TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP

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1 TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP Local Sponsor: Sacramento, CA 1

2 TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP Instructors Tapan Datta, Ph.D., P.E. Tim Gates, Ph.D., P.E. Deb McAvoy, Ph.D., P.E. Introductions BACKGROUND 2

3 FHWA WORK ZONE SAFETY GRANT PROGRAM SAFETEA-LU (2005) FHWA Work Zone Safety Grant Program 2006 Work Zone Safety Grant Utility Work Zone Guidance, Training and TTCP Software Tool 2011 Work Zone Safety Grant Urban Work Zones Short-Term, Short-Duration, and Mobile Work Zones Comprehensive TTCP Software Tool Compendium of Documents BACKGROUND 3

4 TTCP DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP Purpose: Understanding critical characteristics of work zones Collecting missing roadway and traffic data Selecting appropriate typical applications or standard plans Modifying TA using site-specific data Field adjustments Outcome: Use of TTCP development process Use of TTCP software Field modification and strategies BACKGROUND 4

5 AGENDA Work Zone Traffic Control and Background Steps for Developing an Effective TTCP Temporary Traffic Control Plan Selection Software Demonstration Utility Work Zones & Case Studies Lunch Utility Work Zones & Case Studies (Cont.) Urban Work Zones & Case Studies Work Zone Safety Compendium of Documents Demonstration BACKGROUND 5

6 DISCUSSION IS ENCOURAGED! Training is based on national standards State and local standards always supersede Feel free to comment or ask questions BACKGROUND 6

7 WORK ZONE WEBSITE Workzone.eng.wayne.edu Provides access to: TTCP Software Compendium of Documents Case Studies Guidelines and Training Materials (in draft) BACKGROUND 7

8 TESTS AND EVALUATION FORMS 8

9 TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN DEVELOPMENT Process for Developing an Effective Temporary Traffic Control Plan TTCPD 9

10 DISCLAIMER Opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this presentation are those of contractor(s) and not necessarily those of USDOT or FHWA Materials prepared under contract with FHWA Content is living and subject to change TTCPD 10

11 FEDERAL MUTCD AND PART 6 Part 6 of the MUTCD Temporary Traffic Control Guidance, Standards, Devices, etc MUTCD includes 46 Typical Applications TTCPD 11

12 12 EXAMPLE TYPICAL APPLICATION 27 Typical applications include: Necessary Temporary Traffic Control Devices Signs Channelizing Devices Optional Devices Dimensions for TTC Layout Placement of Advance Warning Devices Taper Lengths Spacing Between Channelizing Devices Special Notes

13 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

14 46 MUTCD TYPICAL APPLICATIONS Cover variety of situations commonly encountered Not every possible situation addressed Combining components of two or more TAs: For example: Closure at the Side of an Intersection (TA-27) WITH Sidewalk Detour or Diversion (TA-28) TTCPD 14

15 STATE AND LOCAL STANDARDS 2009 National MUTCD Minimum national standard States must either: Adopt National MUTCD Adopt National MUTCD with State Supplements Adopt State MUTCD in substantial conformance with 2009 National edition State-level MUTCD or supplement may be more rigorous TTCPD 15

16 MUTCD BY STATE : 18 states : 10 states : 22 states

17 17 DEVELOPMENT OF TTCP 1. Work and Site Characteristics 2. Determine Appropriate TA 3. Modify TA Based on Unique Characteristics 4. Develop Appropriate TTCP 5. Field Modification

18 STEP 1: OBTAIN SITE AND WORK CHARACTERISTICS Site Characteristics Geometric characteristics (lane width, number of lanes, etc.) Existing traffic control (location of devices, posted speed limit, etc.) Traffic characteristics (both motorized and non-motorized) Environmental or other surrounding characteristics Work Characteristics Proposed work activity Proposed work duration (including upper and lower bounds) Necessary workers, vehicles, and equipment Additional special considerations TTCPD 18

19 TTCP DEVELOPMENT CHECKLIST Work Characteristics Roadway Characteristics Traffic Geometrics Checklist TTCPD 19

20 STEP 2: DETERMINE APPROPRIATE TYPICAL APPLICATION (TA) Select appropriate Typical Application from the MUTCD, Consider state MUTCDs, standard plans, as well as local regulations TA or Example Plan from the TTCP Selection Software Selecting a TA or Example Plan is NOT the last step Actual field conditions Specific work conditions TTCPD 20

21 STEP 3: MODIFYING TA FOR SITE AND WORK CHARACTERISTICS Consider supplementary notes or information MUTCD Example Plans in TTCP Selection Software Field conditions will vary from generalized scenario Consider the unique characteristics of the work zone Following modules from this training Use professional engineering judgment TTCPD 21

22 STEP 4: DEVELOP TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN Temporary traffic control plans may include: Detailed schematic of TTC Instructions for field personnel Project coordination strategies Some WZ s may be a significant project and require additional TMP components TTCPD 22

23 SIGNIFICANT PROJECTS Due to the Rule on Work Zone Safety and Mobility, operations which are deemed significant projects require: Temporary Traffic Control Plan Public Information Strategies Transportation Operations Strategies Significant projects defined as: Section of the Rule defines a significant project as one that, alone or in combination with other concurrent projects nearby, is anticipated to cause sustained work zone impacts that are greater than what is considered tolerable based on State policy and/or engineering judgment. All Interstate system projects within the boundaries of a designated Transportation Management Area (TMA) that occupy a location for more than three days with either intermittent or continuous lane closures shall be considered as significant projects. 23

24 STEP 5: MODIFY BASED ON FIELD CONDITIONS Fixed objects Existing signs Sight distance issue Work vehicle storage Pedestrian access TTCPD 24

25 TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN SELECTION SOFTWARE FHWA GRANT DTFH61-11-RA

26 GAPS IN TYPICAL APPLICATIONS Only 46 Typical Applications DO NOT cover all of the frequently encountered scenarios Can be incorrectly implemented As Is Must be tailored to the specific scenario encountered Rarely verbatim the same as generalized scenario TTCPS 26

27 EXAMPLE PLANS WSU-TRG developed over 100 Example Plans Supplement the existing 46 TAs Cover many additional work zone scenarios that are frequently encountered Based on state of the art and practice in highway work zones Best practices in individual states Up to date research literature Reviewed by the FHWA, national focus group, and experienced professional work zone consultant TTCPS 27

28 TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL SELECTION SOFTWARE Combination of: 46 Typical Applications from 2009 MUTCD 102 additional example plans State-specific standard drawings Separated into EIGHT distinct modules Navigate flow chart logic to arrive at appropriate plan Additional drop down menus for site-specific information TTCPS 28

29 SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS Web-based software tool compatible with: Personal computers (Windows, and Apple OS) Tablets and mobile devices (ios, Android, Windows Mobile) Compatible browsers include: Mozilla Firefox Google Chrome Microsoft Internet Explorer Apple Safari TTCPS 29

30 TTCP MODULES

31 STATE-SPECIFIC WORK ZONE MODULE Comprehensive list of the plans available for each state Should always be checked first for appropriate state-level plans Standard plans are updated periodically by WSU-TRG

32 STATE-SPECIFIC EXAMPLE Assuming that the State of California is selected:

33 STATE-SPECIFIC EXAMPLE Returns User to Work Zone Safety Homepage Link to the Individual State s Standard Plans Page Most Recent Update of State Plans Clicking any one of the links will direct the user to a PDF of that plan

34 STATE-SPECIFIC EXAMPLE Remember to always check for state-specific versions of the work zone scenario!

35 STATE-SPECIFIC EXAMPLE Selecting a specific category will filter the results TTCP SOFTWARE 35

36 STATE-SPECIFIC EXAMPLE Selecting Multi-Lane will provide the plans related to multilane roads in California Clicking any one of the links will direct the user to a PDF of that plan TTCP SOFTWARE 36

37 STATE-SPECIFIC EXAMPLE Remember to always check for state-specific versions of the work zone scenario! 37

38 STATE-SPECIFIC EXAMPLE Selecting a specific category will filter the results TTCP SOFTWARE 38

39 STATE-SPECIFIC EXAMPLE Selecting Two-Lane Two-Way will provide the plans related to two-lane, two-way roads in California Clicking any one of the links will direct the user to a PDF of that plan TTCP SOFTWARE 39

40 STATE-SPECIFIC EXAMPLE Remember to always check for state-specific versions of the work zone scenario! 40

41 ADDITIONAL STATE EXAMPLES Selecting a specific category will filter the results TTCP SOFTWARE 41

42 ADDITIONAL STATE EXAMPLES Clicking any one of the links will direct the user to a PDF of that plan TTCP SOFTWARE 42

43 ADDITIONAL STATE EXAMPLES Remember to always check for state-specific versions of the work zone scenario! TTCP SOFTWARE 43

