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4 Chapter 2: Diet and Human Evolution Diet and Human Evolution Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology Teeth Skulls and Jaws The Postcranial Skeleton What Is Adaptation? Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets of Extinct Hominids Our Place in Nature A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids What Did Early Hominids Eat? What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? Summary Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
5 Chapter 2: Diet and Human Evolution Who knows how many different genera and species of hominis really existed in the past? The Cultural Feast, 2 nd Ed., p. 30
6 the classifying of plants and animals into groups is known as taxonomy
7 and one of the problems with hominid taxonomy is that there are... splitters and lumpers
8 and one of the problems with hominid taxonomy is that there are... splitters like to have many species with little range of variation within a species lumpers like to have few species, allowing for considerable range of variation within a species
9 Campbell Loy, Humankind Emerging, 7 th ed., p. 236
10 Campbell Loy, Humankind Emerging, 7 th ed., p. 236
11 Chapter 2: Diet and Human Evolution generally speaking, at least 18 hominin species are currently named in the literature The Cultural Feast, 2 nd Ed., p. 29
12 the main groups are...
13 Homo sapiens Moderns (Cro-magnon ) Premoderns (Neandertal ) Homo erectus Homo habilis Paranthropus Australopithecus Ardipithecus Sivapithecus
14 to which people often add...
15 Homo sapiens Moderns (Cro-magnon ) Premoderns (Neandertal ) Homo erectus Homo habilis Paranthropus Australopithecus Ardipithecus Sivapithecus
16 and they appear about...
17 Homo sapiens Moderns (Cro-magnon ) Premoderns (Neandertal ) Homo erectus Homo habilis Paranthropus Australopithecus Ardipithecus Sivapithecus dates are approximate and follow Understanding Humans ,000 ybp-present 500,000-28,000 ybp 1.8 mya 25,000 ybp mya mya mya mya 15-7 mya
18 Homo sapiens Moderns (Cro-magnon ) Premoderns (Neandertal ) Homo erectus Homo habilis Paranthropus note that some forms are called pithecus Australopithecus Ardipithecus Sivapithecus dates are approximate and follow Understanding Humans 2009
19 Homo sapiens Moderns (Cro-magnon ) Premoderns (Neandertal ) Homo erectus Homo habilis Paranthropus Australopithecus Ardipithecus Sivapithecus anything called pithecus is an ape (from the Greek word for ape ) dates are approximate and follow Understanding Humans 2009
20 so Who s Who?... lets have a quick look...
21 The first real ape
22 Sivapithecus 15-7 mya The first real ape
23 The first real ape 15-7 mya Sivapithicus Time 23 July 2001
24 A Walk Through Hominid Evolution Ardipithicus Time 23 July 2001
25 A Walk Through Hominid Evolution Australopithicus Time 23 July 2001
26 e.g. Lucy and The First Family Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 206
27 e.g. Lucy and The First Family Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 206
28 A Walk Through Hominid Evolution Paranthropus Australopithecus robustus Time 23 July 2001
29 A Walk Through Hominid Evolution the first humans Homo habilis Early Human Time 23 July 2001
30 A Walk Through Hominid Evolution Time 23 July 2001
31 A Walk Through Hominid Evolution Homo erectus Time 23 July 2001
32 A Walk Through Hominid Evolution premoderns Homo heidelbergensis... Time 23 July 2001
33 A Walk Through Hominid Evolution premoderns Neandertal... Time 23 July 2001
34 A Walk Through Hominid Evolution moderns Homo sapiens sapiens Time 23 July 2001
35 lets have just a little closer look...
36 The first real ape 15-7 mya Sivapithicus Time 23 July 2001
37 Sivapithecines
38 Sivapithecines note their foraging
39 Homo sapiens Moderns (Cro-magnon ) Premoderns (Neandertal ) Homo erectus Homo habilis Paranthropus Australopithecus Ardipithecus Sivapithecus dates are approximate and follow Understanding Humans ,000 ybp-present 500,000-28,000 ybp 1.8 mya 25,000 ybp mya mya mya mya 15-7 mya
40 Ardipithicus Time 23 July 2001
41 The teeth of A. ramidus lacked the specialization of other apes, and suggest that it was a generalized omnivore and frugavore (fruit eater) with a diet that did not depend heavily on fibrous plants, ripe fruit or hard or abrasive food. Ardipithicus Time 23 July 2001
42 Homo sapiens Moderns (Cro-magnon ) Premoderns (Neandertal ) Homo erectus Homo habilis Paranthropus Australopithecus Ardipithecus Sivapithecus dates are approximate and follow Understanding Humans ,000 ybp-present 500,000-28,000 ybp 1.8 mya 25,000 ybp mya mya mya mya 15-7 mya
43 Australopithicus Time 23 July 2001
44 e.g. Lucy and The First Family Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 206
45 Lucy and "The First Family" Hadar, Ethiopia (Site 333 on the Awash River) Australopithecus afarensis 4-3 mya
46 and The Taung child
47
48
49 Australopithecus Hunting and Foraging
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51 Australopithicines are definite tool users
52 definite tool users
53
54 Life Nature Library, Early Man, p. 115.
55 bone broken to get at the bone marrow
56 Life Nature Library, Early Man, p. 114
57 ... cracking nuts Life Nature Library, Early Man, p. 183
58 doing camp chores in general
59 sea resources would have been used
60 digging sticks most certainly would have been used to get food
61 and they would have eaten lots of berries and the like
62 and hunted...
