Target Step Count for the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Target Step Count for the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease"

Transcription

1 Circ J 2008; 72: Target Step Count for the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Makoto Ayabe, PhD*, **; Peter H. Brubaker, PhD ; Devon Dobrosielski, PhD ; Henry S. Miller, MD ; Akira Kiyonaga, MD**; Munehiro Shindo, MS**; Hiroaki Tanaka, PhD** Background Obtaining an accurate measure of physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) can be difficult, so the simple measurement of steps per day has become widely promoted and accepted in the general population. However, the relationship between PAEE and steps per day has not been evaluated in patients with cardiovascular disease. Methods and Results A total of 77 (53 men, 24 women) cardiac rehabilitation program participants aged between 46 and 88 years were enrolled. By means of an accelerometer the step count per day, amount of PAEE, as well as time per day spent in physical activity at light (<3 metabolic equivalents (METs)), moderate (3 6 METs) and vigorous (>6 METs) intensity were evaluated for each subject. The number of daily step counts strongly correlated with total PAEE (r=0.92, p<0.001) and time spent in moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (r=0.85, p<0.001). The mean (95% confidence intervals) step counts associated with 214 and 314 kcal/day (ie, 1,500 and 2,200 kcal/week) were 6,470 and 8,496 steps/day, respectively. Conclusion To achieve the total amount of PAEE generally recommended for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, patients should be encouraged to accumulate 6,500 8,500 steps/day. (Circ J 2008; 72: ) Key Words: Accelerometer; Cardiac rehabilitation; Pedometer The inverse dose response relationship between physical activity and cardiovascular disease progression is well established, 1 4 but the common physical activity recommendation of min of moderate-intensity physical activity, 3 4 times per week will generally result in a physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) of less than 1,000 kcal/week. This level of PAEE is associated with a high likelihood for of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease progression. 4 A goal of 1,500 kcal/week is thought to be necessary to prevent disease progression and should be recognized as the minimal physical activity goal for secondary prevention. 1 4 Furthermore, a more aggressive PAEE goal of 2,200 kcal/week may be desirable in this population as it has been associated with cardiovascular disease regression. 4 Unfortunately, it appears that participation in traditional cardiac rehabilitation programs (CRP, ie, thrice weekly) alone will not provide enough PAEE to meet these goals and must be supplemented with additional unstructured PAEE. 5 9 Although there are several approaches for estimating PAEE during structured exercise and leisure-time physical (Received April 3, 2007; revised manuscript received October 2, 2007; accepted October 11, 2007) *Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Chiba, **Faculty of Sports Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan and Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA Mailing address: Makoto Ayabe, PhD, Department of Exercise Physiology, School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hiragagakuendai, Inba, Chiba , Japan. All rights are reserved to the Japanese Circulation Society. For permissions, please cj@j-circ.or.jp activity, the accelerometer appears to be the most useful method. Unfortunately, for many the cost of an accelerometer is prohibitive and therefore the less expensive and simpler pedometer has become a more popular option for monitoring physical activity levels. 10,11 Pedometers simply measure step counts, but this basic information is highly correlated with other physical activity parameters (caloric expenditure, time spent distribution) as well as quality of life and overall prognosis Numerous researchers have recommended that individuals should accumulate 10,000 steps per day to prevent cardiovascular disease, as well as diabetes, obesity, and certain cancers. 10,11 Although this is a very practical and reasonable goal for most, 10,000 steps per day may be inappropriate for sedentary individuals, older individuals, and/or those with chronic health conditions such as cardiac disease. 10 To our knowledge, no study to date has examined the relationship between step counts and PAEE in the adult, cardiac disease population. Consequently, our objective was to determine the number of daily steps that correspond to the minimal and optimal levels of PAEE (1,500 and 2,200 kcal/week, respectively) in order to establish practical target levels of physical activity for secondary prevention. Methods Subjects A total of 77 participants (53 men, 24 women) in the Wake Forest University CRP aged between 46 and 88 years participated in this investigation. After explanation of the study design and requirements, all participants signed a consent form that was approved by the universities institutional review board.

2 300 AYABE M et al. Table 1 Characteristics of the Study Subjects All (n=77) Men (n=53) Women (n=24) Mean ± SD 95%CI Mean ± SD 95%CI Mean ± SD 95%CI Age (years) 68.1±9.2 ( ) 66.8±9.6 ( ) 70.9±7.7 ( ) Height (cm) 170.7±8.3 ( ) 174.3±7.0 ( ) 162.8±4.7 ( ) Weight (kg) 79±13.5 ( ) 83.9±12.2 ( ) 68.0±9.3 ( ) BMI (kg/m 2 ) 27.0±3.4 ( ) 27.6±3.4 ( ) 25.6±3.1 ( ) CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index. Significant difference between men and women at p<0.05. Table 2 Step Count Pattern in CRP Participants All (n=77) Men (n=53) Women (n=24) All (steps/day) 6,752±2,659 (6,148 7,355) 7,046±2,785 (6,279 7,814) 6,101±2,277 (5,140 7,063) CRP days (steps/day) 8,499±3,173 (2,662 18,777) 8,850±3,298 (3,827 18,777) 7,724±2,790 (2,662 12,757) Non-CRP days (steps/day) 5,491±2,805 (1,460 18,759) 5,731±2,998 (1,568 18,759) 4,963±2,290 (1,460 11,501) All, data were averaged over all experimental days. CRP days, data were averaged over the 3 days comprising the CRP. Non-CRP days, data were averaged over the 4 days not attending the CRP. CRP, cardiac rehabilitation program. Other abbreviation see in Table 1. Significant difference between CRP days and non-crp days at p<0.01 All participants were clinically stable during this study, and all were New York Heart Association class II or I. Furthermore, based on the classification of the severity of heart failure according to maximal oxygen uptake, established by Weber et al, (87%) subjects were categorized as class A (>20 ml kg 1 min 1 ) and 10 (13%) were categorized as class B (16 20 ml kg 1 min 1 ). They had been participating in the CRP at Wake Forest University for more than 3 months, and the average period was 5.4±5.3 years. In this program, participants undergo annual measurement of maximal aerobic capacity, as well as blood pressure, blood cholesterol and blood glucose. In the latest results, the mean maximal aerobic capacity, estimated by the incremental treadmill test, was 9.1±2.8 metabolic equivalents (METs). The mean values for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and blood glucose were 137±17 mmhg, 78±10 mmhg, 175±35 mg/dl, 47± 13 mg/dl, 97±30 mg/dl and 108±22 mg/dl, respectively. The program consisted of supervised endurance exercise 3 times per week on Monday, Wednesday and Friday mornings. After a 10-min warm-up that included slow walking and light stretching, patients walked on an indoor track (160 meter per lap) for approximately 40min at a pace needed to maintain a target heart rate range. The exercise intensity was set at 50 85% of heart rate reserve from data generated during a symptom-limited graded exercise test performed prior to starting the program based on general CRP guidelines. 1 3 Although the present investigation did not evaluate medications, some can affect the heart rate response, 1,2 so each patient exercised to achieve 50 85% of the actual measured heart rate reserve. A 10-min cool-down period of stretching and light weight training completes the exercise training session. Physical Activity Assessment All subjects wore a 1-axial accelerometer (Lifecorder, Suzuken Co, Tokyo, Japan) on a belt at waist level just above the leg except while sleeping or bathing. After 10 days of continuous wear, the device was retrieved and the data were downloaded into a computer with Microsoft Excel software. In order to assess the usual daily physical activity level, this investigation used the final 7 days of continuous data from the 10-day collection period. The Lifecorder is a small ( cm), lightweight (40 g) activity monitor that samples vertical acceleration ranges between 0.06 and 1.94 G (1 G is equal to earth s gravity acceleration) at 32 Hz. From the magnitude and frequency of acceleration, the Lifecorder determines a level of movement intensity every 4s on a scale of 1 (minimal intensity of movement) to 9 (maximal intensity of movement). As shown in previous studies, 17,18 the intensity levels as described above are closely related and approximate the METs between 2 and 9. Consequently, based on body weight and the acceleration pattern, the device determines the PAEE (PAEE in kcal/day), time spent in light (<3 METs), moderate (3 6 METs) and vigorous (>6 METs) intensity physical activity (min/day), as well as the step count (steps/day). The validity of this device has been well documented and compares favorably with doubly labeled water 19 and indirect calorimetry. 17,18 Additionally, the reported error in step counts for this device is less than 3%. 20,21 Details of the device have been described previously Statistical Analysis Data are presented as mean and standard deviation (mean ± SD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Independent T-test was used to determine if gender differences exist across any variable. The correlation between 2 variables was assessed by the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The variables related to physical activity were classified according to the 25 th, 50 th and 75 th percentiles for the distribution of step counts. ANOVA was used to determine the differences in the variables related to physical activity across the quartiles of step counts. The effect size was calculated as the differences between the highest and lowest quartiles means, divided by the group standard deviation. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant for all analy-