44 UTILITY WORK ZONE MODULE Example plans originally developed as a part of 2006 FHWA Work Zone Safety Grant Similar to Typical Application counterpart in the MUTCD Temporary traffic control devices geared towards utility work zones Short or intermediate term operations Still compliant to National MUTCD TTCPS 44

45 UTILITY WORK ZONE MODULE Clicking an object in the flow chart will skip to that portion of the logic Advance through flow chart logic to appropriate TTCP Users will be re-directed to the appropriate module as necessary TTCPS 45

46 UTILITY WORK ZONE MODULE Once an object is clicked on any flowchart, the user will be prompted with questions about the roadway and work site in question TTCPS 46

47 QUICK EXAMPLE Suppose a TTCP is required for the following utility work zone: Utility work on shoulder of a two lane roadway Work does not encroach onto roadway Urban roadway with 45 MPH posted speed limit Moderate traffic volumes 11 wide travel lanes with 10 paved shoulders TTCPS 47

48 PROGRESSING THROUGH THE FLOW CHART Begin at the Main Module of the TTCP Software Since this is a Utility Work Zone, the Utility Work Zone Module should be selected TTCPS 48

49 PROGRESSING THROUGH THE FLOWCHART Utility Work Zone Module Plans relevant to utility work zones Either answer every question in the logic or skip ahead by clicking the appropriate question object TTCPS 49

50 ANSWER QUESTIONS The first relevant question for this example involves the location of the utility work Given that we know the work in question is taking place on the shoulder only, selecting On Shoulder is appropriate 50

51 SUB-MODULES Sub-modules cover specific roadway scenarios Utility Work Zone On Shoulder Sub-Module Introduce a new flowchart specific to that roadway scenario Given that we know the work is taking place on a two-lane roadway and does not have low volumes and low speed, Figure D3 is the most appropriate TTCP

52 DYNAMIC QUESTIONS Additional information about the work being performed or roadway conditions may be necessary after the appropriate plan is selected Entered via the drop down menus TTCPS 52

53 DISPLAY OF TTCP A table will be shown which displays the appropriate dimensions for the layout of TTCDs The appropriate plan will be displayed on screen, including all required devices Buttons are included at the top which allow the user to: Return to Work Zone Safety Homepage, the Main Module, or the previous module A display of the legend/symbols Printing and zoom functions

54 INTERSECTION MODULE Includes typical applications and example plans appropriate for use in the vicinity of highway intersections Incorporates the Roundabout Work Zone sub-module, including example plans developed specifically for roundabouts Not covered in the 46 TAs TTCPS 54

55 INTERSECTION EXAMPLE Suppose a TTCP is required for a signalized intersection: Two approach lanes in the direction where the work is occurring Work on the far side of the intersection in the left lane Urban area with 40 MPH posted speed limit No shoulder with 11 foot wide travel lanes Work will interfere with the crosswalk TTCPS 55

56 INTERSECTION EXAMPLE Following through the flow chart logic within the Intersection Module, the user will be directed to dynamic questions page for TA 6H-23 Enter the additional work and site characteristics to determine the appropriate plan TTCPS 56

57 INTERSECTION EXAMPLE A button is included which will display the typical application for pedestrian detours since crosswalks are affected 57

58 ROUNDABOUT EXAMPLE Roundabout Module can be found within the intersection module Suppose a TTCP is required for a single-lane roundabout with the following characteristics: Urban roadway with 40 MPH posted speed limit 11 feet wide travel lanes with no shoulders 7 foot closure within the circulating lane TTCPS 58

59 ROUNDABOUT EXAMPLE A button is included which will display the typical application for roundabout detour due to the closure

60 MOBILE WORK ZONE MODULE Includes typical applications and example plans specific to mobile work zone operations Generalized plan for mobile striping operations not included in the MUTCD Expansion of TA 6H-35 for two and three lane scenarios TTCPS 60

61 WORK ZONE DETOUR MODULE Includes the typical applications for detours required for various types of highway work zone scenarios Specific plans are included for roundabouts and pedestrians detours as necessary within the software TTCPS 61

62 FREEWAY WORK ZONE MODULE Includes typical applications and example plans specific to operations taking place on the freeway Example plans greatly expand on the variety of possible roadway geometries and work locations involved in freeway operations beyond the MUTCD TTCPS 62

63 FREEWAY EXAMPLE Suppose a TTCP is required for shoulder work on an urban freeway Left shoulder work (median side) 6 feet wide shoulder with 12 feet wide travel lanes Complete closure of shoulder 70 MPH posted speed limit Within the Freeway Module, shoulder only work can be selected TTCPS 63

64 FREEWAY EXAMPLE Whenever an example plan is shown, a disclaimer will indicate that the plan is not a TA from the MUTCD

65 TWO-LANE WORK ZONE MODULE Includes typical applications and example plans specific to operations taking place on two-lane roadways Example plans for haul roads beyond TA 6H- 14, for long-term and short-term scenarios TTCPS 65

66 MULTI-LANE WORK ZONE MODULE Includes typical applications and example plans specific to operations taking place on multi-lane highways Does not cover work zone scenarios beyond three lanes in one direction Specific plans for short, intermediate, and long term scenarios TTCPS 66

67 MULTI-LANE EXAMPLE Suppose a TTCP is required for a multi-lane highway which includes a two-way left turn lane Five foot closure within the two-way left turn lane Rural highway with posted speed limit of 40 MPH and 11 feet wide travel lanes Skip to the portion of the multi-lane module which relates to highways with two-way left turn lanes TTCPS 67

68 MULTI-LANE EXAMPLE Optional TTC may also be shown in the plan, such as the optional high-level warning device shown in Example Plan 32I

69 EVALUATIONS TTCPD 69

70 UTILITY WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL TRAINING FHWA GRANT DTFH61-11-RA

71 PRE-TEST UTILITY WORK ZONES 71

72 DISCLAIMER Opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this presentation are those of contractor(s) and not necessarily those of U.S.D.O.T. or F.H.W.A. Prepared in cooperation with U.S.D.O.T. and F.H.W.A Utility work zone guideline is a Living Document and may be modified and updated as needed UTILITY WORK ZONES 72

73 WHO IS IT FOR? Safety Professionals State and Local Road Agencies Permit Granting Agencies Consultants Contractors Utility Workers City Utility Workers UTILITY WORK ZONES 73

74 DISCUSSION ITEMS Introduction Underlying Principles of Utility Work Zone Traffic Control Utility Work Zone Traffic Control Break Suggested Traffic Control Plans & Pedestrian Issues UTILITY WORK ZONES 74

75 UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES OF UTILITY WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL Utility Work Zone Guidelines Significant variability in the knowledge, skills, and abilities of the utility workforce Variability is associated with a level of risk for workers and motorists UTILITY WORK ZONES 75

76 UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES OF UTILITY WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL Guideline document provides uniform treatment TTCPs for various utility work zone applications Guidance is provided to aid the utility workforce Identify level of risk Mitigating risks UTILITY WORK ZONES 76

77 WHAT TYPE OF UTILITY WORK IS INCLUDED? Electrical, Gas, Telephone, Cable Traffic Signals Water Sewer Maintenance and Cleaning Landscaping Others UTILITY WORK ZONES 77

78 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN UTILITY WORK ZONES AND NORMAL WORK ZONES Shorter duration May require more time to set-up and remove traffic control than to complete work Often unplanned or unscheduled Often outside of travel way Smaller work area Smaller work crew Same work crew attends multiple work sites UTILITY WORK ZONES 78

79 WHAT IS NOT INCLUDED? Nighttime utility work Utility work conducted on freeways Long term stationary Utility work as a part of long term highway project UTILITY WORK ZONES 79

80 MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE Recognition of safety and mobility in work zones Providing appropriate tools Making training readily available Emphasizing uniformity Encouraging safety culture UTILITY WORK ZONES 80

81 MUTCD WORK ZONE DURATION DEFINITIONS Long-term stationary is work that occupies a location more than 3 days Intermediate-term stationary is work that occupies a location more than one daylight period up to 3 days, or nighttime work lasting more than 1 hour UTILITY WORK ZONES 81

82 MUTCD WORK ZONE DURATION DEFINITIONS Short-term stationary is daytime work that occupies a location for more than 1 hour within a single daylight period Short-duration is work that occupies a location up to 1 hour Mobile is work that moves intermittently or continuously UTILITY WORK ZONES 82

83 SHORT DURATION WORK Simplified control procedures may be warranted for short-duration work. A reduction in the number of devices may be offset by the use of other more dominant devices such as high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights on work vehicles. Source: MUTCD Section 6G.02 UTILITY WORK ZONES 83

