9/11 And Its Aftermath

Transcription

1 9/11 And Its Aftermath Public Policy Studies Fall 2008 Mon. & Wed. 10:05 11:20 David Schanzer The attacks of September 11, 2001, were a seminal moment in modern history. They demonstrated the ability of non-state actors to inflict serious damage on the world s greatest superpower and exposed the vulnerability of the entire global community to catastrophic acts of terrorism. This course explores the genesis of these attacks and evaluates the response of the United States government in three areas: national security strategy, law enforcement and intelligence, and homeland security. Do we have in place the proper strategy to deal with the national security threats revealed by 9/11? Have the actions taken by the government since 9/11 made the nation and the world safer? What impact have these changes in policy had on foreign relations, the economy, civil rights, and privacy? What changes in current policy should be pursued to improve security while minimizing adverse consequences? COURSE REQUIREMENTS: Class Participation This is not a lecture course. Rather, each class will involve a professor-led discussion on the topic at hand. Students must be prepared to engage in discussion and present arguments on the policy questions presented by the readings. Voluntary participation will be encouraged, but students should expect to be called on by the professor at least once per class. Class participation will count as 15 percent of the final grade. The participation grade will be based on the quality of participation, not quantity. Attendance Policy Class attendance is mandatory and will be considered as a factor in the participation grade. Students who cannot attend a class should advise the professor by . Students may receive credit for a missed class if the absence is for a legitimate reason (i.e., illness, religious observance, serious personal matter, representation of the university) and the student writes a one-page essay on an issue raised by the readings for the missed class. Work for other classes is not a basis for an excused absence. Any student that is absent for an extended period (more than two classes in a row) should obtain a Dean's letter to explain the absences.

2 Policy Memoranda Short policy memoranda or other short papers will be assigned throughout the semester to provide students the opportunity to consider the material for a class in greater depth. The class will be split into three groups (A, B & C) for the purpose of these assignments. Students will be assigned 4 memoranda over the course of the semester. Memoranda are due at the beginning of the class for which they were assigned. Each memorandum will count as 12.5 percent of the final grade so, in total, these assignments will count for 50 percent. Lateness Final Paper Papers are due at the beginning of class. One grade (i.e. B+ to B) will be deducted for each day of lateness. The day begins as 12:00 midnight, so a paper that is due in class on Monday at 10:00, but not handed until 12:01 AM Tuesday, will be two days late. Re-writes A re-write option will be available on all policy memoranda. Re-writes for memoranda are due one week after they are turned in, unless otherwise announced by the professor. The grade for a re-written paper will be the average of the initial grade and the re-write grade. There is no guarantee that the re-write grade will be higher than the initial grade. Re-writes that simply re-structure sentences commented on by the professor in the initial grading without dealing with the overall broader comments on the paper will not receive a higher grade on the re-write. Students are encouraged to speak or meet with the professor before re-writing a paper. There will be a final paper in lieu of a final examination. The paper will be based on an assigned prompt. No research beyond the course readings will be necessary. The final paper should be between words in length. The essay will be due on Thursday, December 11 at 5:00 P.M. The final essay will count as 35 percent of the final grade. BOOKS RECOMMENDED FOR PURCHASE: The following books have been ordered and should be available for purchase at the bookstore: Richard Clark, Against All Enemies, (New York, 2004) (recommended) David Cole & Jules Lobel, Less Safe, Less Free (2008) Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, 2 nd Edition (2006) National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Against the United States, The 9/11