3 Target Step Goals 301 Table 3 Comparison of Energy Expenditure and Time Spent on Light, Moderate and Vigorous Physical Activity Across Quartiles of Daily Step Counts Quartiles of daily step count I II III IV F (p value) Effect size Energy expenditure (kcal/day) 120.4± ± ± ± ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (<0.0001) Light-intensity physical activity (min/day) 35.4± ± ± ± ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (<0.0001) Moderate-intensity physical activity (min/day) 5.2± ± ± ± ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (<0.0001) Vigorous-intensity physical activity (min/day) 0.2± ± ± ± ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (0.0165) F (p value) are the result of ANOVA. I, 2,541 5,087 steps/day (n=20; 13 men, 7 women); II, 5,174 6,567 steps/day (n=19; 11 men, 8 women); III, 6,571 8,362 steps/day (n=19; 15 men, 4 women); IV, 8,369 16,450 steps/day (n=19; 14 men, 5 women). Abbreviation see in Table 1. ses. Results Subject Characteristics The characteristics of the subjects are presented in Table 1 and are reflective of typical CRP participants. As expected, there were significant differences in height and body weight between men and women in this sample. As shown in Table 2, the step counts were not significantly difference between men and women evaluated in this study. As would be expected, the step counts were significantly higher (for the combined sample, as well as for men and women independently) on the days that subjects attended the CRP (Mon, Wed and Fri) vs non-program days (Tue, Thurs, and weekends). Relationship Between Step Count, PAEE and Time Spent in Moderate to Vigorous Intensity Physical Activity (MVPA) The daily amount of energy expenditure through physical activity, and the MVPA were categorized according to the step counts, as shown in Table3. The mean (range) step rate in the 4 quartiles (I IV) was 3,769 (2,542 5,087), 5,872 (5,174 6,567), 7,863 (6,571 8,362) and 10,160 (8,369 16,450) steps/day. There were significant differences in energy expenditure related to physical activity (F=35.942, p<0.0001), in time spent in light (F=24.633, p<0.0001), moderate (F=30.266, p<0.0001) and vigorous intensity physical activity (F=3.647, p<0.0001) across the quartiles of daily step counts. The differences of these variables across the quartiles exhibited a clear distinction (effect size >0.80), except for the time spent in vigorous intensity physical activity (effect size <0.80). Target Step Counts The step count significantly correlated with the MVPA (r=0.85) and total PAEE (r=0.92) (Fig 1). The correlation between time spent in light intensity physical activity was modest (r=0.69), although still significant. The mean (95% CI) step rate corresponding to 144, 214 and 314 kcal/day (reflective of weekly values of 1,000, 1,500 and 2,200 kcal, respectively), were 5,046 (4,256 5,836), 6,485 (5,555 7,414) and 8,510 (7,385 9,636) steps/day, respectively. Based on these results, the target step count needed for this cohort to obtain the minimal and optimal levels of PAEE appears to be 6,500 8,500 steps/day. Fig 1. Relationship of the step counts with physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) and the time spent in moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) by participants in a cardiac rehabilitation program. Discussion The data from this investigation indicate that in order to achieve the PAEE goals generally accepted for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, patients should seek to accumulate 6,500 8,500 steps/day. Achieving 5,000 or fewer steps/day would be associated with a PAEE of less than 1,000 kcal/week, a level thought to promote coronary disease progression. 4 Given the difficulties associated with accurately quantifying PAEE (via accelerometry or estimated based on work rate), a target step count would be useful for patients to self-monitor physical activity that accumulates from a structured exercise program, as well as from non-structured physical activity. Although most CRP participants perform min of moderate-intensity physical activity 3 4 times per week in a rehabilitation facility, this dose of physical activity alone may be insufficient to obtain the 1,500 2,200 kcal of PAEE thought necessary to limit cardiovascular disease progression and for potential disease regression. Several investigations have demonstrated that most CRP participants fail to expend 300 kcal/day through standard CRP exercise sessions 6 8 and that the total weekly energy expenditure and/or the amount of moderate intensity physical activity are substantially lower than the desirable levels. 8,9 Several studies have evaluated step counts in a variety of

