Proposed changes to Massachusetts MUTCD Supplement
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1 Proposed changes to Massachusetts MUTCD Supplement John F. Carr National Motorists Association October 24, 2002 This document contains recommendations as to the contents of the Massachusetts MUTCD supplement related to stop signs, speed limits, warning signs, centerline markings traffic signals, and school zones. They are presented in the order in which they occur in the MUTCD. Stop Signs When the legislature eliminated the state approval requirement for municipal traffic control devices in 1986, forests of unwarranted stop signs appeared in some communities. Unfortunately, FHWA has chosen to make the standards for stop signs weaker in the 2000 MUTCD. MassHighway should amend sections 2B.05 and 2B.07 by changing the first sentence of the guidance in each from guidance ( should ) to standard ( shall ): STOP signs shall not be used for speed control. (2B.05) The decision to install multi-way stop control shall be based on an engineering study. (2B.07) Also, to ensure that engineering input is received, 1987 supplement section 10A-4 should be replaced with the following supplement to MUTCD section 2B.05: 1
2 Standard: A STOP sign shall not be installed or maintained unless a professional engineer certifies in writing that one or more of the warrants in this section are met and a STOP sign would improve safety or operations at the intersection (for two way stop control) or an engineering study has found that multiway stop control is justified by section 2B.07. Support: The purpose of the STOP sign is to prevent cross collisions. STOP signs are not intended for the control of speed or to prevent turning accidents and they often increase the number of rear-end collisions. Speed Limits State law prohibits posting of the statutory speed limits. Any speed limit sign must show a limit set by a speed regulation adopted under chapter 90, section 18. Many cities and towns think they can post the unposted statutory speed limits. To clarify the legal situation, section 10A-8 of the 1987 supplement should be replaced by the following supplement to MUTCD section 2B.11: Standard: Except in the case of a school zone, the statutory speed limits set by chapter 90 section 17 may not be posted. A speed limit sign shall show the limit established based on an engineering study using the standards in Procedures For Speed Zoning On State And Municipal Roadways, 1998 edition. Cities and towns requesting department approval for speed limits under section 18 of chapter 90 shall follow the procedure described in Procedures For Speed Zoning. The MassHighway speed zoning manual calls for REDUCED SPEED AHEAD signs whenever a limit drops by 15 MPH or more. This requirement should be incorporated into section 2B.16 of the state MUTCD: Standard: An R2-5 series sign shall be used where the posted speed limit decreases by more than ten miles per hour. 2
3 Word Signs To improve consistency and reduce improper use, the proper use of a THICKLY SETTLED sign should be described in the state supplement. (The 1965 Massachusetts MUTCD included a section describing this sign.) Proposed new section: Section 2C.55: Thickly Settled Option: The THICKLY SETTLED sign may be used in areas meeting the legal definition of a thickly settled district if engineering judgment determines that the character of the neighborhood is not obvious to drivers and a warning sign would improve safety. Standard: The THICKLY SETTLED sign shall not be used if the statutory definition in section 1 of chapter 90 is not met. If an advisory speed is posted under the THICKLY SETTLED sign, the speed shall be determined based on an engineering study as required by section 2C.42. The statutory speed limit shall not authorize the placement of 30 MPH plaques. Support: When roadside development is clearly visible, a warning is not required or appropriate. See section 2C.01. The SLOW sign was removed from the MUTCD in 1961 but remains popular in Massachusetts. These signs do nothing but distract drivers. Proposed supplement to Section 2C.02: Standard: A warning sign containing only the word SLOW or with the word SLOW larger than other text shall not be used. Support: A warning sign is intended to warn of potential hazards. SLOW alone fails to to this. Similarly, the DANGEROUS INTERSECTION word sign was long ago replaced with the symbolic + crossroad sign. Proposed supplement to section 2C.43: Standard: The word sign DANGEROUS INTERSECTION shall not be used in Massachusetts. 3
4 Centerline Markings A major difference in policy is evident between the state and local governments in marking passing zones. Many cities refuse to mark passing zones at all, while MassHighway maintains passing zones even through dense development as long as the sight distance is adequate. Passing zones are disappearing on rural highways maintained by towns, even where sight distance is well over 1000 feet. The lack of guidance to drivers is increasing the amount of unsafe passing and something ought to be done. Section 2B-10a of the 1965 Massachusetts MUTCD said that pavement marking by cities and towns should be based solely on the 400 foot sight distance in chapter 89, section 4, but less of the high speed rural road system was maintained by local governments at that time and it would not be appropriate today to neglect the MUTCD warrants. Proposed supplement to section 3B.01: Standard: When centerline markings are provided on a two lane road outside of a thickly settled or business district, a broken yellow line shall be used unless an engineering study determines that a no passing zone in one or both directions is warranted by section 3B.02. MUTCD Traffic Signals Chapter 89 of section 8 of the General Laws permits turns on any steady red indication. This phrase includes red arrows as well as red balls, and so overrules that MUTCD prohibition on turns on red arrows. To comply with state law the following should be added to section 4D.04 of the state MUTCD: 4