84 SHORT DURATION WORK Appropriately colored or marked vehicles with highintensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights may be used in place of signs and channelizing devices for short-duration or mobile operations. Source: MUTCD Section 6G.02 UTILITY WORK ZONES 84

85 SHORT TERM AND SHORT DURATION NEED Standardized plans Workers realize need for traffic control Different traffic control devices than long and intermediate term work Fewer devices Portable devices UTILITY WORK ZONES 85

86 PASSING MOTORIST NEED Early recognition Clear recognition of potential hazard Positive guidance Driver expectancy maintained through the work zone UTILITY WORK ZONES 86

87 PURPOSE OF UTILITY WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL Safe and efficient travel of all road users Worker protection UTILITY WORK ZONES 87

88 WORK ZONE CRASH FATALITIES 579 work zone fatalities in 2013 (one every 15 hours) Majority occur during daytime hours Twice as high during the week than weekend Mostly occur during the summertime Over half involve single motor vehicles Utility work zone fatalities are 14 per year 10% underreporting of work zone fatalities (Ullman & Scriba) UTILITY WORK ZONES 88

89 UTILITY WORK ZONE CRASH RISK FACTORS Traffic volume Travel speed Lateral distance from travel lanes Work duration time to complete the work Sight distance and work area visibility Others UTILITY WORK ZONES 89

90 PREVENTION OF WORK ZONE CRASHES Analyze the work site including traffic patterns and plan the work zone before you begin working Position work vehicles to create an obstacle to prevent oncoming traffic from hitting you Source: NIOSH FACE Program, 2007 UTILITY WORK ZONES 90

91 PREVENTION OF WORK ZONE CRASHES Minimize exposure to moving traffic Drivers should not engage in activities that distract them from driving or hinder driving performance Source: NIOSH FACE Program, 2007 UTILITY WORK ZONES 91

92 EARLY RECOGNITION OF UTILITY WORK ZONE BY MOTORISTS Evasive action taken to avoid a traffic crash if motorist recognizes work zone TTC provides information about potential hazard Information is provided through signs, cones, drums, barriers, etc. UTILITY WORK ZONES 92

93 EARLY RECOGNITION OF UTILITY WORK ZONE BY MOTORISTS Uniformity of treatment Making utility work zones conspicuous to the passing motorist - orange color Treatments must consider driver expectancy UTILITY WORK ZONES 93

94 DRIVER EXPECTANCY Driver expectancy relates to the readiness of the driver to respond to events, situations, or the presentation of information. Source: A Users Guide to Positive Guidance - FHWA UTILITY WORK ZONES 94

95 DRIVER EXPECTANCY Gained through experience and training Guided by traffic control devices Drivers respond quickly and correctly Information must be clear Consistency decreases reaction time Uniformity simplifies driving tasks UTILITY WORK ZONES 95

96 DRIVER EXPECTANCY VIOLATED Occurs when uncommon/unique situations arise Drivers require longer response times Greater chance of error Work zones naturally violate drivers expectancy UTILITY WORK ZONES 96

97 POSITIVE GUIDANCE Positive guidance information increases the driver s probability of selecting the speed and path most appropriate to the operating conditions of the highway Positive Guidance is based on the premise that competent drivers can be given appropriate information about hazards and inefficiencies to avoid errors. Source: A Users Guide to Positive Guidance - FHWA UTILITY WORK ZONES 97

98 BASIC DRIVING TASK Control driver s interaction with vehicle Guidance driver s ability to maintain safe path on highway Navigation driver s ability to plan and execute trip from point of origin to destination Source: Alexander, G.J., Some Factors Affecting Reception and Use of Information by Drivers, Public Road, Vol. 37, No. 1 UTILITY WORK ZONES 98

99 PROCESS OF INFORMATION HANDLING Source: Federal Highway Administration, A Users Guide to Positive Guidance UTILITY WORK ZONES 99

100 WHAT IS A SAFETY CULTURE? The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of, an organization s health and safety management. Source: HSC, 2003 UTILITY WORK ZONES 100

101 CRASH CAUSAL FACTORS Work zone crashes have several potential causes Driver, Environment, Vehicle Organizational, Worker Understanding of causes that leads to prevention Establishment of policies and procedures Crashes are not a result of any one factor Failure of individuals to perform duties Breakdown in safety-related policies and procedures Managerial failure UTILITY WORK ZONES 101

102 SOME OF THE CAUSAL FACTORS ARE BEYOND OUR CONTROL UTILITY WORK ZONES 102

103 BUT SOME ARE NOT! UTILITY WORK ZONES 103

104 WHAT CONSTITUTES A GOOD UTILITY WORK ZONE SAFETY CULTURE? Commitment to safety by management Commitment to safety by workers Realistic rules and regulations Continuous worker training Monitoring of performance UTILITY WORK ZONES 104

105 UTILITY WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL FHWA GRANT DTFH61-11-RA

106 UTILITY WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL GUIDELINES Developed and revised for FHWA Work Zone Safety Grants Include suggested traffic control plans Temporary traffic control devices Meant for electrical, gas, telephone, cable, water, sewer, street lights, traffic signals, landscaping, others Not meant for nighttime or freeway work UTILITY WORK ZONES 106

107 NEED FOR UTILITY WORK ZONE GUIDELINES Shorter in duration Different traffic control needed Change in travel environment for drivers Improve mobility Reduce utility work zone crashes UTILITY WORK ZONES 107

108 PERCEPTION REACTION TIME OF DRIVERS Perception: recognition or realization that cue or stimulus exists that requires response Intellection: Identification of cue or stimulus Emotion: determination of appropriate response to cue or stimulus Volition: physical response that results from decision UTILITY WORK ZONES 108

109 UNIFORMITY Treatment of similar work site with same traffic control Traffic control devices Color Strobe or oscillating lights Arrow panels UTILITY WORK ZONES 109

110 CONSPICUITY Increased through proper traffic control devices Using color of work zones ORANGE Retro-reflective TCDs Work zones that stand out from other surroundings to passing motorists UTILITY WORK ZONES 110

111 BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES Fulfill a need Command attention Convey a clear, simple message Command respect from road users Give adequate time for proper response Source: MUTCD Section 1A.02 UTILITY WORK ZONES 111

112 TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNS Message, layout, and configuration per MUTCD Construction fluorescent orange color with microprismatic retro-reflective characteristics 2 orange supplemental flags may be mounted Size = 36 x 36 Crashworthy Source: MUTCD Figure 6F-2 UTILITY WORK ZONES 112

113 TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNS Portable temporary traffic control signs Shall be mounted at least 1 foot above the traveled way Reduces traffic control setup and removal time Decreases worker exposure to risk especially for utility work zones Source: MUTCD Figure 6F-2 UTILITY WORK ZONES 113

114 POORLY MOUNTED SIGNS UTILITY WORK ZONES 114

115 ARROW PANELS Support panel 48 H x 96 W Minimum of 15 lamps Front panel with flat, non-reflective black background Mounted at minimum of 7 from roadway to bottom of panel Flash Rate: flashes per minute UTILITY WORK ZONES 115

116 CHANNELIZING DEVICES Provides guidance/delineation to motorists Need to be easily installed and removed Must be orange and contain retro-reflective bands Made of a material that will not damage a vehicle if impacted 36 or taller cones or tubular markers are more desirable Source: MUTCD Figure 6F-7 UTILITY WORK ZONES 116

117 CONES & BARRICADES Use orange taller cones with retro-reflective bands Provides increased visibility Transported easily Quick installation and removal on-site Barricades UTILITY WORK ZONES 117

118 WARNING LIGHTS ON WORK VEHICLES Attract the attention of road users Potentially hazardous situation Sufficient time for taking appropriate action Warning light standardization desirable Promote driver understanding Recognition of lights on work vehicles UTILITY WORK ZONES 118

119 WARNING LIGHTS ON WORK VEHICLES Warning lights should be visible to drivers from all angles (360 degrees) Larger vehicles should be equipped with a minimum of three warning lights Warning lights should be amber in color UTILITY WORK ZONES 119

120 WARNING LIGHTS ON WORK VEHICLES Warning lights should be TURNED ON! UTILITY WORK ZONES 120

121 RETRO-REFLECTIVE MARKINGS ON WORK VEHICLES Visibility increased by the use of retro-reflective markings and appropriate vehicle colors Should supplement warning light systems Affixed to the back of utility work vehicles UTILITY WORK ZONES 121

122 WORK VEHICLE COLOR ORANGE Visibility of work vehicle very important Orange vehicle is visual cue of approaching work zone Consistency in colors improves early recognition Increases driver awareness and recognition of work zone UTILITY WORK ZONES 122