4 302 AYABE M et al. chronic disease populations and in general have found these levels to be significantly lower to those observed in apparently healthy populations. 10 The reported average daily step count for a group of peripheral arterial disease patients was nearly 4,500 steps/day 12 and it ranged from 3,500 4,300 steps/day in heart disease patients. 13,14,23 Hoodless et al demonstrated that chronic heart failure patients had a 60% reduction in step count compared with age-matched healthy controls. 23 In the present investigation, the mean observed step count was 5,491±2,805 steps/day for non-crp days, and 8,499±3,173 steps/day on CRP days. Consequently, the average step count (6,752±2,659 steps/day) in this investigation was slightly higher than that reported from earlier evaluations of a chronic disease population ,23 These findings are not surprising given that our participants regularly attended the CRP and they were also likely to have a greater functional capacity than the subjects observed in the aforementioned studies. Although the average step count for the subjects in the presents study corresponded to the minimal goal for PAEE in secondary prevention (1,500 kcal/week) (Table 2), 48% of patients failed achieve this minimal goal. Therefore, as previously reported, 8,9 nearly half of our CRP participants failed to reach the current exercise recommendation of 6,500 /steps or 215 kcal/day (1,500 kcal/week) for secondary prevention. As shown in Table 3, there was a clear distinction in the time spent in light and moderate intensity physical activity across the quartiles of daily step counts. In the most active quartile (IV), the step counts and MVPA were 10,160± 2,339 steps/day and 36±17min/day, respectively. Linear regression equation demonstrated that this step count equates to 35 min/day of MVPA. Walking 10,000 steps expends approximately 333 kcal in the average-size Japanese man, based on the assumption that 1 step of walking expends 0.55 calories/kg of body weight. 11 However, for the larger subjects observed in this study, walking 10,000 steps should, based on the aforementioned equation, result in approximately 385 kcal of PAEE. Interestingly, in the present study, the actual calorie expenditure and step counts determined from the accelerometer were 368.8±138.5 kcal/day and 10,160±2,339 steps/day, respectively, in the most active quartile (IV). Consistent with our findings, Sieminski et al found that in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease, 9,229±5,678 steps equated to 352±248 kcal over a 48-h period. 12 Thus, data from these 2 investigations suggest that recommending 10,000 steps/day to the typical chronic disease population (ie, cardiac rehabilitation patient) would be likely to yield a PAEE output >350 kcal/day. If performed 7 days/week, this would result in a PAEE >2,450 kcal/week. Although this level of PAEE would provide maximal protection against cardiovascular disease progression, it may be unnecessary and potentially excessive. One important consideration in the application of these findings is related to the reliability of the pedometer. There are a variety of pedometers available and there are measurable differences in the reported accuracy of these devices. 10,11 In general, most are reliable and can detect ambulatory activity with acceptable error. 10,11,20,21 However, previous studies have shown that many pedometers are unable to detect ambulation during slow walking, 15,20 common to an older, lower-functioning population, 26 as well as those with central obesity. In obese individuals, the abdominal adiposity appears to interfere with pedometer accuracy because of inappropriate positioning. So, while more expensive than pedometers, accelerometers are more accurate and reliable. 15,17 In 1 study, the pedometer detected just 75.0% of the actual step count taken while walking at 54m/min on a treadmill, whereas the accelerometer detected 98.9% of the step count taken during the same walk. 15 Consequently, there is a difference of 2,000 steps/day between the 2 devices (accelerometer>pedometer) over 24h in the free-living condition. 17 Thus, even the most accurate pedometers may be inappropriate for frail older adults, particularly those with slow gait. 26 In this context, as with obese subjects, the accelerometer may be more appropriate given its enhanced accuracy. Although we used the Lifecorder Ex (Suzuken) in the present study, there are several other accelerometers available. The Lifecorder Ex appears to an excellent device with a measurement error of less than 3% during usual walking. 20,21 Most accelerometers, including the Lifecorder Ex, cost $300 or more and require a computer for data analysis, which, while acceptable for research purposes, may limit the feasibility of its use for large field studies and/or individual use. Until the cost of accelerometers decreases, there are several less expensive pedometers, particularly the Digiwalker and NL-2000, that have been shown to have excellent accuracy. 18 There are several limitations in the present investigation. First, PAEE (calories) were estimated via the Lifecorder Ex according to the magnitude and frequency of the acceleration pattern and were not directly measured. Although PAEE assessed by the Lifecorder Ex is well correlated to indirect calorimetry, 17,18 the validity of this approach is not as well described during physical activity in obese individuals and/or those with a slow gait pattern. Furthermore, the present investigation did not measure specific outcomes related to coronary artery disease progression and/or regression. Consequently, the target step counts related to specific levels of PAEE associated with changes in coronary artery pathology is purely theoretical and based on previous investigations. 4 Finally, most of the subjects in the present investigation were classified as overweight or obese, and the calorie cost of 1 step depends on body weight. Thus the results of the present investigation should be confirmed in normal weight patients; however, we found that 6,500 8,500 steps/day indicated a meaningful level of moderate intensity physical activity. In summary, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the step count that corresponded to the minimal and optimal levels of PAEE recommended for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. We observed a clear distinction in the PAEE and the time spent in light and moderate intensity physical activity across the daily step counts. Furthermore, the daily step count strongly correlated with PAEE and time spent in MVPA, with the mean (95%CI) step count corresponding to PAEE levels of 214 and 314 kcal/day (1,500 and 2,200 kcal/week), which corresponded to 6,470 (5,542 7,398) and 8,496 (7,372 9,620) steps/day, respectively. Thus, this finding indicates that 6,500 8,500 steps/day should be considered the minimal goal and optimal level, respectively, of physical activity for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Of concern is that 48% of subjects evaluated in this investigation failed to accumulate 6,500 steps/day, which suggests that they are more likely to experience cardiovascular disease progression rather than regression. Because the average step count on CRP days was nearly 8,500 steps/day, increasing physical activity on non-crp days should be emphasized as the primary strategy to increase the PAEE of CRP participants.

5 Target Step Goals Acknowledgments This study was supported by grants from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, and Medical Frontier, Strategy Research (H11-Kenkou-018). References 1. American College of Sports Medicine. Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription, 7th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention, 4 th ed. Champaign: Human Kinetics; Smith SC Jr, Blair SN, Bonow RO, Brass LM, Cerqueira MD, Dracup K, et al. AHA/ACC Scientific Statement: AHA/ACC guidelines for preventing heart attack and death in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: 2001 update: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. Circulation 2001; 104: Hambrecht R, Niebauer J, Marburger C, Grunze M, Kälberer B, Hauer K, et al. Various intensities of leisure time physical activity in patients with coronary artery disease: Effects on cardiorespiratory fitness and progression of coronary atherosclerotic lesions. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 22: McConnell TR, Palm RJ, Shearn WM, Laubach CA Jr. Body fat distribution s impact on physiologic outcomes during cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1999; 19: Schairer JR, Kostelnik T, Proffitt SM, Faitel KI, Windeler S, Rickman LB, et al. Caloric expenditure during cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1998; 18: Savage PD, Brochu M, Scott P, Ades PA. Low caloric expenditure in cardiac rehabilitation. Am Heart J 2000; 140: Schairer JR, Keteyian SJ, Ehrman JK, Brawner CA, Berkebile ND. Leisure time physical activity of patients in maintenance cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2003; 23: Ayabe M, Brubaker PH, Dobrosielski D, Miller HS, Ishi K, Yahiro T, et al. The physical activity patterns of cardiac rehabilitation program participants. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2004; 24: Tudor-Locke CE, Myers AM. Methodological considerations for researchers and practitioners using pedometers to measure physical (ambulatory) activity. Res Q Exerc Sport 2001; 72: Bassett DR Jr, Strath SJ. Use of pedometer to assess physical activity. In: Welk GJ, editor. Physical activity assessments for health-related research. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2002; Sieminski DJ, Cowell LL, Montgomery PS, Pillai SB, Gardner AW. Physical activity monitoring in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1997; 17: Walsh JT, Charlesworth A, Andrews R, Hawkins M, Cowley AJ. Relation of daily activity levels in patients with chronic heart failure to long-term prognosis. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: Houghton AR, Harrison M, Cowley AJ, Hampton JR. Assessing exercise capacity, quality of life and haemodynamics in heart failure: Do the tests tell us the same thing? Eur J Heart Fail 2002; 4: LE Masurier GC, Tudor-Locke C. Comparison of pedometer and accelerometer accuracy under controlled conditions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35: Weber KT, Kinasewitz GT, Janicki JS, Fishman AP. Oxygen utilization and ventilation during exercise in patients with chronic cardiac failure. Circulation 1982; 65: Kumahara H, Schutz Y, Ayabe M, Yoshioka M, Yoshitake Y, Shindo M, et al. The use of uniaxial accelerometry for the assessment of physical-activity-related energy expenditure: A validation study against whole-body indirect calorimetry. Br J Nutr 2004; 91: Higuchi H, Ayabe M, Sindo M, Yoshitake Y, Tanaka H. Comparison of daily energy expenditure in young and older Japanese using pedometer with accelerometer. Jpn J Phys Fitness Sports Med 2003; 52: Rafamantanantsoa HH, Ebine N, Yoshioka M, Higuchi H, Yoshitake Y, Tanaka H, et al. Validation of three alternative methods of measuring total energy expenditure against doubly labeled water method in older Japanese men. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 2002; 48: Crouter SE, Schneider PL, Karabulut M, Bassett DR Jr. Validity of 10 electric pedometers for measuring steps, distance, and energy cost. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35: Schneider PL, Crouter SE, Lukajic O, Bassett DR Jr. Accuracy and reliability of 10 pedometers for measuring steps over a 400-m walk. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35: Tudor-Lock CE, Ainsworth BE, Thompson RW, Mattews CE. Comparison of pedometer and accelerometer measures of free-living physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34: Hoodless DJ, Stainer K, Savic N, Batin P, Hawkins M, Cowley AJ. Reduced customary activity in chronic heart failure: Assessment with a new shoe-mounted pedometer. Int J Cardiol 1994; 43: Brubaker PH, Warner JG Jr, Rejeski WJ, Edwards DG, Matrazzo BA, Ribisl PM, et al. Comparison of standard- and extended-length participation in cardiac rehabilitation program on body composition, functional capacity, and blood lipids. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: Welk GJ, Differding JA, Thompson RW, Blair SN, Dziura J, Hart P. The utility of the Digi-walker step counter to assess daily physical activity patterns. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 9(Suppl): S481 S Cyarto EV, Myers AM, Tudor-Locke C. Pedometer accuracy in nursing home and community-dwelling older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36:

Effects of Age and Body Mass Index on Accuracy of Simple Moderate Vigorous Physical Activity Monitor Under Controlled Condition

Effects of Age and Body Mass Index on Accuracy of Simple Moderate Vigorous Physical Activity Monitor Under Controlled Condition Received: May., 011 Accepted: Jul. 8, 011 Published online: Jul. 5, 011 Original Article Effects of Age and Body Mass Index on Accuracy of Simple Moderate Vigorous Physical Activity Monitor Under Controlled

More information

JEPonline Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline

JEPonline Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline Walking Technique and Estimated VO 2 max Values 21 JEPonline Journal of Exercise Physiologyonline Official Journal of The American Society of Exercise Physiologists (ASEP) ISSN 1097-9751 An International

More information

HHS Public Access Author manuscript Int J Cardiol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 April 15.

HHS Public Access Author manuscript Int J Cardiol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 April 15. FITBIT : AN ACCURATE AND RELIABLE DEVICE FOR WIRELESS PHYSICAL ACTIVITY TRACKING Keith M. Diaz 1, David J. Krupka 1, Melinda J Chang 1, James Peacock 1, Yao Ma 2, Jeff Goldsmith 2, Joseph E. Schwartz 1,

More information

Walking for Heart Health in Rural Women

Walking for Heart Health in Rural Women Walking for Heart Health in Rural Women ELISABETH MARIGLIANO, BSN, RN 1, 2 PAMELA STEWART FAHS, PHD, RN 1 CRISTINA LUDDEN, MS 2 BINGHAMTON UNIVERSITY, STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK, DECKER SCHOOL OF NURSING

More information

Effects of Placement, Attachment, and Weight Classification on Pedometer Accuracy

Effects of Placement, Attachment, and Weight Classification on Pedometer Accuracy Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive All Faculty Publications 2007-10-01 Effects of Placement, Attachment, and Weight Classification on Pedometer Accuracy Susan V. Graser William J. Vincent bill_vincent@byu.edu

More information

The Effects of a Pedometer Intervention on The Physical Activity Patterns of Cardiac Rehabilitation Participants

The Effects of a Pedometer Intervention on The Physical Activity Patterns of Cardiac Rehabilitation Participants University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2009 The Effects of a Pedometer Intervention on The Physical Activity Patterns

More information

Convergent Validity of 3 Low Cost Motion Sensors With the ActiGraph Accelerometer

Convergent Validity of 3 Low Cost Motion Sensors With the ActiGraph Accelerometer Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 2010, 7, 662-670 2010 Human Kinetics, Inc. Convergent Validity of 3 Low Cost Motion Sensors With the ActiGraph Accelerometer James J. McClain, Teresa L. Hart, Renee

More information

Monitoring of performance an training in rowers

Monitoring of performance an training in rowers Monitoring of performance an training in rowers Jaak Jürimäe Demands of the Sport High maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max ); Ability to perform at a high percentage of VO 2max for the duration of event;

More information

This study investigated the amount of physical activity that occurred during

This study investigated the amount of physical activity that occurred during Abstract This study investigated the amount of physical activity that occurred during work and total waking hours in a sample of New Zealand professional office workers. Data were collected over three

More information

Medicine. Cadence Feedback With ECE PEDO to Monitor Physical Activity Intensity. A Pilot Study. Fusun Ardic, MD and Esra Göcer, MD

Medicine. Cadence Feedback With ECE PEDO to Monitor Physical Activity Intensity. A Pilot Study. Fusun Ardic, MD and Esra Göcer, MD Medicine OBSERVATIONAL STUDY Cadence Feedback With ECE PEDO to Monitor Physical Activity Intensity A Pilot Study Fusun Ardic, MD and Esra Göcer, MD Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the

More information

Using Hexoskin Wearable Technology to Obtain Body Metrics During Trail Hiking

Using Hexoskin Wearable Technology to Obtain Body Metrics During Trail Hiking Technical Note Using Hexoskin Wearable Technology to Obtain Body Metrics During Trail Hiking JEFF MONTES 1, TORI M. STONE 1, JACOB W. MANNING 2, DAMON MCCUNE 1, DEBRA K. TACAD 1, JOHN C. YOUNG 1, MARK

More information

Title: Agreement between pedometer and accelerometer in measuring physical activity in overweight and obese pregnant women

Title: Agreement between pedometer and accelerometer in measuring physical activity in overweight and obese pregnant women Author's response to reviews Title: Agreement between pedometer and accelerometer in measuring physical activity in overweight and obese pregnant women Authors: Tarja I Kinnunen (tarja.kinnunen@ncl.ac.uk)

More information

VALIDATION OF THE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INDEX (PAI) AS A MEASURE OF TOTAL ACTIVITY LOAD AND TOTAL KILOCALORIE EXPENDITURE

VALIDATION OF THE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INDEX (PAI) AS A MEASURE OF TOTAL ACTIVITY LOAD AND TOTAL KILOCALORIE EXPENDITURE VALIDATION OF THE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY INDEX (PAI) AS A MEASURE OF TOTAL ACTIVITY LOAD AND TOTAL KILOCALORIE EXPENDITURE DURING SUBMAXIMAL TREADMILL WALKING by Kimberly Anne Weary-Smith B.S. Slippery Rock

More information

Comparisons of Accelerometer and Pedometer Determined Steps in Free Living Samples

Comparisons of Accelerometer and Pedometer Determined Steps in Free Living Samples Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 2011, 8, 390-397 2011 Human Kinetics, Inc. Comparisons of Accelerometer and Pedometer Determined Steps in Free Living Samples Timothy K. Behrens and Mary K. Dinger

More information

Comparison of Accuracy Among Pedometers from Five Japanese Manufacturers

Comparison of Accuracy Among Pedometers from Five Japanese Manufacturers Send Orders for Reprints to reprints@benthamscience.net 56 The Open Sports Science Journal, 2013, 6, 56-61 Open Access Comparison of Accuracy Among Pedometers from Five Japanese Manufacturers So Osawa

More information

Competitive Performance of Elite Olympic-Distance Triathletes: Reliability and Smallest Worthwhile Enhancement

Competitive Performance of Elite Olympic-Distance Triathletes: Reliability and Smallest Worthwhile Enhancement SPORTSCIENCE sportsci.org Original Research / Performance Competitive Performance of Elite Olympic-Distance Triathletes: Reliability and Smallest Worthwhile Enhancement Carl D Paton, Will G Hopkins Sportscience

More information

Aerobic Capacity. Need Additional Resources?

