Bipedalism. Bipedalism - on two feet. The single most distinctive feature of Hominids. Hominid bipedalism is habitual and required

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1 Bipedalism

2 Bipedalism Bipedalism - on two feet. The single most distinctive feature of Hominids Hominid bipedalism is habitual and required

3 Body Changes: knuckle walkers vs. bipedalists

4 Body Changes: knuckle walkers vs. bipedalists foramen magnum Circular hole at the bottom of the skull where the medulla oblongata (spinal cord) enters and exits the skull The foramen magnum is farther underneath the skull, so the head is more or less balanced on the spine.

5 Body Changes: knuckle walkers vs. bipedalists spine The spine has two distinctive curves a backward (thoracic) one and a forward (lumbar) one that keep the body and weight centered above the pelvis.

6 Body Changes: knuckle walkers vs. bipedalists pelvis The pelvis is shaped more in the form of a bowl to support internal organs.

7 Body Changes: knuckle walkers vs. bipedalists Hip bones The hip bones are shorter and broader, stabilizing weight transmission. a) Homo sapiens. (b) Early hominid (Australopithecus) from South Africa. (c) Chimpanzee. Note especially the length and breath of the iliac blade and the line of weight transmission (shown in red).

8 Body Changes: knuckle walkers vs. bipedalists Hip bones Muscle attachment ridges on the pelvis become heavier.

9 Body Changes: knuckle walkers vs. bipedalists

10 Body Changes: knuckle walkers vs. bipedalists legs Lower limbs are longer. In humans the thigh comprises 20% of body height, while in gorillas it comprises only 11%.

11 Body Changes: knuckle walkers vs. bipedalists 11 % 20 % of body height

12 Body Changes: knuckle walkers vs. bipedalists Leg muscle structures change

13 Body Changes: knuckle walkers vs. bipedalists

14 Body Changes: knuckle walkers vs. bipedalists

15 Body Changes: knuckle walkers vs. bipedalists Femur and knee action The femur is angled inward, keeping the legs more directly under the body. Modified knee anatomy also permits full extension of this joint.

16 Body Changes: knuckle walkers vs. bipedalists

17 Body Changes: knuckle walkers vs. bipedalists feet The big toe is enlarged and brought in line with the other toes An arch forms, helping absorb shock and adding propulsive spring.

18 Body Changes: knuckle walkers vs. bipedalists gibbons humans bonobos chimps gorillas orangutans gibbons orangutans bonobos chimps gorillas humans

19 Body Changes: knuckle walkers vs. bipedalists. Foot (pedal) anatomy Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 435

20 Body Changes: knuckle walkers vs. bipedalists Foot (pedal) anatomy Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 436

21 Body Changes: knuckle walkers vs. bipedalists Opposable thumb Capable of bending in such a way that it can touch all the other digits on the hand

22 Body Changes: knuckle walkers vs. bipedalists Opposable thumb Large role in the ancient humans inventing and using tools

23 Body Changes: knuckle walkers vs. bipedalists

24 The Bipedal Adaptation Efficient bipedalism among primates is found only among hominids. All the major structural changes required for bipedalism are seen in early hominid fossils. Some researchers believe these early humans also spent considerable time in the trees.

25 Disadvantages of Bipedalism Difficult childbirth Hernias Varicose veins Lower back pain

26 Why Hominids Became Bipedal Many theories to explain why bipedality evolved. Probably a combination of factors occurring over a great deal of time. Theories: Carrying Long distance walking Hunting Gathering Visual surveillance Male provisioning Thermo-regulation Feeding from bushes

27 Theories: Carrying upright posture freed the arms to carry various objects including offspring.

28 Theories:.

29 Theories:. Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 275

30 Theories: Long-distance walking Covering long distances is more energy effective for a biped than for a quadped.

31 Theories:.

32 Theories: Hunting carrying weapons and energy efficient long-distance walking made hunting more practical.

33 Theories:.

34 Theories: Gathering feeding on seeds and nuts occurred standing upright.

35 Theories: Feeding from bushes upright posture provided access to seeds, berries, etc., in lower branches

36 Theories: Visual surveillance standing up provided better view of surrounding countryside (view of predators and other group members).

37 Theories: Visual surveillance

38 Theories: Visual surveillance

39 Theories: Visual surveillance

40 Theories: Visual surveillance

41 Theories: Visual surveillance

42 Theories: Male provisioning males carried back resources to dependent females and children.

43 Theories: Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 270

44 Theories: Thermoregulation for body cooling. Vertical posture exposes less of the body to direct sun.

45 Theories:

46 Theories:

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