123 WORK VEHICLE COLOR ORANGE Desirable Vehicle Colors Undesirable Vehicle Colors UTILITY WORK ZONES 123

124 WORK VEHICLE PLACEMENT Place upstream to warn vehicles of an upcoming work zone and shield workers from traffic Place equipment trailers downstream of work area to avoid being hit by traffic UTILITY WORK ZONES 124

125 IMPROPER PLACEMENT OF WORK VEHICLES OR DEVICES UTILITY WORK ZONES 125

126 IMPROPER PLACEMENT OF WORK VEHICLES OR DEVICES UTILITY WORK ZONES 126

127 AERIAL LIFT SAFETY Vehicle-mounted, boom-supported aerial platforms Cherry pickers, bucket trucks, etc. 26 worker fatalities per year due to the user of aerial lifts* More than half due to bucket trucks Positioning of any vehicle on the highway pavement or shoulder requires proper traffic control compliant to the MUTCD *Center to Protect Workers Rights UTILITY WORK ZONES 127

128 AERIAL LIFT SAFETY States may have their own policy or guidelines Temporary traffic control will be dependent on the work duration Chapter 6 of MUTCD No one standard traffic control plan Should be prepared by trained professional UTILITY WORK ZONES 128

129 HOW WOULD YOU LIKE TO DRIVE UNDERNEATH THIS?

130 WHAT RISKS ARISE WHEN OPERATING ABOVE TRAFFIC?

131 131 AERIAL LIFT SAFETY For aerial lift truck use at mid-block locations: Use of TMAs can help to decrease the impact forces of errant vehicles Additional consideration must be given if the bucket must be extended over the roadway Buckets should not extend over active traffic Consider the use of flaggers if additional closures are impractical to implement

132 132 AERIAL LIFT SAFETY For aerial lift truck use in the vicinity of a highway intersection: Mount signs on portable stands All approaches Buckets should not be extended over active traffic

133 133 AERIAL LIFT SAFETY For aerial lift truck use within an intersection: Retro-reflective markings and high-level warning devices 10 foot minimum clearance required to maintain each approach Narrow Lane Ahead signs warn motorists of the reduced downstream lane widths

134 SET-UP AND REMOVAL OF DEVICES Spend least amount of time necessary to set-up and remove devices safely and correctly Perform work as expeditiously as possible to reduce exposure Decreasing exposure time increases safety Use devices that are easily transported UTILITY WORK ZONES 134

135 SET-UP OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES Identify traffic control plan ahead of time Plan and discuss traffic control off roadway Park work vehicles and equipment to maximize safety Place traffic control devices as per selected plan starting at beginning of work zone UTILITY WORK ZONES 135

136 REMOVAL OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES Start at end of work zone Remove temporary traffic control devices at the end of the workday Only leave in place what is needed Know where everything goes in work vehicle so no time is wasted UTILITY WORK ZONES 136

137 WORKER SAFETY APPAREL MUTCD Section 6D.03 requires American National Standard For High-Visibility Safety Apparel and Headwear ANSI (American National Standards Institute) / ISEA (International Safety Equipment Association) Class 2 and 3 garments based on worker activities UTILITY WORK ZONES 137

138 FLAGGER (TRAFFIC REGULATOR) TRAINING For flagger (traffic regulator) training information refer to The National Work Zone Safety Clearinghouse at UTILITY WORK ZONES 138

139 SUGGESTED TRAFFIC CONTROL PLANS & PEDESTRIAN ISSUES UTILITY WORK ZONES 139

140 UTILITY WORK ZONE TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL COMPONENTS Termination Area Activity Area Downstream Taper Longitudinal Buffer Space Work Space Longitudinal Buffer Space Transition Area Advanced Warning Area SHOULDER Lateral Buffer Space Flagger Direction of Traffic SHOULDER Flagger Traffic Space UTILITY WORK ZONES 140

141 TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL COMPONENTS Activity Area work space, traffic space, and buffer space. Advanced Warning Area used to provide warning to motorists of an upcoming utility activity. Termination Area Activity Area Downstream Taper Longitudinal Buffer Space Work Space Longitudinal Buffer Space Transition Area Advanced Warning Area SHOULDER Lateral Buffer Space Flagger Direction of Traffic SHOULDER Flagger Traffic Space UTILITY WORK ZONES 141

142 INSUFFICIENT ADVANCE WARNING Missing advance warning signs telling which lane is closed No advance warning signs UTILITY WORK ZONES 142

143 LANE CLOSURE WITH NO ADVANCE WARNING Less than 8 feet UTILITY WORK ZONES 143

144 DISTANCE BETWEEN TRAFFIC SIGNS Road Type Urban 50 km/h (30 mph) Urban >50 km/h (30 mph) Rural A (Distance Between Signs) 30 m (100 ft) 100 m (350 ft) 150 m (500 ft) Note: 30 mph used to differentiate between high and low speeds due to risks involved UTILITY WORK ZONES 144

145 TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL COMPONENTS Tapers gradual transition to direct traffic from normal paths to designated path, must be free of workers, vehicles, equipment, etc. Termination Area Activity Area Downstream Taper Longitudinal Buffer Space Work Space Longitudinal Buffer Space Transition Area Advanced Warning Area SHOULDER Lateral Buffer Space Flagger Direction of Traffic SHOULDER Flagger Traffic Space UTILITY WORK ZONES 145

146 DIFFERENT TYPES OF TAPERS Source: MUTCD Figure 6C-2 and Table 6C-3 UTILITY WORK ZONES 146

147 FORMULAS FOR CALCULATING TAPER LENGTHS Source: MUTCD Table 6C-4 UTILITY WORK ZONES 147

148 CALCULATING TAPER LENGTH EXAMPLE PROBLEM Roadway characteristics Lane width: 12 feet Posted Speed Limit: 35 mph Taper Length (L) L = WS^2 / 60 L = (12)(35)^2 / 60 L = 245 feet Source: MUTCD Table 6C-4 UTILITY WORK ZONES 148

149 TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL COMPONENTS Buffer Space (Optional) lateral and/or longitudinal area that separates traffic from work space, must be free of workers, vehicles, equipment, etc. Termination Area Activity Area Downstream Taper Longitudinal Buffer Space Work Space Longitudinal Buffer Space Transition Area Advanced Warning Area SHOULDER Lateral Buffer Space Flagger Direction of Traffic SHOULDER Flagger Traffic Space UTILITY WORK ZONES 149

150 WHY USE BUFFER SPACE? Easy to accommodate into plan Inexpensive Improves worker safety Provides additional space between work zone and motorists UTILITY WORK ZONES 150

151 TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL COMPONENTS Termination Area area used to return to normal path Traffic Space portion of highway in which road users are routed through the activity area Termination Area Activity Area Downstream Taper Longitudinal Buffer Space Work Space Longitudinal Buffer Space Transition Area Advanced Warning Area SHOULDER Lateral Buffer Space Flagger Direction of Traffic SHOULDER Flagger Traffic Space UTILITY WORK ZONES 151

152 TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL COMPONENTS Transition Area area utilized to move motorists from their normal path Termination Area Longitudinal Downstream Buffer Taper Space Activity Area Longitudinal Buffer Work Space Space Transition Area Advanced Warning Area SHOULDER Lateral Buffer Space Flagger Direction of Traffic SHOULDER Flagger Traffic Space Work Space portion closed to road users; occupied by utility workers, equipment and vehicles. Termination Area Activity Area Longitudinal Longitudinal Downstream Buffer Buffer Taper Space Work Space Space Transition Area Advanced Warning Area SHOULDER Lateral Buffer Space Flagger Direction of Traffic SHOULDER Flagger Traffic Space UTILITY WORK ZONES 152

153 UTILITY WORK BEYOND SHOULDER UTILITY WORK ZONES

154 UTILITY WORK BEYOND SHOULDER WITH WORK VEHICLE(S) PARKED ON SHOULDER UTILITY WORK ZONES

155 UTILITY WORK ON SHOULDER (LOW TRAFFIC VOLUME AND LOW SPEEDS) UTILITY WORK ZONES

156 UTILITY WORK ON SHOULDER WITH MINOR ENCROACHMENT (HIGH TRAFFIC VOLUMES AND HIGH SPEED) Note: 10 Minimum Required

157 UTILITY WORK ON SHOULDER WITH MINOR ENCROACHMENT (HIGH TRAFFIC VOLUMES AND HIGH SPEED)

158 TEMPORARY ROAD CLOSURE UTILITY WORK ZONES

159 CENTER LANE CLOSURE ON A MULTI- LANE ROAD

160 CONSIDERING PEDESTRIANS When existing pedestrian facilities are disrupted, closed, or relocated in a TTC zone, the temporary facilities shall be detectable and include accessibility features consistent with the features present in the existing pedestrian facility MUTCD UTILITY WORK ZONES 160