Aerobic Capacity. Need Additional Resources? Aerobic Capacity Aerobic capacity is perhaps the most important component of any fitness program. Research indicates that acceptable levels of aerobic capacity are associated with a reduced risk of high

More information

Evaluation of a commercially available

Evaluation of a commercially available Loughborough University Institutional Repository Evaluation of a commercially available pedometer used to promote physical activity as part of a national programme This item was submitted to Loughborough

More information

Proposal for. Revised AFT requirements in the IGR. A Final Revised Position Paper for Consideration For SGAUS MEDICAL ACADEMY

Proposal for. Revised AFT requirements in the IGR. A Final Revised Position Paper for Consideration For SGAUS MEDICAL ACADEMY Proposal for Revised AFT requirements in the IGR A Final Revised Position Paper for Consideration For SGAUS MEDICAL ACADEMY AUG 23 RD 2017 1 PREAMBLE The INDIANA GUARD RESERVE (IGR) fitness test currently

More information

An Examination of the Effects of a Curriculum Based Pedometer Program in Two Age Groups: Adults and Pre-Adolescent Children

An Examination of the Effects of a Curriculum Based Pedometer Program in Two Age Groups: Adults and Pre-Adolescent Children 1 of 5 5/5/2010 1:38 PM Home Current Issue Editorial Board Instructions for Authors Contact Lethbridge Undergraduate Research Journal ISSN 1718-8482 An Examination of the Effects of a Curriculum Based

More information

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi:10.1038/nature17654 Contents Supplementary Text S1. Calculating Locomotor Costs Supplementary Table 1. Estimated ranging costs for humans and other hominoids Supplementary Text S2. Estimating the Costs

More information

Effect of walking speed and placement position interactions in determining the accuracy of various newer pedometers

Effect of walking speed and placement position interactions in determining the accuracy of various newer pedometers Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness 12 (214) 31e37 Original article Effect of walking speed and placement position interactions in determining

More information

Accurate assessment of physical activity (PA) in a

Accurate assessment of physical activity (PA) in a Comparison of the ActiGraph 7164 and the ActiGraph GT1M during Self-Paced Locomotion SARAH L. KOZEY 1, JOHN W. STAUDENMAYER 2, RICHARD P. TROIANO 3, and PATTY S. FREEDSON 1 1 Department of Kinesiology,

More information

Corrected FIM effectiveness as an index independent of FIM score on admission

Corrected FIM effectiveness as an index independent of FIM score on admission 7 Japanese Journal of Comprehensive Rehabilitation Science (2014) Original Article Corrected FIM effectiveness as an index independent of FIM score on admission Makoto Tokunaga, MD, PhD, 1 Ryoji Nakanishi,

More information

INFLUENCE OF PEDOMETER TILT ANGLE ON STEP COUNTING VALIDITY DURING CONTROLLED TREADMILL WALKING TRIALS. Melissa Dock

INFLUENCE OF PEDOMETER TILT ANGLE ON STEP COUNTING VALIDITY DURING CONTROLLED TREADMILL WALKING TRIALS. Melissa Dock INFLUENCE OF PEDOMETER TILT ANGLE ON STEP COUNTING VALIDITY DURING CONTROLLED TREADMILL WALKING TRIALS by Melissa Dock A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master

More information

Validation and Comparison of Two Ankle- Mounted and Two Waist-Mounted Electronic Pedometers

Validation and Comparison of Two Ankle- Mounted and Two Waist-Mounted Electronic Pedometers University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2004 Validation and Comparison of Two Ankle- Mounted and Two Waist-Mounted Electronic

More information

Clinical Study Synopsis

Clinical Study Synopsis Clinical Study Synopsis This Clinical Study Synopsis is provided for patients and healthcare professionals to increase the transparency of Bayer's clinical research. This document is not intended to replace

More information

What do pedometer counts represent? A comparison between pedometer data and data from four different questionnaires

What do pedometer counts represent? A comparison between pedometer data and data from four different questionnaires Public Health Nutrition: 12(1), 74 81 doi:10.1017/s1368980008001973 What do pedometer counts represent? A comparison between pedometer data and data from four different questionnaires Katrien A De Cocker*,

More information

Ambulatory monitoring of gait quality with wearable inertial sensors

Ambulatory monitoring of gait quality with wearable inertial sensors Ambulatory monitoring of gait quality with wearable inertial sensors Dr. Philippe Terrier, PhD June 2016 Summary 1. Why? Reasons for measuring gait in real life conditions 2. What? Real-life assessment

More information

Vector Rope Trainer Cardiovascular Program Fitness Level: GENERAL

Vector Rope Trainer Cardiovascular Program Fitness Level: GENERAL Cardiovascular Program Fitness Level: GENERAL These are exercise options. Mix and match as preferred during each workout session. Frequency: Two to three days per week Start with 3 minutes of light pace

More information

Eric Thomas Garcia. A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of. The University of Manitoba

Eric Thomas Garcia. A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of. The University of Manitoba The Pedometer Project: Using an Individualized Cadence-Based Exercise Prescription (CBEP) to Increase the Amount of Moderate-Vigorous Physical Activity Accumulated by a Cohort of Previously Inactive Adults.

More information

The Physical and Physiological Characteristics of 3x3. Results of Medical Study & Scientific Test

The Physical and Physiological Characteristics of 3x3. Results of Medical Study & Scientific Test The Physical and Physiological Characteristics of 3x3 Results of Medical Study & Scientific Test Prepared by Dr. Paul Montgomery & Brendan Maloney (Aspetar Orthopaedic Hospital) In cooperation with FIBA

More information

The Effect of the Arm Swing on the Heart Rate of Non-Athletes

The Effect of the Arm Swing on the Heart Rate of Non-Athletes The Effect of the Arm Swing on the Heart Rate of Non-Athletes Seekaow Churproong MD*, Buratin Khampirat PhD*, Paraj Ratanajaipan MEng**, Poollarp Tattathongkom BS** * Suranaree University of Technology,

More information

Achieving 10,000 steps: A comparison of public transport users and drivers in a University setting

Achieving 10,000 steps: A comparison of public transport users and drivers in a University setting Title page Achieving 10,000 steps: A comparison of public transport users and drivers in a University setting Karen Villanueva Billie Giles-Corti Gavin McCormack School of Population Health, The University

More information

Validation of a Step Test in Children Ages 7-11

Validation of a Step Test in Children Ages 7-11 Validation of a Step Test in Children Ages 7-11 Emilene Clark Aurora Fry Colleen Smith Tonya Thomas Primary Advisor: Jim Farris, PT, PhD April 20, 2011 Background Exercise Testing Maximal Testing Sub-maximal

More information

Congress Science and Cycling 29 & 30 june 2016 Caen. Théo OUVRARD, Julien Pinot, Alain GROSLAMBERT, Fred GRAPPE

Congress Science and Cycling 29 & 30 june 2016 Caen. Théo OUVRARD, Julien Pinot, Alain GROSLAMBERT, Fred GRAPPE Congress Science and Cycling 29 & 30 june 2016 Caen Exposure Variation Analysis (EVA) method to monitor ability to optimally regulate exercise intensity of professional cyclists during time-trial competitions

More information

Pedometer-Determined Physical Activity Levels of Youth

Pedometer-Determined Physical Activity Levels of Youth Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 2005, 2, 159-168 2005 Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc. Pedometer-Determined Physical Activity Levels of Youth Guy C. Le Masurier, Aaron Beighle, Charles B. Corbin,

More information

A Nomogram Of Performances In Endurance Running Based On Logarithmic Model Of Péronnet-Thibault

A Nomogram Of Performances In Endurance Running Based On Logarithmic Model Of Péronnet-Thibault American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) e-issn: 2320-0847 p-issn : 2320-0936 Volume-6, Issue-9, pp-78-85 www.ajer.org Research Paper Open Access A Nomogram Of Performances In Endurance Running