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64
65
66 a prehistoric baboon killed by frontal attack, with something like...
67 an antelope femur
68
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70 these kind of stones are sometimes called manuports...
71 manuports are unworked rocks (hand carried )
72 manuports and can be used as tools (without leaving much evidence)
73 Paranthropus Australopithecus robustus Time 23 July 2001
74 Homo sapiens Moderns (Cro-magnon ) Premoderns (Neandertal ) Homo erectus Homo habilis Paranthropus Australopithecus Ardipithecus Sivapithecus dates are approximate and follow Understanding Humans ,000 ybp-present 500,000-28,000 ybp 1.8 mya 25,000 ybp mya mya mya mya 15-7 mya
75 The Black Skull KNM-WT Australopithecus aethiopicus Lake Turkana, East Africa 2.5 mya 1986 Turnbaugh, Jurmain, Kilgore, and Nelson, 8 th Ed., p. 237
76 note the saggital crest...
77 and the disharmonic face...
78 saggital crest disharmonic face for more information see The Cultural Feast, 2 nd ed., p. 22
79 diet classifications herbivorous (principally plants) insectivorous Paranthropus is (principally largely insects)... frugivorous (principally fruits) graminivorous (principally grasses) folivorous (principally leaf eating) proteinivorous (principally protein eating) carnivorous (chiefly meats) omnivorous ( devours all ) locavore (principally locally available foods)
80 but there is now evidence suggesting that they also ate termites... (and thus did eat some meat)
81 ? and they probably collected some ground meats
82 but they were mostly frugivorous
83 and most probably tool users
84 most probably tool users
85 Homo sapiens Moderns (Cro-magnon ) Premoderns (Neandertal ) Homo erectus Homo habilis Paranthropus Australopithecus Ardipithecus Sivapithecus dates are approximate and follow Understanding Humans ,000 ybp-present 500,000-28,000 ybp 1.8 mya 25,000 ybp mya mya mya mya 15-7 mya
86 the first humans Homo habilis Early Human Time 23 July 2001
87 Homo habilis first human 2.4 mya
88 Homo habilis were hunters...
89 perhaps starting out as scavengers, in competition with the other scavengers...
90 Homo habilis were tool makers (that s why they're called habilis handy man
91 2.5 mya
92 Homo habilis were stone tool makers 2.5 mya
93 should stone tool making be food revolution #1A? 2.5 mya
94 Felipe Fernández-Armesto talks about Eight Food Revolutions Simon & Schuster 2003
95 Eight Food Revolutions 1. Invention of Cooking 2. Discovery that Food is More Than Sustenance 3. The Herding Revolution 4. Snail Farming 5. Use of Food as a Means and Index of Social Differentiation 6. Long-Range Exchange of Culture 7. Ecological Revolution of last 500 years 8. Industrial Revolution of the 19 th and 20 th Centuries Simon & Schuster 2003
96 Eight Food Revolutions 1A. stone tool making 1. Invention of Cooking 2. Discovery that Food is More Than Sustenance 3. should The Herding tool making Revolution be the first? 4. Snail Farming 5. Use of Food as a Means and Index of Social Differentiation 6. Long-Range Exchange of Culture 7. Ecological Revolution of last 500 years 8. Industrial Revolution of the 19 th and 20 th Centuries Simon & Schuster 2003
97 the first stone ( lithic ) tools were... "Oldowan" chopper aka pebble tool (originally from Olduvai Gorge) Wikipedia
98 "Oldowan" chopper aka pebble tool Wikipedia
99 "Oldowan" chopper Wikimedia
100 and they were definitely used to get meat...
101 but they were probably also used for other things...
102 Oldowan tools appear and define the lower Paleolithic (lower Old Stone Age )
103
104 human structures also appear at Olduvai at this time...
105 they may have been simple houses, but they also may have been something like a hunting blind...
106 Homo sapiens Moderns (Cro-magnon ) Premoderns (Neandertal ) Homo erectus Homo habilis Paranthropus Australopithecus Ardipithecus Sivapithecus 165,000 ybp-present 500,000-28,000 ybp 1.8 mya 25,000 ybp mya we ll have a closer look at mya Homo sapiens and Homo erectus when we look at mya mya What Did Early Hominins Eat? 15-7 mya
107 Chapter 2: Diet and Human Evolution Diet and Human Evolution Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology Teeth Skulls and Jaws The Postcranial Skeleton What Is Adaptation? Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets of Extinct Hominids Our Place in Nature A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids What Did Early Hominids Eat? What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? Summary Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
108 Homo erectus Time 23 July 2001
109 premoderns Homo heidelbergensis... Time 23 July 2001
110 Time 23 July 2001 premoderns Neandertal...
111 Time 23 July 2001 moderns Homo sapiens sapiens
112
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2010-2014 www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anthfood/aftexts.html#title 2010-2014 www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anthfood/aftexts.html#title 2010-2014 www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anthfood/aftexts.html#title
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