161 PEDESTRIAN ISSUES Must identify pedestrian needs Pedestrian paths must be maintained Should not be forced to enter into work zone Should not be forced to enter into roadway High pedestrian areas may require additional consideration UTILITY WORK ZONES 161

162 EXAMPLES OF IMPROPER PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC CONTROL

163 PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC CONTROL PLANS Pedestrian Detour for Sidewalk Closure Pedestrian Diversion for Sidewalk Closure Must be ADA Compliant Barrier or barricade detectable by a person with a visual disability is sufficient UTILITY WORK ZONES 163

164 SIDEWALK DETOUR FOR PEDESTRIANS UTILITY WORK ZONES 164

165 SIDEWALK DIVERSION FOR PEDESTRIANS UTILITY WORK ZONES 165

166 How do you select a proper traffic control plan? UTILITY WORK ZONES 166

167 TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN SELECTION Location of utility work Traffic volume of adjacent road Travel speed of vehicles on adjacent road Location of lane closure Roadway type UTILITY WORK ZONES 167

168 LOCATION OF UTILITY WORK Beyond the shoulder - > 4.6 m (15 ft) from edge of roadway OR > 0.6 m (2 ft) beyond curb On the shoulder On the roadway Utility Work Beyond Shoulder Utility Work on Shoulder Utility Work on Roadway

169 VOLUME AND SPEED OF ADJACENT ROAD Traffic volume of adjacent road low volume or high volume Travel speed of vehicles on adjacent road low speed 50 km/hr (30 mph) or high speed >50 km/hr (30 mph) UTILITY WORK ZONES 169

170 LOCATION OF LANE CLOSURE Mid-Block Intersection right lane on near side, left lane on near side, right lane on far side, left lane on far side, center of intersection UTILITY WORK ZONES 170

171 ROADWAY TYPE Rural vs. Urban Two-Lane vs. Multi-Lane Lane Closure on Urban Multi-Lane Road Lane Closure on Rural Two-Lane Road (Poor layout of traffic control) UTILITY WORK ZONES 171

172 OTHER RESOURCES FOR UTILITY WORK ZONES Further information on highway work zone safety can be found through the following organizations: Federal Highway Administration - Work Zone Safety: National Work Zone Safety Information Clearinghouse: Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices: FHWA Work Zone Safety and Mobility Rule: American Road and Transportation Builders Association: American Traffic Safety Services Association: Institute of Transportation Engineers: National Highway Institute: Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Texas Transportation Institute: Transportation Research Board: UTILITY WORK ZONES 172

173 Utility Example UTILITY WORK ZONES 173

174 UTILITY WORK EXAMPLE SACRAMENTO, CA N Adjacent Intersection Proposed Utility Work Area Commercial Driveways Nearby Intersection 56th St Two-way Residential Street 410 H St UTILITY WORK ZONES 174

175 UTILITY WORK ZONE EXAMPLE Repair of underground sewer line Requires closure of right lane on near side of intersection Expected work duration approximately 8 hours Proposed Utility Work Area N 12 UTILITY WORK ZONES 175

176 STEP 1: COLLECT AND IDENTIFY NECESSARY SITE AND WORK CHARACTERISTICS Site Characteristics Signalized intersection 35 MPH posted speed limit Four lane road with parking lanes 64 pavement (4 12 travel lanes and 2 8 parking lanes) 12 closure width (SB parking lane + 4 buffer) Moderate volume Commercial driveways, and intersections within TTC area UTILITY WORK ZONES 176

177 STEP 1: COLLECT AND IDENTIFY NECESSARY SITE AND WORK CHARACTERISTICS Work Characteristics Underground sewer line repair Work vehicle may be present Workers on foot in work area Work duration approximately 8 hours Activities likely to include: Excavation Sewer line repair Roadway repair UTILITY WORK ZONES 177

178 STEP 2: SELECT APPROPRIATE TYPICAL APPLICATION Temporary Traffic Control Plan Selection Software Workzone.eng.wayne.edu Follow the flowchart logic towards the appropriate plan Be sure to check for state-standards first! OR select an appropriate typical application from the MUTCD without using the software Which plan is the most appropriate for this scenario? UTILITY WORK ZONES 178

179 179 STEP 2: SELECT APPROPRIATE TYPICAL APPLICATION Using the TTCP Selection Software, Figure H. is the most appropriate Dimensions are provided based on the information entered into the drop down menus

180 STEP 3: MODIFY TA BASED ON ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS Having selected a typical application or example plan, it must still be modified to fit the specific work/site conditions Locations of warning signs Taper location and length Channelizing device spacing (Taper) Tangent channelizing device spacing Intersection alignment 56th St H St 20 UTILITY WORK ZONES 180

181 STEP 3: MODIFY TA BASED ON ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS What is unique/different about the given scenario vs. the selected TA? Short-term work Presence of driveways, and intersections within TTC area Parking lanes UTILITY WORK ZONES 181

182 STEP 3: DEVELOP APPROPRIATE TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN What issues need to be modified to fit specific work/site conditions? 120' 75' N H St Proposed Work Area Taper interference with driveways? Taper spacing sufficient? Advance warning signs located at driveways? 56th St Tangent spacing sufficient?

183 STEP 3: DEVELOP APPROPRIATE TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN Does location of advance warning signs need to be modified to fit site characteristics N Right Lane Close Ahead sign at driveway Utility Work Ahead sign at driveway

184 STEP 3: MODIFY TA BASED ON ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS Modifying location of advanced warning signs to accommodate site characteristics What are the purposes of advanced warning signs? Lane Ends: Warn drivers of reduction in number of lanes in direction of travel Right Lane Closed Ahead: Used in advance of point where lane of a multi-lane roadway is closed Utility Work Ahead: Used as alternate to Road Work sign for utility operations on roadway 184

185 STEP 3: MODIFY TA BASED ON ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS Modifying location of advanced warning signs to accommodate site characteristics What are the minimum distances between advanced warning signs? Lane Ends (A): 100 Right Lane Closed Ahead (B): 100 Lane Ends (C):

186 STEP 3: MODIFY TA BASED ON ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS Does channelization need to be modified to fit site characteristics? Motorists coming out of driveway should be aware of work activity ahead N H St Proposed Work Area Taper interfering with driveways Taper channelizing devices spacing sufficient to restrict parking? 70 Maximum cone spacing does not restrict errant vehicles th St 186

187 STEP 3: MODIFY TA BASED ON ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS Modifying taper length to accommodate site characteristics What is the minimum taper length? L = (12)(35)^2 / 60 L = 245 OR Use Taper Length Calculator Can driveways remain accessible during construction? Provide taper to accommodate driveways

188 STEP 3: MODIFY TA BASED ON ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS Modifying channelizing device spacing to block errant vehicles What is the maximum taper channelizing device spacing? Should not exceed a distance in feet equal to 1.0 times speed limit in mph What is the maximum tangent channelizing device spacing? Should not exceed a distance in feet equal to 2.0 times speed limit in mph Can vehicles fit between maximum taper channelizing device spacing? California s MUTCD 2012 Edition reduces channelizing device spacing in conflict situations 188

189 189 STEP 3: MODIFY TA BASED ON ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS What aspects of the Figure H should be modified to fit the work/site conditions? Decrease optional buffer space Modify taper to accommodate driveways Modify cone spacing to restrict parking vehicles Provide No Parking sign within TTC area Provide a flagger controlled driveway access Provide advance warning signs on the cross-street

190 STEP 4: DEVELOP OPTIMAL TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN Final TTCP should include: Schematic drawing of the modified plan including: All necessary temporary traffic control devices Dimensions / layout of devices Supplementary notes or guidance for field personnel Instructions on how to modify TTC for various field conditions UTILITY WORK ZONES 190

191 STEP 4: DEVELOP OPTIMAL TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN N Proposed Work Area Reduced cone/drum spacing to shield work area Prohibit access Reduced cone spacing to restrict parking No Parking Area Driveway access Flagger

192 STEP 4: DEVELOP OPTIMAL TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN Alter traffic signal phasing and timing as necessary 15 (12 work area + 3 lateral buffer Proposed Work Area N Φ1 Φ2 Φ3 Φ th St H St Reduced Cone Spacing to restrict errant vehicle

193 STEP 5: PERFORM FIELD REVIEW OF TTC AS APPROPRIATE Field conditions may vary from expectations Especially for unexpected or emergency work Ensure TTC in place is appropriate for actual conditions Heavier than expected vehicular or pedestrian volumes More expansive work area than anticipated Duration exceeding one daylight period Other considerations UTILITY WORK ZONES 193

194 POST-TEST AND EVALUATIONS UTILITY WORK ZONES 194

195 TRAFFIC CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR URBAN WORK ZONES Training Program FHWA GRANT DTFH61-11-RA