More information

Validity of Four Activity Monitors during Controlled and Free-Living Conditions

Validity of Four Activity Monitors during Controlled and Free-Living Conditions Illinois State University ISU ReD: Research and edata Theses and Dissertations 8-27-2013 Validity of Four Activity Monitors during Controlled and Free-Living Conditions Joey Lee Illinois State University,

More information

A Re-Examination of Running Energetics in Average and Elite Distance Runners

A Re-Examination of Running Energetics in Average and Elite Distance Runners University of Colorado, Boulder CU Scholar Integrative Physiology Graduate Theses & Dissertations Integrative Physiology Spring 1-1-2013 A Re-Examination of Running Energetics in Average and Elite Distance

More information

In Australia, survey instruments for the

In Australia, survey instruments for the Comparison of surveys used to measure physical activity Abstract Objective: To compare the level of agreement in results obtained from four physical activity (PA measurement instruments that are in use

More information

LEVEL OF VO2 MAX CAPACITY VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

LEVEL OF VO2 MAX CAPACITY VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS LEVEL OF VO2 MAX CAPACITY VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS Wojciech BAJOREK ABCDEF, Joanna PIECH BCD Faculty of Physical Education, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland Keywords: volleyball oxygen uptake beep test

More information

Four-week pedometer-determined activity patterns in normal-weight, overweight. and obese adults

Four-week pedometer-determined activity patterns in normal-weight, overweight. and obese adults Loughborough University Institutional Repository Four-week pedometer-determined activity patterns in normal-weight, overweight and obese adults This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional

More information

Are Active Australia physical activity questions valid for older adults? Running Head: Are questions valid?

Are Active Australia physical activity questions valid for older adults? Running Head: Are questions valid? Are Active Australia physical activity questions valid for older adults? Running Head: Are questions valid? 1 ABSTRACT Objective The Active Australia Survey (AAS) is used for physical activity (PA) surveillance

More information

Presence and duration of reactivity to pedometers in adults

Presence and duration of reactivity to pedometers in adults Loughborough University Institutional Repository Presence and duration of reactivity to pedometers in adults This item was submitted to Loughborough University's Institutional Repository by the/an author.

More information

From the Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

From the Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden From the Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden A 6 month physical activity intervention in university staff: Effectiveness and health outcomes The ASUKI Step

More information

Physical Activity monitors: Limitations to measure physical activity in the free-living environment

Physical Activity monitors: Limitations to measure physical activity in the free-living environment Physical Activity monitors: Limitations to measure physical activity in the free-living Monitores de Actividad Física: limitaciones para medir la actividad física en la vida cotidiana Yuri Feito 1 Resumen

More information

Health Beyond Healthcare The Chronic Disease Impacts of Neighborhood Design. Erik J. Aulestia, AICP Principal, Torti Gallas + Partners

Health Beyond Healthcare The Chronic Disease Impacts of Neighborhood Design. Erik J. Aulestia, AICP Principal, Torti Gallas + Partners Health Beyond Healthcare The Chronic Disease Impacts of Neighborhood Design Erik J. Aulestia, AICP Principal, Torti Gallas + Partners Prior to 20th Century How should a city look and function? Architects

More information

Accuracy of a Pedometer and an Accelerometer in Women with Obesity

Accuracy of a Pedometer and an Accelerometer in Women with Obesity The Open Obesity Journal, 2012, 4, 11-17 11 Open Access Accuracy of a Pedometer and an Accelerometer in Women with Obesity Malin Wiklund *, Åsa Cider and Monika Fagevik Olsén Department of Physiotherapy

More information

VALIDITY OF SELECTED CARDIOVASCULAR FIELD-BASED TEST AMONG MALAYSIAN HEALTHY FEMALE ADULT. S. H. Azmi 1,*, and N. Sulaiman 2

VALIDITY OF SELECTED CARDIOVASCULAR FIELD-BASED TEST AMONG MALAYSIAN HEALTHY FEMALE ADULT. S. H. Azmi 1,*, and N. Sulaiman 2 Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences ISSN 1112-9867 Research Article Special Issue Available online at http://www.jfas.info VALIDITY OF SELECTED CARDIOVASCULAR FIELD-BASED TEST AMONG MALAYSIAN HEALTHY

More information

Comparison of Active Drag Using the MRT-Method and the MAD-System in Front Crawl Swimming

Comparison of Active Drag Using the MRT-Method and the MAD-System in Front Crawl Swimming Proceedings Comparison of Active Drag Using the MRT-Method and the MAD-System in Front Crawl Swimming Kenzo Narita 1, *, Futoshi Ogita 2, Motomu Nakashima 3 and Hideki Takagi 4 1 Doctoral Program in Physical

More information

Promoting Health in Low-Wealth Communities: Physical Activity

Promoting Health in Low-Wealth Communities: Physical Activity Promoting Health in Low-Wealth Communities: Physical Activity Deborah Cohen, MD, MPH Funded by NIEHS #P50ES012383; NHLBI # R01HL71244; HRSA-MCH # R40MC00303 Large Health Disparities Exist Among Low Income

More information

Abstract. Keywords. Kyoko Tsukigase 1, Hideharu Tanaka 1,2, Hiroshi Takyu 2

Abstract. Keywords. Kyoko Tsukigase 1, Hideharu Tanaka 1,2, Hiroshi Takyu 2 World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases, 2017, 7, 185-194 http://www.scirp.org/journal/wjcd ISSN Online: 2164-5337 ISSN Print: 2164-5329 Mismatch between Sites of Incidence of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac

More information

Using Accelerometry: Methods Employed in NHANES

Using Accelerometry: Methods Employed in NHANES Using Accelerometry: Methods Employed in NHANES Richard Troiano, Ph.D. David Berrigan, Ph.D. National Cancer Institute Overview NHANES Accelerometry Accelerometry Analytic Issues Decisions and data cleaning

More information

II. RELATED WORK This section provides an overview of existing wireless monitoring systems, as well as different methods for

II. RELATED WORK This section provides an overview of existing wireless monitoring systems, as well as different methods for 5th International Workshop on Smart Environments and Ambient Intelligence 2013, San Diego (22 March 2013) Multimodal Energy Expenditure Calculation for Pervasive Health: A Data Fusion Model using Wearable

More information

Analysis of Acceleration Value based on the Location of the Accelerometer

Analysis of Acceleration Value based on the Location of the Accelerometer Analysis of Acceleration Value based on the Location of the Accelerometer Shin-Hyeong Choi Abstract Physical activity is essential for human health maintenance. We investigate the effects of acceleration

More information

Factors of Influence on the Walking Ability of Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy

Factors of Influence on the Walking Ability of Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy Factors of Influence on the Walking Ability of Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 10: 1 5, 1998 ATSUSHI FURUKAWA, RPT 1), EIJI NII, MD, PhD 1), HIROYASU IWATSUKI, RPT 2), MASAKI NISHIYAMA,

More information

Anaerobic and aerobic contributions to 800 m and 8 km season bests

Anaerobic and aerobic contributions to 800 m and 8 km season bests Short Communication Anaerobic and aerobic contributions to 8 m and 8 km season bests Julia C. Blumkaitis, Christopher L. Sandefur, Christopher A. Fahs, Lindy M. Rossow Objective: Both anaerobic and aerobic

More information

A CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF SKILL RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS COMPONENTS OF KAYAKING AND ROWING PLAYERS

A CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF SKILL RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS COMPONENTS OF KAYAKING AND ROWING PLAYERS European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science ISSN: 2501-1235 ISSN-L: 2501-1235 Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1050701 Volume 3 Issue 10 2017 A CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS

More information

Changes in a Top-Level Soccer Referee s Training, Match Activities, and Physiology Over an 8-Year Period: A Case Study

Changes in a Top-Level Soccer Referee s Training, Match Activities, and Physiology Over an 8-Year Period: A Case Study Case Study International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2011, 6, 281-286 2011 Human Kinetics, Inc. Changes in a Top-Level Soccer Referee s Training, Match Activities, and Physiology Over

More information

Health & Fitness Journal

Health & Fitness Journal Health & Fitness Journal of Canada Copyright 2012 The Authors. Journal Compilation Copyright 2012 Health & Fitness Program of BC Volume 5 December 30, 2012 Number 4! ORIGINAL!ARTICLE! Is!this!Bit!Fit?!Measuring!the!Quality!of!the!FitBit!StepACounter!