3 Commission Report (2004) Marc Sageman, Leaderless Jihad (2008) John Yoo, War By Other Means (2006) READING ASSIGNMENTS: INTRODUCTION 9/11 & ITS AFTERMATH Mon. Aug /11: Fear & Response Wed. Aug. 27 A War on Terror? George W. Bush, Address To A Joint Session of Congress, September 20, 2001 Peter Singer, America, Islam, and the 9/11 War, Current History, December, 2006 James Carafano & Paul Rosenzweig, Prologue: The Long Shadow of the Long Telegram, Winning the Long War, pp John Yoo, War By Other Means, pp Philip Heymann, Terrorism, Freedom & Security: Winning Without War, pp Mary Kaldor, Old Wars, Cold Wars, New Wars, and the War on Terror, International Politics, 2005, pp Richard Stephenson, President Bush Makes It Clear: Phrase Is War on Terror, New York Times, Aug. 4, 2005 Michael Gordon, U.S. Command Shortens Life of Long War as A Reference, New York Times, April 24, 2007 Perlez, Jane. "Briton Criticizes U.S. Use of War on Terror", New York Times, April 17, 2007, p. A10 PART ONE THE RISE OF RADICAL EXTREMIST TERRORISM Mon. Sept Terrorism: Theory and Tactics Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, pp Wed. Sept Islamic Fundamentalism, Salafism, & Qutb MEMO #1: GROUP A Kenneth Jost, Understanding Islam, CQ Researcher, Nov. 3, 2006 Marc Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks pp Marc Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, Paul Berman, The Philosopher of Islamic Terror, New York Times

4 Magazine, March 23, 2003 David Cook, Understanding Jihad, pp. 1-4 Mon. Sept Islamism, Globalization & Terrorism MEMO #1: GROUP B Martha Crenshaw, Terrorism and Global Security, Leashing the Dogs of War: Conflict Management in a Divided World, edited by Chester Crocker, et al. (2007), pp Thomas Barnett, The Pentagon s New Map, Esquire, March 2003 Mehran Kamrava, Repression, Fundamentalism and Terrorism in the Middle East, in Democratic Development & Political Terrorism: The Global Perspective (William Crotty, ed. Boston, 2005), pp Noah Feldman, Why Sharia?, New York Times, March 16, 2008 James W. Roberts, Political Violence and Terrorism in Islamdom, in Democratic Development & Political Terrorism: The Global Perspective (William Crotty, ed. Boston, 2005), pp Wed. Sept Joining Terrorist Organizations Marc Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, Jessica Stern, Terror in the Name of God, Introduction (ix xxix), 3-8, Mon. Sept Bin Laden & Al-Qaeda MEMO #1: GROUP C Bruce Lawrence, Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden, pp. xi-xxiii, 23-30, Anonymous (Michael Schuerer), Through Our Enemies Eyes, National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Against the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report, Chapter 2 Bruce Hoffman, Combating al Qaeda and the Militant Islamic Threat, Testimony before the House Armed Services Committee, Feb Marc Sageman, Leaderless Jihad, Bruce Hoffman, The Myth of Grass-Roots Terrorism; Why Osama bin Laden Still Matters, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2008

5 PART TWO -- COUNTERTERRORISM BEFORE AND AFTER 9/11 Wed. Sept Counterterrorism: World Trade Center (1993) to Bush Inauguration National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Against the United States, The 9/11 Commission Report, Chapters 3, 4, & 6 Norman Podhoretz, World War IV, pp Richard Clarke, Against All Enemies, pp , , (recommended) Mon. Sept. 22 September 11, 2001 What Went Wrong? 9/11 Commission Report, pp. Chapters 5, , 7, 8 & 1 Dr. Condoleezza Rice s Opening Remarks to Commission on Terrorist Attacks, Washington, D.C. April 8, 2004 Richard Clarke, Against All Enemies, (recommended) IN-CLASS EXERCISE NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL MEETING 9/12/01 PART THREE CHANGES TO NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY Wed. Sept. 24 The Bush Doctrine & Its Critics MEMO #2: GROUPS A, B & C (Hand-In & Exchange with Classmate) George W. Bush, Remarks at the Graduation of the United States Military Academy, June 1, 2002 National Security Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, Introductory Letter, Parts I, II, III & V Michael O Hanlon, Susan Rice, James Steinberg, The New National Security Strategy and Preemption, Brookings Policy Brief #113 David Cole and Jules Lobel, Less Safe, Less Free, 1-19, 70-92, Norman Podhoretz, World War IV, pp Robert Jervis, Why the Bush Doctrine Cannot Be Sustained, Political Science Quarterly, Fall, 2005 Mon. Sept Applying the Bush Doctrine The Decision to Invade Iraq MEMO #2: GROUP A,B, C (Return Comments To Classmate) President George W. Bush, Remarks on Iraq, Cincinnati Museum Center, October 7, 2002