196 PRE-TEST URBAN WORK ZONE 196

197 DISCLAIMER Opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this presentation are those of contractor(s) and not necessarily those of USDOT or FHWA Materials prepared under contract with FHWA Content is living and subject to change URBAN WORK ZONE 197

198 OUTLINE Background Urban Roadway Environments Purpose and Objectives Urban Work Zone Characteristics Traffic Control Strategies for Urban Work Zones Urban Work Zone Examples URBAN WORK ZONE 198

199 BACKGROUND Aging infrastructure Two work zone traffic control objectives: Maintain safety for ALL ROAD USERS Maintain acceptable levels of mobility Balancing safety, mobility, and constructability Careful planning, design, and implementation of work zone traffic control URBAN WORK ZONE 199

200 THE MUTCD MUTCD Chapter 6 presents Temporary traffic control (TTC) Creates uniformity and consistency Typical Applications (TAs) Common work zone TTC scenarios Adjust TAs to field conditions URBAN WORK ZONE 200

201 URBAN ROADWAY ENVIRONMENTS High traffic demand and low travel speed Frequent intersections and driveways URBAN WORK ZONES 201

202 URBAN ROADWAY ENVIRONMENTS Right-of-way and space limitations On-street parking and other geometric issues Bus stops and transit access Non-motorized transportation facilities Special events URBAN WORK ZONE 202

203 PURPOSE AND NEED Characteristics require consideration beyond MUTCD Strategies to address site-specific concerns Process for developing an effective TTCP Example plans for various urban scenarios URBAN WORK ZONE 203

204 URBAN WORK ZONE CHARACTERISTICS Urban Work Zones URBAN WORK ZONE 204

205 HIGHER OR WIDE RANGING TRAFFIC DEMAND Urban WZs often experience high traffic demand Demand varies Peak vs. off-peak Lane closures may result in queue buildup Field conditions may require adjustment URBAN WORK ZONE 205

206 LOWER TRAVEL SPEEDS Travel speeds relatively low Dense street network Traffic congestion Extensive queuing for turning movements URBAN WORK ZONES 206

207 FREQUENT INTERSECTIONS AND DRIVEWAY ACCESS Increased density of access points Potential sight distance issues Restricts drivers to conduct turning movements Left turns Access needs to adjacent commercial and residential developments URBAN WORK ZONE 207

208 RIGHT-OF-WAY AND SPACE LIMITATIONS Challenging roadway geometry Narrow travel lanes Restricted access to utilities Limited space for traffic control devices Limited space for buffers or work zone shielding URBAN WORK ZONE 208

209 ON-STREET PARKING AND ROADSIDE ACCESS Parking challenges Prohibition of parking Access needs of affected commercial developments URBAN WORK ZONES 209

210 ROADWAY GEOMETRY Geometric Issues No paved shoulder Curb and gutter design Adjacent sidewalks Narrow lane widths URBAN WORK ZONE 210

211 Curb and Gutter 211

212 TRAFFIC CONTROL ISSUES Consideration of existing signage Signs are more frequent and closely spaced Cover or modify existing signage Maintain visibility of applicable signage Be cautious of over signage URBAN WORK ZONE 212

213 TRAFFIC CONTROL ISSUES Consideration of permanent traffic signals Cover temporarily Phasing and timing changes (e.g., split phasing) due to: Closing of turn lane(s) Using shared through and turn lanes Temporary relocation of lanes URBAN WORK ZONE 213

214 TRAFFIC CONTROL ISSUES Split phasing example to accommodate shared through and left turn lane Existing Phase Diagram Φ 1 Φ 2 Modified Phase Diagram Φ 1 Φ 2 Φ 3 URBAN WORK ZONE 214

215 NON-MOTORIZED TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES Presence of homes, businesses, transit facilities Increases pedestrian and bicycle traffic Bike lanes Crosswalks Sidewalks URBAN WORK ZONES 215

216 NON-MOTORIZED TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES Pedestrian access concerns Continuity of sidewalks Pedestrian traffic detours Natural pedestrian travel routes Separating pedestrian and vehicular traffic Maintaining ADA compliant access URBAN WORK ZONES 216

217 Pedestrian Access? 217

218 ADA Compliant? 218

219 ADA Compliant? 219

220 BUS STOPS AND TRANSIT ACCESS Access needs to bus stops and public transit stations Identification of alternate routes if inhibited by work zone Closure of sidewalks and crosswalks Impact of bus volumes in traffic stream Work zone-related closures reduce capacity URBAN WORK ZONE 220

221 SPECIAL EVENTS Includes parades, fairs, concerts, sporting events Unique traffic operation related scenarios Require specific traffic control Complicates implementation of TTC Plan work to avoid if possible URBAN WORK ZONE 221

222 SIGNIFICANT PROJECTS Due to the Rule on Work Zone Safety and Mobility, operations which are deemed significant projects require: Temporary Traffic Control Plan Public Information Strategies Transportation Operations Strategies Significant projects defined as: Section of the Rule defines a significant project as one that, alone or in combination with other concurrent projects nearby, is anticipated to cause sustained work zone impacts that are greater than what is considered tolerable based on State policy and/or engineering judgment. All Interstate system projects within the boundaries of a designated Transportation Management Area (TMA) that occupy a location for more than three days with either intermittent or continuous lane closures shall be considered as significant projects. 222

223 TRAFFIC CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR URBAN WORK ZONES Urban Work Zones URBAN WORK ZONE 223

224 TRAFFIC CONTROL STRATEGIES These characteristics may result in impacts to safety and mobility if not adequately addressed TTCPs for urban work zones must: Provide access for all road users Both motorized and non-motorized Provide access for adjacent properties Provide clear, consistent traffic control that accommodates access URBAN WORK ZONE 224

225 ACCESS TO ADJACENT HOMES AND BUSINESSES Impact on access to adjacent land Access driveways Driveway access-related traffic conflicts Driveway closure Alternative access Flagger control TTCPs should allow at least limited access Construction staging to avoid disruptions Public hearings may help to identify relevant issues URBAN WORK ZONES 225

226 ACCESS TO PARKING FACILITIES Maintain parking access Provide additional space for TTC/storage of work vehicles/equipment TTC should include: Channelizing devices Similar to a shoulder taper (1/3L) Follow states practice Prohibit on-street parking Shield work area and use buffer URBAN WORK ZONE 226

227 ACCESS TO PARKING FACILITIES Parking spaces may need to be closed Maximum taper spacing Don t exceed distance (feet) equal to 1.0 times speed limit (mph) Maximum tangent spacing Don t exceed distance (feet) equal to 2.0 times speed limit (mph) Reduce device spacing to prevent vehicle parking URBAN WORK ZONE 227

228 INTERSECTIONS AND/OR DRIVEWAYS Access to intersections and/or driveways Higher traffic conflicts or queues Avoid lane closures restricting turning movements Left turn lane with high turning volumes Restrict left turns during construction period Sight distance impact URBAN WORK ZONES 228

229 PEDESTRIANS AND OTHER NON- MOTORIZED Maintain existing accessibility features ADA compliant sidewalks and crosswalks Devices which assist visual or auditory impaired road users Channelizing devices with detectable edges Encourage safe crossing behavior Encourage intersection crossing and discourage mid-block crossing Ensure TTC, work vehicles or equipment do not interfere with sidewalks URBAN WORK ZONES 229

230 PEDESTRIAN AND OTHER NON-MOTORIZED USERS Maintain safety and mobility for all road users when developing TTCP Complete Streets allows for safe travel by walking, bicycling, vehicles, public transportation Pedestrian infrastructure Sidewalks Crosswalks ADA compliance Bicycle accommodations Bicycle lanes Paved shoulders Transit stops URBAN WORK ZONES 230

231 ACCOMMODATING PUBLIC TRANSIT Coordinate with transit authorities Access to terminal and/or stops If access can not be maintained: Relocate bus stops URBAN WORK ZONE 231

232 SPECIAL EVENTS AND OTHER CONSIDERATIONS Special events Planned event Unplanned event Modify TTC in field Special consideration No uniform guidelines May occur at other long-term work Requires higher level of planning Schedule work to avoid special events Temporarily suspend work and restore roadway if unable to avoid URBAN WORK ZONE 232

233 USE OF SPECIFIC TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES Channelizing devices, Type 3 Barricades Urban WZ space limitations Prevents non-motorized traffic from entering work areas Shielding to project highway workers Removable barricades Drums/cones Vertical panels may be useful alternative in Urban WZ URBAN WORK ZONES 233

234 USE OF SPECIFIC TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES MUTCD s maximum spacing of channelizing devices Maximum taper spacing Equal in feet to posted speed limit Maximum tangent spacing Equal in feet to 2.0 times posted speed limit No device spacing reduction techniques May not address urban characteristics URBAN WORK ZONE 234