More information

iphone as a Physical Activity Measurement Platform

iphone as a Physical Activity Measurement Platform iphone as a Physical Activity Measurement Platform Yuichi Fujiki Compuational Physiology Lab University of Houston 4800 Calhoun Rd Houston TX, 77204, USA yfujiki@uh.edu Abstract iphone is emerging as a

More information

APPROACH RUN VELOCITIES OF FEMALE POLE VAULTERS

APPROACH RUN VELOCITIES OF FEMALE POLE VAULTERS APPROACH RUN VELOCITIES OF FEMALE POLE VAULTERS Peter M. McGinnis, Physical Education Department, SUNY College at Cortland, Cortland, New York INTRODUCTION Running speed is an important determinant of

More information

The estimation of energy expenditure (EE) is of interest

The estimation of energy expenditure (EE) is of interest Estimation of energy expenditure using CSA accelerometers at hip and wrist sites ANN M. SWARTZ, SCOTT J. STRATH, DAVID R. BASSETT, JR., WILLIAM L. O BRIEN, GEORGE A. KING, and BARBARA E. AINSWORTH Department

More information

Activity profiles in adolescent netball: A combination of global positioning system technology and time-motion analysis

Activity profiles in adolescent netball: A combination of global positioning system technology and time-motion analysis Proceeding Asia Pacific Conference on Performance Analysis of Sport, 21-24 April 2014. Langkawi, Malaysia Activity profiles in adolescent netball: A combination of global positioning system technology

More information

Physical activity during recess outdoors and indoors among urban public school students, St. Louis, Missouri,

Physical activity during recess outdoors and indoors among urban public school students, St. Louis, Missouri, Washington University School of Medicine Digital Commons@Becker Open Access Publications 2013 Physical activity during recess outdoors and indoors among urban public school students, St. Louis, Missouri,

More information

Validity of the Actical Accelerometer Step-Count Function in Children

Validity of the Actical Accelerometer Step-Count Function in Children Pediatric Exercise Science, 2011, 23, 355-365 2011 Human Kinetics, Inc. Validity of the Actical Accelerometer Step-Count Function in Children Richard R. Rosenkranz Kansas State University, University of

More information

Assessment of an International Breaststroke Swimmer Using a Race Readiness Test

Assessment of an International Breaststroke Swimmer Using a Race Readiness Test International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2009, 4, 139-143 2009 Human Kinetics, Inc. Assessment of an International Breaststroke Swimmer Using a Race Readiness Test Kevin G. Thompson

More information

400 schemes across England deliver 1,800 weekly walks which are enjoyed by 24,000 participants each week and supported by 8,000 volunteers

400 schemes across England deliver 1,800 weekly walks which are enjoyed by 24,000 participants each week and supported by 8,000 volunteers Helping people live happier and healthier lives through walking Every week we support thousands of people to experience the benefits of getting and staying active, improving their mental and physical wellbeing,

More information

ALTITUDE TRAINING FOR IMPROVING SWIMMING PERFORMANCE AT SEA LEVEL. MITSUMASA MIYASHITA, YOSHITERU MUTOH and YOSHIHARU YAMAMOTO.

ALTITUDE TRAINING FOR IMPROVING SWIMMING PERFORMANCE AT SEA LEVEL. MITSUMASA MIYASHITA, YOSHITERU MUTOH and YOSHIHARU YAMAMOTO. ALTITUDE TRAINING FOR IMPROVING SWIMMING PERFORMANCE AT SEA LEVEL MITSUMASA MIYASHITA, YOSHITERU MUTOH and YOSHIHARU YAMAMOTO Abstract The present study was designed to investigate the effects of low altitude

More information

Comparative Effectiveness of Two Walking Interventions on Participation, Step Counts, and Health

Comparative Effectiveness of Two Walking Interventions on Participation, Step Counts, and Health Physical Activity Comparative Effectiveness of Two Walking Interventions on Participation, Step Counts, and Health American Journal of Health Promotion 1-9 ª The Author(s) 2016 Reprints and permission:

More information

that, as a means of progression, walking is suitable for lower speeds

that, as a means of progression, walking is suitable for lower speeds 2 6I2 744.22 ENERGY EXPENDITURE IN WALKING AND RUNNING. BY M. OGASAWARA. (From the Department of Industrial Physiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.) (Received February 28, 1934.) IT

More information

Oxygen Uptake and Energy Expenditure during Treadmill Walking with Masai Barefoot Technology (MBT) Shoes

Oxygen Uptake and Energy Expenditure during Treadmill Walking with Masai Barefoot Technology (MBT) Shoes Original Article Oxygen Uptake and Energy Expenditure during Treadmill Walking with Masai Barefoot Technology (MBT) Shoes J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 23: 000 000, 2011 TERJE F. GJøVAAG, PhD 1), INGAR DAHLEN, PT

More information

Objective Physical Activity Monitoring for Health-Related Research: A Discussion of Methods, Deployments, and Data Presentations

Objective Physical Activity Monitoring for Health-Related Research: A Discussion of Methods, Deployments, and Data Presentations Objective Physical Activity Monitoring for Health-Related Research: A Discussion of Methods, Deployments, and Data Presentations John M. Schuna Jr., PhD School of Biological and Population Health Sciences

More information

Treadmill and daily life

Treadmill and daily life 4 Treadmill and daily life Fall-related gait characteristics on the treadmill and in daily life, SM Rispens, JH van Dieën, KS van Schooten, LE Cofre Lizama, A Daffertshofer, PJ Beek, M Pijnappels, Journal

More information

A Description of Variability of Pacing in Marathon Distance Running

A Description of Variability of Pacing in Marathon Distance Running Original Research A Description of Variability of Pacing in Marathon Distance Running THOMAS A. HANEY JR. and JOHN A. MERCER Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las

More information

COMPARISON OF PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES AND BODY COMPOSITION VARIABLES AMONG WALKING TYPES ON TREADMILL

COMPARISON OF PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES AND BODY COMPOSITION VARIABLES AMONG WALKING TYPES ON TREADMILL COMPARISON OF PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES AND BODY COMPOSITION VARIABLES AMONG WALKING TYPES ON TREADMILL Lee, Hyungkook 1), Kim, Myungju 2) Sangmyung University 1) Seoul National University 2) Contact person:

More information

Discussion on the Selection of the Recommended Fish Passage Design Discharge

Discussion on the Selection of the Recommended Fish Passage Design Discharge Discussion on the Selection of the Recommended Fish Passage Design Discharge Introduction The provision of fish passage is a requirement for most proposed culvert and bridge installations in Alberta, depending

More information

The running economy difference between running barefoot and running shod

The running economy difference between running barefoot and running shod Proceeding 9th INSHS International Christmas Sport Scientific Conference, 4-6 December 2014. International Network of Sport and Health Science. Szombathely, Hungary The running economy difference between

More information

Analysis of Variance. Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Analysis of Variance. Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Analysis of Variance 12-1 Learning Outcomes Outcome 1. Understand the basic logic of analysis of variance. Outcome 2. Perform a hypothesis test for a single-factor design using analysis of variance manually