6 Tony Blair, Speech on Iraq War and Terrorism, March 5, 2004 Brent Scowcroft, Don t Attack Saddam, Wall Street Journal, August 15, 2002 Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, The Next Attack, pp James Fallows, Bush s Lost Year, Atlantic Monthly, October 2004 Robert Kagan & William Kristol, The Right War For the Right Reasons, Weekly Standard, February 23, 2004 Wed. Oct Fighting Terror by Promoting Democracy MEMO #2: GROUP A,B, C (Hand-In Re-write) President George W. Bush, Second Inaugural Address, Washington,.C. January 20, 2005 Condoleeza Rice, The Promise of Democratic Peace, Washington Post, December 11, 2005 F. Gregory Gause III, Can Democracy Stop Terrorism? Foreign Affairs, September/October 2005 Jennifer Windsor, Promoting Democratization Can Combat Terrorism, Washington Quarterly, pp. 43 Reza Aslan, The Struggle for Islam s Soul, in With All Our Might, pp Mon. Oct Impact of the Bush Doctrine Declassified Key Judgments of the National Intelligence Estimate Trends in Global Terrorism: Implications for the United States, April 2006 National Intelligence Estimate The Terrorist Threat to the Homeland, July 2007 Andrew Bacevich, Requiem for the Bush Doctrine, Current History, Dec Norman Podhoretz, Is the Bush Doctrine Dead? Commentary, Aug Mark Danner, Taking Stock of the Forever War, New York Times Magazine, Sept. 11, 2005 Bruce Riedel, Al Qaeda Strikes Back, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2007 PART FOUR CHANGES TO OUR INTELLIGENCE & LAW ENFORCEMENT POLICIES Wed. Oct Law & Preventing Terrorism David Cole & Jules Lobel, Less Safe, Less Free, pp Philip Zelikow, Legal Policy In the Twilight War, ABA Standing

7 Committee on Law and National Security, March 10, 2006 Alan Dershowitz, Preventive Measures against Terrorism, from Preemption, pp William H. Taft, IV, War not Crime, in K. Greenberg, The Torture Debate in America (2006), pp John Yoo, War By Other Means, Mon. Oct. 13 NO CLASS FALL BREAK Wed. Oct. 15 Terrorism & the Geneva Conventions Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners, Geneva, 12 August 1949, Arts. 1-20, Executive Branch Memoranda, Jan. 9, 2002 to February 7, 2002, in Karen J. Greenberg & Joshua L. Dratel, The Torture Papers, pp , , John Yoo, War By Other Means, John Barry, The Roots of Torture, Newsweek, May 24, 2004 Stuart Taylor, We Don t Need To Be Scofflaws To Attack Terror, National Journal, February 2, 2002 Mon. Oct. 20 Detention & Trial of Suspected Terrorists MEMO #3 GROUP A Authorization for the Use of Military Force, S.J. Res. 23, 107 th Cong., 2d. Sess. (2002) Rasul v. Bush Majority Opinion Dissent (Edited) Boudmediene v. Bush Majority Opinion & Dissents (Edited) John Yoo, War By Other Means, Jack Goldsmith, The Terror Presidency, pp Kenneth Roth, After Guantanamo, Foreign Affairs, May/June 2008 Andrew McCarthy, After GITMO, National Review, May 19, 2008 Wed. Oct Interrogation & Torture Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment, Art. 1-4, 16 Jay Bybee, Memorandum for Alberto Gonzales, August 1, 2002, in Civil Liberties vs. National Security in a Post 9/11 World (K. Darmer, R. Baird, S. Rosenbaum, eds., 2004), pp Alan Dershowitz, Should The Ticking Bomb Terrorist Be Tortured, in Civil Liberties vs. National Security in a Post 9/11 World (K. Darmer, R. Baird, S. Rosenbaum, eds., 2004), pp