235 USE OF SPECIFIC TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES Conditions that require reduce spacing for channelizing devices To deter vehicles from entering work area Road workers exposed to traffic Conflict between existing pavement markings Roadway curve locations Intersections Nighttime operations URBAN WORK ZONE 235

236 USE OF SPECIFIC TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES California allows for device space reduction for conflict areas Equal in feet to ½ times posted speed Consider on-street parking conflict area Conflict between parking lines and channelizing devices Example Problem Posted speed limit: 30 mph Device spacing for conflict area: 15 feet Is spacing sufficient enough to prevent on-street parking? California URBAN WORK ZONE 236

237 USE OF SPECIFIC TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES Maryland s maximum spacing of channelizing devices Device space reduction techniques for unique conditions 20 feet for low speed 40 feet for high speed URBAN WORK ZONE 237

238 USE OF SPECIFIC TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES Minnesota s maximum spacing of channelizing devices Common taper cone spacing for two speed limit groups 0-30 mph 25 feet mph 50 feet May need to reduce spacing to deter vehicle intrusion Posted Speed Limit (mph) Merging Taper, Shifting Taper, Shoulder Taper (feet) Tangent (feet) MODULE 1: SHORT TERM WORK ZONES 238

239 USE OF SPECIFIC TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES Other state techniques for reducing device spacing Michigan One-lane, two-way taper: 16 feet spacing for short taper of 100 feet or less New York Night and urban work zones: Use close channelizing device spacing in combination with larger devices Road workers exposed to traffic: Maximum device spacing of 40 feet URBAN WORK ZONE 239

240 Visual clutter? 240

241 USE OF SPECIFIC TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES Portable Changeable Message Signs Can convey complex messages Useful in Urban WZ s where complex messages may be necessary Cross street closures Business closures Useful to convey frequently changing information Avoid information overload URBAN WORK ZONES 241

242 USE OF SPECIFIC TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES Arrow Boards Provides additional warning and directional guidance Such dominant devices may minimize the need for further signage Consider visual clutter URBAN WORK ZONE 242

243 USE OF SPECIFIC TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES Temporary Traffic Control Signals May be used only when other means are ineffective Suitable alternative for specific scenarios Increased traffic volumes at un-signalized intersections Alternating one-way traffic control Rail-highway grade crossing or other unique situations Must be used in conjunction with other devices to alert road users URBAN WORK ZONES 243

244 LAYOUT OF TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES Location of TCD as per TA may be impractical due to: Existing traffic control devices Proximity to intersections and/or driveways Sight distance obstructions fixed objects Information overload TTC devices must be visible and conspicuous May require relocation of TCDs preferably upstream Increase buffer space URBAN WORK ZONE 244

245 GUIDE SIGNS MUST BE CONSPICUOUS AND WELL-MARKED Urban roadways often involve complex navigational tasks Especially for unfamiliar drivers Complicated by TTC, workers, work vehicles, and equipment Clear and effective guide signs Utilize large street signs with block numbering where possible Advance signage should be provided to notify alternative land access Detour signs should be legible and recognizable URBAN WORK ZONE 245

246 MODIFICATION OF EXISTING SIGNAL TIMING Traffic operations may be impacted by TTC Lane closures or prohibited turning movements Existing signal timing plans should be analyzed and altered if operations are impacted Cycle lengths, phasing, and splits Pedestrian walk times Work vehicles, equipment and TTC should not obscure signal heads Signal heads not intended for use should be bagged or covered URBAN WORK ZONE 246

247 GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS Maximize turning radii of affected intersections and/or driveways based on available geometry Improves maneuverability Ensure that this does not encourage higher speeds/turning Minimize the space needed for storage of work vehicles and equipment Maximize the space for road users Provide buffer space URBAN WORK ZONE 247

248 IMPACT OF WORKING NEAR AN INTERSECTION No uniform guidelines can cover all of the potential issues which may occur May involve work area: Before or upstream of an intersection After or downstream of an intersection Within an intersection URBAN WORK ZONES 248

249 WORK SPACE BEFORE (UPSTREAM) AN INTERSECTION Consider early closure or adjustment to longitudinal buffer space Channelizes traffic in advance of the work area Consider separating the traffic stream (through movements vs. turning movements) upstream of the closure Reduces downstream traffic conflicts and queuing URBAN WORK ZONE 249

250 WORK SPACE WITHIN AN INTERSECTION Use warning devices to warn motorists in all directions Use Road Work Ahead signs Use of flaggers when TTC require alteration of normal operations Provide closures as early as reasonable Early closures may be impractical due to traffic demand Ensure work space is well defined and shielded URBAN WORK ZONE 250

251 WORK SPACE AFTER (DOWNSTREAM) AN INTERSECTION Consider an early closure or increase longitudinal buffer space Channelizes traffic well in advance of the work area Consider traffic demand which may make such closures impractical Right-turning movements may require exclusive lane Ensure work areas are well defined and shielded for highway workers URBAN WORK ZONE 251

252 ROLE OF HIGHWAY WORKERS AND FLAGGERS Ensure devices are properly implemented, clean and conspicuous during operations Remove or cover devices not intended to be in use Use of flaggers a critical concern in Urban WZ s Use as suggested in typical applications Consider conspicuity of flaggers Consider staging of flaggers for work Use where limited right-of-way is available URBAN WORK ZONES 252

253 URBAN WORK ZONE STRATEGIES WORK SITE CHARACTERISTICS CHALLENGES THAT REQUIRE FIELD ADJUSTMENT POSSIBLE MITIGATION STRATEGIES Work on traveled way Driveway access Turning movement at intersection Lane closure interfere with land access Use flagger Turning movement prohibition Use of alternate access where feasible Use of self-regulating TCDs for low volume roads Advance warning for lane closure, turn prohibition Work interferes with crosswalk/sidewalk Work on traveled way requiring lane closure Pedestrian facility continuity Pedestrian crossing interruption Traffic congestion and unacceptable level of service (LOS) Sidewalk detour ADA compliant Portable barrier Pedestrian detour signs ADA compliant Use flagger Consider advance warning Peak hour reopening to traffic Plan for off-peak work Consider staged operation Night work 253

254 URBAN WORK ZONE STRATEGIES WORK SITE CHARACTERISTICS Presence of grade/ horizontal curve CHALLENGES THAT REQUIRE FIELD ADJUSTMENT Sight distance problem due to grade Sight distance problem at horizontal curve POSSIBLE MITIGATION STRATEGIES Move lane closure taper to top of vertical curve Use arrow board Extend work zone Provide lane closure taper and arrow board at the tangent section Lane closure Work space adjacent to sidewalk Sight distance problem due to roadside fixed objects Visual clutter due to existing signs and billboards Separating pedestrian traffic from work space Move taper forward (upstream) Increase longitudinal buffer Use portable changeable message signs Traffic control devices (signs) with orange flags Extend work zone to avoid visual clutter Pedestrian detour Portable barriers Pedestrian route guidance signs 254

255 URBAN WORK ZONE EXAMPLES Temporary Traffic Control Plans URBAN WORK ZONE 255

256 LANE SHIFT ON ROADS WITH PARKING LANE Closed utilizing a taper length of 1/3L Provide Type 3 Barricades or other channelizing devices to divert traffic to and from parking lanes Prohibition and availability of parking should be well marked at both ends Shield work area from errant vehicles Provide longitudinal buffer End taper can be omitted to increase parking spaces MODULE 1: SHORT TERM WORK ZONES 256

257 CLOSURE OF RIGHT LANE ON ROADS WITH MULTIPLE DRIVEWAYS Early closure helps traffic to early merge Alleviates access-related concerns Right turning traffic Use Type 3 Barricades as shown Optional arrow board shown on this plan improve WZ recognition MODULE 1: SHORT TERM WORK ZONES 257

258 CLOSURE OF TWO INSIDE LANES NEAR AN INTERSECTION Lane closure creates driveway access problem Provide alternate routes to driveways should be considered Use Type 3 Barricades with arrow boards (optional) Prohibit left turns Check left turn queue build-up MODULE 1: SHORT TERM WORK ZONES 258

259 WORK ON FAR RIGHT LANE NEAR SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION Early closure of the right lane is helpful Stabilize traffic flow and allow reopening of closed lane as right turn only lane High right turn volumes at the intersection may require an alternate solution Provide Road Work Ahead signs on all four approaches No Turn on Red sign on right side may be added Prohibited left turn at the affected driveway Sight distance issue MODULE 1: SHORT TERM WORK ZONES 259

