapiens (modern humans) There are several physical characters that allow for full-time upright walking in humans: Humans have larger vertebrae to carry the weight of the upper body. The point at which the spinal cord enters the skull is near the center of the cranium, Locomotion Knuckle walking most of the time and bipedal walking for short distances Knuckle walking most of the time and bipedal walking for short distances which allows the head to balance on top of the spine. The human pelvis is positioned for greater balance while walking. The structure of the human foot includes a weight- bearing platform and a shock-absorbing arch. (Continued on next page) tree hypothesis for primates HoMinoidS lemurs new World monkeys monkeys orangutan gibbon gorilla HoMinidS human chimp 5 mya 2 mya 35 mya 463

6 Science & Global Issues/Biology evolution (Continued from previous page) As new fossil and DNA evidence is discovered, scientists evaluate hypotheses for the evolution of bipedalism by natural selection. There is evidence to suggest that early hominins (living humans and extinct bipedal ancestors) had both the character for bipedal motion and the character in quadrupeds (taxa with four-legged locomotion) for grasping when moving in trees. A 4.4 million-year-old fossil, called Ardi, had features for walking on two legs on the ground and grasping when moving in the trees. Ardi s pelvis was structured to support large hind limb muscles for climbing, resulting in a walk without the side-to-side gait of a chimpanzee. Ardi had big toes spread out from the rest for climbing, like those of an ape. She had an additional bone inside a tendon in the big toes that made them more rigid, and suitable for walking. These characters, which indicate Ardi was capable of foraging in the grasslands and climbing trees, provide clues about the evolution of bipedal ism and the environment in which the human lineage might have evolved. Additional evidence will help scientists understand more clearly the factors that led to the divergence of the human lineage from its ancestors. n 464

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