8 David Luban, Liberalism, Torture, and the Ticking Bomb, in K. Greenberg, The Torture Debate in America (2006), pp , Charles Krauthammer, The Truth About Torture, The Weekly Standard, December 12, 2005 Andrew Sullivan, The Abolition of Torture, The New Republic, December 19, 2005 Mon. Oct. 27 Rendition & Secret Prisons Condoleezza Rice, Remarks Upon Her Departure for Europe, Dec. 5, 2005 Center on Law Ethics and National Security, Panel on Extraordinary Rendition (Panel V), streaming video available at: Committee on Leal Affairs and Human Rights, Council of Europe, Alleged secret detentions and unlawful inter-state transfers involving Council of Europe member states, (Dick Marty, Rapporteur), June 7, 2006 Margaret Satterthwaite, What s Wrong With Rendition? National Security Law Report, American Bar Association, November 7, 2007 John Radsan, Transferring Suspected Terrorists, National Security Law Report, American Bar Association, November 7, 2007 Michael Scheuer, A Fine Rendition, New York Times, March 11, 2005 Wed. Oct Domestic Surveillance Peter Swire, System of Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Law, 72 Geo. Wash. L. Rev (2004), pp Eric Lichtblau, Bush s Law, Congressional Research Service, Constitutional and Statutory Framework for NSA Activities, Congressional Digest, April 2006, pp Michael Hayden, Speech at the National Press Club January 23, 2006, Congressional Digest, April 2006, pp Eric Licthblau, Congress Strikes Deal to Overhaul Wiretap Law, New York Times, June 20, 2008 Senator Dianne Feinstein, Statement on FISA Amendments of 2008, June 25, 2008 Caroline Fredrickson, ACLU Letter to Senators on FISA Amendments Act, June 25, 2008 Mon. Nov. 3 Datamining & Privacy MEMO #3 -- GROUP B

9 Robert O Harrow, Jr. No Place to Hide, pp De Rosa, Mary, Data Mining and Data Analysis for Counterterrorism, Center for Strategic and International Studies (March 2004) Heather MacDonald. Total Information Unawareness, Weekly Standard, February 17, 2003 Heather MacDonald, Information Please, The Weekly Standard, May 22, 2006 Jay Stanley, Is the Threat From Total Information Awareness Overblown?, Dec. 18, 2002 Thomas Powers, Welcome To the Omnipticon, Public Interest, Summer 2004 pp. 114 Shaun Waterman, Total Information Awareness Lives Again, UPI International, Oct. 26, 2006 Wed. Nov Screening and Profiling MEMO#3 -- GROUP C ACLU, Sanctioned Bias: Racial Profiling Since 9/11, February, 2004 Kurt Anderson, "Damned If We Do, and Don't" New York Magazine, Aug. 15, 2005 David A. Harris, Racial Profiling Revisited, in in Civil Liberties vs. National Security in a Post 9/11 World (K. Darmer, R. Baird, S. Rosenbaum, eds., 2004), pp Michael Kinsley, "Racial Profiling At the Airport," Slate, Sept. 28, 2001 Andrew McCarthy, "Unreasonable Searches," National Review, Aug. 29, 2005, p. 17 Laura Jakes, Racial Profiling Eyed for Terror Probes, The Associated Press, July 2, 2008 PART FIVE CHANGES TO OUR HOMELAND SECURITY POLICIES Mon. Nov. 10 Introduction to Homeland Security and Cargo Security: The Needle in a Haystack Problem MEMO #4: GROUP A Steve Flynn, The Edge of Disaster, pp Matthew Bunn, Preventing a Nuclear 9/11, Issues in Science and Technology, Winter 2005, pp Clark Kent Ervin, Open Target (New York, 2006), pp Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, United States Senate, An Assessment of U.S. Efforts To Secure The Global Supply Chain pp. 1-43