260 SIDEWALK CLOSURE INVOLVING MINOR STREET IN URBAN AREA WZ may require closing or relocating pedestrian facilities Accessibility features must be maintained Use portable plastic or concrete barriers to shield pedestrians While only the TTC for pedestrians are shown in this example, additional devices will be required for vehicular traffic MODULE 1: SHORT TERM WORK ZONES 260

261 PEDESTRIAN FACILITY REROUTED INTO TRAVELED LANES WZ may require rerouting of pedestrian facilities Consider rerouting these facilities into the traveled way Mobility impact on the existing traffic system must be considered Shielding the pedestrian facility from the traffic key consideration MODULE 1: SHORT TERM WORK ZONES 261

262 LANE CLOSURE WITH BICYCLE LANE Bicycle lanes must be considered when developing TTCP Rightmost lane is utilized as an exclusive right turn lane with the closure on the far side of the intersection Use Share the Road bicycle signage located upstream of the closure MODULE 1: SHORT TERM WORK ZONES 262

263 SHOULDER CLOSURE ON URBAN LOCATION WITH BICYCLE TRAFFIC Work zone may interrupt bike lanes Ensure adequate lane width for bicyclists and motorists to drive side by side, otherwise a Bicyclists May Use Full Lane sign is recommended Crash cushion, barrier and lights appropriate for long-term work zone scenarios Place advance warning signs so path of travel for bicyclists is not blocked Maintain good visibility for drivers MODULE 1: SHORT TERM WORK ZONES 263

264 OTHER RESOURCES FOR URBAN WZ Further information on highway work zone safety can be found through the following organizations: American Road and Transportation Builders Association: American Traffic Safety Services Association: Federal Highway Administration: Institute of Transportation Engineers: Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices: National Highway Institute: National Work Zone Safety Information Clearinghouse: Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Texas Transportation Institute: Transportation Research Board: URBAN WORK ZONES 264

265 Urban Example URBAN WORK ZONE 265

266 URBAN WORK EXAMPLE LOCATION SACRAMENTO, CA Cottage Way Road Widening Work Butano Dr. N Morse Ave Trimble Way Kincaid Way Terrace Dr. Flowers St 266

267 URBAN WORK EXAMPLE Road widening work Converting 4 lanes to 5 lanes Right lane closure 1000 closure length Work duration approximately 4 weeks N Road widening 5 each side of street 267

268 STEP 1: COLLECT AND IDENTIFY NECESSARY SITE AND WORK CHARACTERISTICS Site Characteristics 1000 stretch of road work Affects 3 intersection (1 signalized and 2 un-signalized intersections) 35 MPH speed limit Four lanes (10 wide travel lane) 10 closure width (right lane) Curb & gutter Driveways and intersections within TTC area Moderate traffic volume eastbound (lane closure) Low traffic volume westbound STSDM 268

269 STEP 1: COLLECT AND IDENTIFY NECESSARY SITE AND WORK CHARACTERISTICS Work Characteristics Road widening work from 4 lanes to 5 lanes 5 6 pavement widening on each side (addition of a center lane) Work vehicles on road (excavator, paver, roller etc.) Workers on foot STSDM 269

270 STEP 2: SELECT APPROPRIATE TYPICAL APPLICATION Temporary Traffic Control Plan Selection Software Follow the flowchart logic to select the appropriate plan Be sure to check for state-standards first! OR select an appropriate typical application from the MUTCD without using the software Which plan is the most appropriate for this scenario? STSDM 270

271 STEP 2: SELECT APPROPRIATE TYPICAL APPLICATION Using the TTCP Selection Software, Figure 6H-31 is the closest Dimensions are provided based on the information entered into the drop down menus 1000

272 272 STEP 2: SELECT APPROPRIATE TYPICAL APPLICATION Figure 22-E is considered for treatment of intersections lying within the work zone Only applicable traffic control is utilized

273 STEP 3: MODIFY TA BASED ON ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS Having selected a typical application or example plan, it must still be modified to fit the specific work/site conditions STSDM 273

274 STEP 3: MODIFY TA BASED ON ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS What is unique/different about the given scenario vs. the selected TA? Urban nature of the work area Longer closure length Presence of driveways and intersections within the TTC area Presence of non-motorized facilities (sidewalks & crosswalks) STSDM 274

275 STEP 3: MODIFY TA BASED ON ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS How do you handle the following situations? Cone spacing too wide to restrict errant vehicle intrusion N Warning sign at driveway? Taper obstructing cross-street 70 Closure obstructing cross-streets Taper obstructing cross-street Advance warning sign located on cross-street Proposed Work Area Driveways In and Out

276 STEP 3: MODIFY TA BASED ON ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS Does location of advance warning signs need to be modified to fit site characteristics Lane ends sign at the driveway Road Work Ahead sign at the cross-street Road Work Ahead sign at the driveway?

277 ADVANCE WARNING SIGN SPACING What will be the appropriate spacing between advance warning signs? Solution Low Speed 40 mph High speed 45 mph Posted Speed Limit of Cottage Way = 35 mph Correct Spacing between advance warning signs = 100 feet Road Type Distance Between Signs A B C Urban (Low Speed) Urban (High Speed) Rural Expressway/Freeway 1,000 1,000 1,000 Source: MUTCD

278 STEP 3: MODIFY TA BASED ON ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS Purpose of advance warning signs Road Work sign General warning of obstructions Located in advance of work area Major driveways and crossroad advance of TTC area Reverse Curve Sign Advance notice of lane shift Lane Ends Warning to motorists of reduction in number of lanes in direction of travel Used in multi-lane roadway

279 STEP 3: MODIFY TA BASED ON ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS What aspects of the Figure 6H- 31 should be modified to fit the work/site conditions? Relocate advance warning signs to avoid driveways Modify work area to provide access to the cross-streets Reduce cone spacing to avoid errant vehicle intrusion into the work area Restrict driveway access temporarily (utilize cross-street access)

280 STEP 4: DEVELOP APPROPRIATE TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN Final TTCP should include: Schematic drawing of the modified plan including: All necessary temporary traffic control devices Dimensions / layout of devices Supplementary notes or guidance for field personnel Instructions on how to modify TTC for various field conditions (refer to previous slide) STSDM 280

281 STEP 4: DEVELOP APPROPRIATE TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN N Advance warning sign relocated to avoid driveways Restricted access to driveways (Utilize cross-street access) Reduced cone spacing Proposed Work Area

282 STEP 5: PERFORM FIELD REVIEW OF TTCP AS APPROPRIATE Field conditions may vary from expectations Especially for unexpected or emergency work Ensure TTC in place is appropriate for actual conditions Heavier than expected vehicular or pedestrian volumes More expansive work area than anticipated Duration exceeding one daylight period Other considerations STSDM 282

283 POST-TEST AND EVALUATIONS URBAN WORK ZONE 283

284 WORK ZONE SAFETY COMPENDIUM OF DOCUMENTS SEARCH ENGINE FHWA GRANT DTFH61-11-RA

285 DISCLAIMER Opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in this presentation are those of contractor(s) and not necessarily those of USDOT or FHWA Was prepared in cooperation with USDOT and FHWA The Work Zone Safety Compendium of Documents Search Engine is a Living Document and may be modified and updated as needed COMPENDIUM 285

286 WORK ZONE SAFETY COMPENDIUM OF DOCUMENTS SEARCH ENGINE Developed as part of 2011 FHWA Work Zone Safety Grant Customized search engine of all documents relating to highway work zones One-stop-shop for any work zone information Different from typical search engines Searchable categories containing work zone content only Most relevant results based on category and keyword No ads Unbiased results COMPENDIUM 286

287 WORK ZONE SAFETY COMPENDIUM OF DOCUMENTS SEARCH ENGINE Compendium Access No www in web address Work Zone Safety Website Click Compendium button COMPENDIUM 287

288 WORK ZONE SAFETY COMPENDIUM OF DOCUMENTS SEARCH ENGINE 11 clickable category buttons Key areas of work zone safety Click Work Zone Safety Compendium of Documents button to search within all categories Click State Standard Plans to search state-specific work zone plans 288

289 WORK ZONE SAFETY COMPENDIUM OF DOCUMENTS SEARCH ENGINE Custom search engine page Clicking Work Zone Safety returns to home page Selected category Enter keyword to return work zone related document associated with keyword Results show summary, source, and applicable at national or state level 289

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291 WORK ZONE SAFETY COMPENDIUM OF DOCUMENTS SEARCH ENGINE Please note: Certain results may appear in multiple categories to ensure users find what they are looking for WSU updates the document database on a regular basis however some documents may become out of date Document database should be comprehensive however some items may be missing Please alert WSU if you are aware of any document that needs to be added COMPENDIUM 291

292 THANK YOU Any comments and/or questions? Work Zone Safety Website THANK YOU 292

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