5 Standard: General Laws chapter 89 section 8 authorizes turns on any steady red signal indication, whether arrow or ball. Because FHWA proposes to prohibit this sort of local change to the standard meaning of traffic signal indications, MassHighway should consider requesting the legislature to amend the law to be consistent with the federal MUTCD. Model Traffic Ordinance The model traffic ordinance is not entirely consistent with the MUTCD, and many city traffic ordinances are different from the model ordinance. State law (chapter 85 section 2) requires the legal meaning of traffic signals to be as described in the MUTCD. Therefore any ordinance or regulation is invalid to the extent that it assigns a different meaning. MassHighway should adopt MUTCD section 4D.04 (as modified to comply with chapter 89 section 8) verbatim as the meaning of signals in the model traffic ordinance, and then require cities and towns to adopt the new model ordinance. The following are some current deficiencies in ordinances and regulations: 1. The red+yellow signal combination is not in the MUTCD and has not been permitted for many years. 2. Turns on red arrows are allowed by state law. 3. The description of flashing signals assumes the flashing signal is a circular ball. Read literally, the model ordinance requires drivers to stop when proceeding straight through an intersection if a left turn arrow is flashing red. 4. The MUTCD (following the Uniform Vehicle Code) requires pedestrians entering on a fresh walk signal to yield to motor vehicles lawfully in the intersection at the time the signal changed. This corresponds to the duty of drivers to let pedestrians finish crossing even though the light has turned green. 5. Although the model ordinance has adopted the modern meaning of yellow lights ( red is coming soon ) many local ordinances as well as 720 CMR 9.06(c) still define yellow to mean stop. 5
6 School Zones Cities post more school zones than are warranted. I have seen many school zones in places where there are no crosswalks and no evidence that children walk to school. The hours of operation are also longer than necessary, or even unspecified. Some towns use nonstandard signs, such as an ordinary speed limit sign underneath a school crosswalk sign. Also, since the adoption of the previous supplement, the state legislature has authorized use of flashing signs (and only flashing signs) on some roads not adjacent to the school, subject to department standards. (See Section 328 of chapter 110 of the acts of 1993.) I propose the following as the Massachusetts standard for school zones. The text of Section 9A-5 of the 1965 Massachusetts MUTCD, describing the intended use of school zones, could usefully be incorporated as a support statement. Support: School zones are intended to protect young children who need to cross the street on their way to and from school. High school students are presumed to be sufficiently mature to follow traffic laws and cross the street safely. School zones are not appropriate except at times and places when children are likely to be in the roadway entering or leaving school. School zones are not a substitute for crossing guards, and will not gain the respect of drivers unless they are clearly marked and serve an obvious need. Standard: The following are in addition to the standards and guidance set forth in part 7 of the MUTCD. The minimum warrants set forth here shall not eliminate the need for (1) an engineering study determining that the proposed school zone is appropriate for the safety of school children, (2) a school route and traffic control plan following the principles of part 7, and (3) periodic review of existing school zones (see section 1A.05). A school zone shall be established only if there is within the zone a marked crosswalk used by children below grade 9 going to or from school on a designated school route. Guidance: A school zone should not be established if there is a signalized crosswalk within the school zone. 6
7 Standard: A school zone shall be on a road that abuts school property and from which children have direct access to the school. Option: A school zone may be established within 1/4 mile of the school, as provided by section 328 of chapter 110 of the acts of 1993, provided that the school zone is marked with a flashing beacon. Standard: A school zone shall be in effect only during those periods when children below grade 9 are normally going to or from school. Unless a flashing beacon is used, the hours of operation shall be displayed below the sign on an S4-1 supplemental plate. Guidance: The school zone should be in effect for a half hour to one hour during morning and afternoon. Standard: A school speed limit sign beacon shall be used if any of the following is true: (1) the school zone does not abut school property, (2) the speed limit prior to the school zone exceeds 30 MPH, (3) the 85th percentile speed approaching the school zone exceeds 35 MPH, or (4) the school zone is in effect for more than two hours per day or at times that would not be expected by drivers. Support: School zone signs without beacons are generally ineffective at reducing vehicle speeds. Standard: A school zone speed limit sign assembly shall comply with section 7 of the MUTCD and shall not be mounted on the same post as any other sign, including other school-related signs. (Towns need to be reminded that a SPEED LIMIT 20 sign under an S1-1 school crosswalk sign does not establish a legal school zone.) Option: Changeable message signs that display the speed of approaching drivers may be used in a school speed limit zone. (This language comes from MUTCD proposed revision 2. For an example of such an installation, see Grove Street in Newton.) 7
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