10 Wed. Nov. 12 Chemical Plant Security: How to Secure Private Facilities? MEMO #4: GROUP B Margaret Kriz, Security Leak, National Journal, August 2, 2003 Richard Falkenrath, We Could Breathe Easier, Washington Post, March 29, 2005, p. A15 Peter Orzag and Michael O Hanlon, Protecting Infrastructure and Providing Incentives For the Private Sector To Protect Itself, in Michael d Arcy, et al., Protecting the Homeland 2006 / 2007, (Washington 2006), pp Lawrence M. Wein, Preventing Catastrophic Chemical Attacks, Issues In Science and Technology, Fall 2006 p Eric Lipton, U.S. to Require More Security at High-Risk Chemical Plants, New York Times, December 22, 2006 P.J. Crowley, A Deadly Dance on Chemical Security Regulation, Center for American Progress, Nov. 6, 2007 American Chemistry Council, The Race for Chemical Security, 2007 Mon. Nov. 17 Bioterrorism: The Challenge of Preparedness MEMO #4: GROUP C Biodefense for the 21st Century, Apr. 8, 2004 Remarks of Senator Bill Frist, Manhattan Project for the 21st Century, June 1, 2005 David Ignatius, We re Unprepared, Washington Post, May 20, 2005, p. A21 Elin Gursky, Moving Target: Biological Threats To America, in The McGraw-Hill Homeland Security Handbook (New York, 2006), pp Paul Offit, Why are Pharmaceutical Companies Gradually Abandoning Vaccines? Health Affairs, May/June 2005, pp. 622 Mon. Nov Border Security: Who Is Coming To America? Jan Ting, Immigration and National Security, Orbis, Winter 2006 Center for American Progress, Principles for Immigration Reform, Kenneth Rogoff, The Cost of Living Dangerously, Foreign Policy, Nov./Dec. 2004, p. 70

11 Thomas Friedman, America s DNA, New York Times, June 1, 2005 Mark Krikorian, Keeping Terror Out, National Interest, Spring 2004 Fareed Zakaria, To Become American, Washington Post, April 4, 2006 Mark Krikorian, Borderline Insanity, National Interest, Spring 2005 A Turning Tide, The Economist, June 28, 2008 PART VI TOWARD AN EFFECTIVE COUNTERTERRORISM STRATEGY Mon. Nov. 24 Counterterrorism Strategy What Are the Options? National Strategy for Combating Terrorism, 2006 Stephen van Evera, Assessing U.S. Strategy in the War on Terror, Annals of the American Academy of Political Science, September 26, 2006 David Frum & Richard Perle, An End to Evil (New York, 2003), pp Will Marshall & Jeremy Rosner, A Progressive Answer To Jihadist Terror, from With All Our Might, Will Marshall, ed. (Washington, 2006), pp Wed. Nov. 26 NO CLASS THANKSGIVING Mon. Dec Countering Terrorist Ideology Robert Satloff, The Battle of Ideas in the War on Terror (2004), pp. xiiixvi, 3-14, Paul Bergen and Paul Cruickshank, The Unraveling, The New Republic, June 11, 2008 National Counterterrorism Center, Words that Work and Words that Don t: A Guide to Counterterrorism Communication Stephen Schwartz, War of Words, Weekly Standard, May 30, 2008 George Packer, Knowing the Enemy, The New Yorker, December 18, 2006 Robert Lambert, Empowering Salfis and Islamists Against Al-Qaeda: A London Counterterrorism Case Study, Political Science & Politics, Jan. 28, 2008 Wed. Dec. 3 What Would Victory Look Like? Phillip Bobbit, Terror and Consent, pp James Fallows, Declaring Victory, The Atlantic, Sept Tony Blair, A Battle For Global Values, Foreign Affairs, Jan./Feb. 2007