More information

VALIDATION OF HEAT FLUX TECHNOLOGY TO ASSESS ENERGY EXPENDITURE DURING EXERCISE. Erin L. Thomas

VALIDATION OF HEAT FLUX TECHNOLOGY TO ASSESS ENERGY EXPENDITURE DURING EXERCISE. Erin L. Thomas VALIDATION OF HEAT FLUX TECHNOLOGY TO ASSESS ENERGY EXPENDITURE DURING EXERCISE by Erin L. Thomas Bachelor of Science in Fitness/Wellness, University of Rhode Island, 2000 Masters of Science in Exercise

More information

Article published in: ACSM s Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise Vol. 27, No. 4, April 1995

Article published in: ACSM s Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise Vol. 27, No. 4, April 1995 Article published in: ACSM s Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise Vol. 7, No. 4, April 1995 ENERGY EXPENDITURE DURING SUBMAXIMAL WALKING WITH EXERSTRIDERS Carol D. Rodgers, Jaci L. VanHeest, and Candice

More information

Monday 03/11/ :30 12:30. Luca P. Ardigò Ph.D.

Monday 03/11/ :30 12:30. Luca P. Ardigò Ph.D. University of Verona, School of Exercise and Sport Science, Laurea magistrale in Scienze motorie preventive ed adattate Metodologia delle misure delle attività sportive Monday 03/11/2014 10:30 12:30 Luca

More information

EvaluationoftheAARPRed HatSocietyStep&Stride WithRuby:AYear-Long WalkingProgram. ExecutiveSummary

EvaluationoftheAARPRed HatSocietyStep&Stride WithRuby:AYear-Long WalkingProgram. ExecutiveSummary EvaluationoftheAARPRed HatSocietyStep&Stride WithRuby:AYear-Long WalkingProgram ExecutiveSummary July2008 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction In 2007, AARP developed a year-long walking program, Step & Stride

More information

Reliability of Scores From Physical Activity Monitors in Adults With Multiple Sclerosis

Reliability of Scores From Physical Activity Monitors in Adults With Multiple Sclerosis ADAPTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY QUARTERLY, 2007, 24, 245-253 2007 Human Kinetics, Inc. Reliability of Scores From Physical Activity Monitors in Adults With Multiple Sclerosis Robert W. Motl, Weimo Zhu, Youngsik

More information

Efficient Variability: Linking Fractal Walking Patterns with Metabolic Energy Savings

Efficient Variability: Linking Fractal Walking Patterns with Metabolic Energy Savings Efficient Variability: Linking Fractal Walking Patterns with Metabolic Energy Savings Project Description Decades of research in biomechanics, neuroscience, and biology have produced two theories on why

More information

Journal of Human Sport and Exercise E-ISSN: Universidad de Alicante España

Journal of Human Sport and Exercise E-ISSN: Universidad de Alicante España Journal of Human Sport and Exercise E-ISSN: 1988-5202 jhse@ua.es Universidad de Alicante España KALINA, TOMAS; CACEK, JAN; KMETOVA, LINDA The running economy difference between running barefoot and running

More information

12. Laboratory testing

12. Laboratory testing 12. Laboratory testing The performance lab of a Sports Medical Center offers various tests. In this paper we elaborate the testing of the aerobic system of a runner on a treadmill. To test the aerobic

More information

Equation 1: F spring = kx. Where F is the force of the spring, k is the spring constant and x is the displacement of the spring. Equation 2: F = mg

Equation 1: F spring = kx. Where F is the force of the spring, k is the spring constant and x is the displacement of the spring. Equation 2: F = mg 1 Introduction Relationship between Spring Constant and Length of Bungee Cord In this experiment, we aimed to model the behavior of the bungee cord that will be used in the Bungee Challenge. Specifically,

More information

Applying Hooke s Law to Multiple Bungee Cords. Introduction

Applying Hooke s Law to Multiple Bungee Cords. Introduction Applying Hooke s Law to Multiple Bungee Cords Introduction Hooke s Law declares that the force exerted on a spring is proportional to the amount of stretch or compression on the spring, is always directed

More information

Convergent Validity of a Piezoelectric Pedometer and an Omnidirectional Accelerometer for Measuring Children s Physical Activity

Convergent Validity of a Piezoelectric Pedometer and an Omnidirectional Accelerometer for Measuring Children s Physical Activity Pediatric Exercise Science, 2011, 23, 399-410 2011 Human Kinetics, Inc. Convergent Validity of a Piezoelectric Pedometer and an Omnidirectional Accelerometer for Measuring Children s Physical Activity

More information

The Significant Drop in Physical Activity among Children on Holidays in a Small Town in the Tohoku District

The Significant Drop in Physical Activity among Children on Holidays in a Small Town in the Tohoku District The Significant Drop in Physical Activity among Children on Holidays in a Small Town in the Tohoku District Takahiro Mitsui 1), Tomoko Barajima 2), Michihiko Kanachi 3) and Kiyoshi Shimaoka 4) 1) Faculty

More information

INTERACTION OF STEP LENGTH AND STEP RATE DURING SPRINT RUNNING

INTERACTION OF STEP LENGTH AND STEP RATE DURING SPRINT RUNNING INTERACTION OF STEP LENGTH AND STEP RATE DURING SPRINT RUNNING Joseph P. Hunter 1, Robert N. Marshall 1,, and Peter J. McNair 3 1 Department of Sport and Exercise Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland,

More information

Status of physical activity in the Japanese population

Status of physical activity in the Japanese population J Phys Fitness Sports Med, 1(3): 491-497 (2012) JPFSM: Review Article Status of physical activity in the Japanese population Shigeho Tanaka Department of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Health

More information

Evaluating the Influence of R3 Treatments on Fishing License Sales in Pennsylvania

Evaluating the Influence of R3 Treatments on Fishing License Sales in Pennsylvania Evaluating the Influence of R3 Treatments on Fishing License Sales in Pennsylvania Prepared for the: Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission Produced by: PO Box 6435 Fernandina Beach, FL 32035 Tel (904)

More information

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 ( 2012 ) WCES 2012

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 ( 2012 ) WCES 2012 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 ( 2012 ) 4708 4712 WCES 2012 Differences in physical activity levels in 8-10 year-old girls who attend physical education

More information

Training Program using critical speed exercises and their impact on some Physiological and Physical variables of handball Players during the Match

Training Program using critical speed exercises and their impact on some Physiological and Physical variables of handball Players during the Match 165 Training Program using critical speed exercises and their impact on some Physiological and Physical variables of handball Players during the Match * Dr/ Tarek Salah Eldin Sayed Abstract: The study

More information

ROSE-HULMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Mechanical Engineering. Mini-project 3 Tennis ball launcher

ROSE-HULMAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Department of Mechanical Engineering. Mini-project 3 Tennis ball launcher Mini-project 3 Tennis ball launcher Mini-Project 3 requires you to use MATLAB to model the trajectory of a tennis ball being shot from a tennis ball launcher to a player. The tennis ball trajectory model

More information

Medical Section. Fax : (toll-free) or

Medical Section.   Fax : (toll-free) or Departure Date: Medical Section Hours of Operation MON-FRI 06:00-20:00 EST SAT-SUN 06:00-18 :00 EST Email : acmedical@aircanada.ca Fax : 1 888 334-7717 (toll-free) or 514 205-7567 Telephone : 1 800 667-4732

More information

Chapter 12 Practice Test

Chapter 12 Practice Test Chapter 12 Practice Test 1. Which of the following is not one of the conditions that must be satisfied in order to perform inference about the slope of a least-squares regression line? (a) For each value

More information