A computer program that improves its performance at some task through experience.

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2 A computer program that improves its performance at some task through experience. 2

3 Example: Learn to Diagnose Patients T: Diagnose tumors from images P: Percent of patients correctly diagnosed E: Pre diagnosed tumors (supervision) 3

4 Example: Learn to Diagnose Patients T: Diagnose tumors from images P: Percent of patients correctly diagnosed E: Pre diagnosed tumors Example: Learn Activities of Smart Home Residents T: Identify activities of daily living P: Accuracy of activity labels E: Labeled sequences of sensor events 4

5 Example: Learn to Diagnose Patients T: Diagnose tumors from images P: Percent of patients correctly diagnosed E: Pre diagnosed tumors Example: Learn Activities of Smart Home Residents T: Identify activities of daily living P: Accuracy of activity labels E: Labeled sequences of sensor events Example: Epidemic Outbreak Prediction T: Predict malaria outbreads P: #Predicted cases #Actual cases E: Climate, current cases 5

6 Can this be automated? 6

7

8 If (cell# mod 5) = 3 and cell value = 1.0 and All other cell values = 0.0 8

9 If (cell# mod 5) = 3 and cell value = 1.0 and All other cell values = 0.0 9

10 If (cell# mod 5) = 3 and cell value = 1.0 or If (cell# = 7) and cell value = 1.0 and All other cell values =

11 If (cell# mod 5) = 3 and cell value = 1.0 or If (cell# = 7) and cell value = 1.0 and All other cell values =

12 If (cell# mod 5) = 3 and cell value = 1.0 or If (cell# = 7) and cell value = 1.0 or If (cell# = 22) and cell value = 1.0 AND (cell# 23 = 1.0) AND (cell# 24 = 1.0) and All other cell values =

13 If (cell# mod 5) = 3 and cell value = 1.0 or If (cell# = 7) and cell value = 1.0 or If (cell# = 22) and cell value = 1.0 AND (cell# 23 = 1.0) AND (cell# 24 = 1.0) and All other cell values =

14 If (cell# mod 5) = 3 and cell value between 0.7 and 1.0 or If (cell# = 7) and cell value between 0.7 and 1.0 or If (cell# = 22) and cell value between 0.7 and 1.0 AND (cell# 23 between 0.7 and 1.0 AND (cell# 24 between 0.7 and 1.0) and All other cell values between 0.0 and

15 If (cell# mod 5) = 3 and cell value between 0.7 and 1.0 or If (cell# = 7) and cell value between 0.7 and 1.0 or If (cell# = 22) and cell value between 0.7 and 1.0 AND (cell# 23 between 0.7 and 1.0 AND (cell# 24 between 0.7 and 1.0) and All other cell values between 0.0 and ? 0.5? Shorter? Crooked? 15

16 Too many combinations to consider manually Might forget (not know) some possible combinations Can this be automated? 16

17 Learning task Learn to classify whether a home is in San Francisco or New York Represent each home by elevation 17

18 Learning task Learn to classify whether a home is in San Francisco or New York Represent each home by elevation 18

19 Learning task Learn to classify whether a home is in San Francisco or New York Represent each home by elevation If elevation > 240 then San Francisco 19

20 Add another dimension Home is in San Francisco or New York New feature: price per sq ft If elevation > 240 then San Francisco 20

21 Add another dimension Home is in San Francisco or New York New feature: price per sq ft If elevation > 240 then San Francisco 21

22 Add another dimension Home is in San Francisco or New York New feature: price per sq ft If elevation > 240 then San Francisco else if price >$1777/sqft then New York 22

23 Visualize rule as boundaries of regions in scatterplot If elevation > 240 then San Francisco else if price >$1777/sqft then New York 23

24 Visualize rule as boundaries of regions in scatterplot If elevation > 240 then San Francisco else if price >$1777/sqft then New York 24

25 Seven dimensions 25

26 View elevation histogram 26

27 View elevation histogram 27

28 Decision tree uses ifthen statements to form boundaries If elevation > x then home in San Francisco These statements are forks Forks split the data into branches based feature values Homes to the left of a split point get one label Homes to the right get another label 28

29 If elevation > 240 then home in San Francisco This split incorrectly classifies some San Francisco homes as New York homes Accuracy is 63% correct All the green incorrect labels are false negatives 29

30 If elevation > 0 then home in San Francisco If we try to capture every San Francisco home we will include New York homes These will be false positives 30

31 The best split makes the groups as homogeneous as possible If elevation > 92 then home in San Francisco Entropy 31

32 Assume classes are and Entropy measures the impurity of the dataset Entropy p log 2 p p log 2 p 32

33 Gain(S,F) = expected reduction in entropy due to sorting on feature F Gain( S, F) Entropy( S) v Values( F ) S S v Entropy( S v ) 33

34 Even the best split does not fully separate the classes 34

35 Solution? Add another split point Repeat process on subsets of data Recursion 35

36 Consider distribution for each subset 36

37 Consider distribution for each subset 37

38 Best split varies for each subset Lower elevation homes Best split variable is price per square foot ($1061) Higher elevation homes Best split variable is price of home ($514,500) 38

39 Additional forks add new rule details This can increase the tree s accuracy 39

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46 Overfit Noise Not enough features 46

47 47

48 Activity recognition 48

49 Understand behavior Correlate with parameters of interest Design activity aware services

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53 :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom?

54 More information context than appears on each line :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

55 Define a context window Data segmented into individual activities Sliding window Based on #sensor events Based on amount of time Overlapping or nonoverlapping :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

56 Define a context window Data segmented into individual activities Sliding window Based on #sensor events Based on amount of time Overlapping or nonoverlapping :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

57 Define a context window Data segmented into individual activities Sliding window Based on #sensor events Based on amount of time Overlapping or nonoverlapping :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

58 Define a context window Data segmented into individual activities Sliding window Based on #sensor events Based on amount of time Overlapping or nonoverlapping :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

59 Define a context window Data segmented into individual activities Sliding window Based on #sensor events Based on amount of time Overlapping or nonoverlapping :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

60 Define a context window Data segmented into individual activities Sliding window Based on #sensor events Based on amount of time Overlapping or nonoverlapping :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

61 Define a context window Data segmented into individual activities Sliding window Based on #sensor events Based on amount of time Overlapping or nonoverlapping :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

62 :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

63 Window duration Date (days since 01 01) Day of week Time of day (hours, minutes, seconds past midnight) :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

64 Window duration Date (days since 01 01) Day of week Time of day (hours, minutes, seconds past midnight) :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

65 Window duration Date (days since 01 01) Day of week Time of day (hours, minutes, seconds past midnight) , , , :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

66 :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

67 Sensor counts (FrontDoor, Entry, Hall, Kitchen, KitchenCabinet, LivingRoom, Bathroom, Bedroom) Sensor elapsed times (FrontDoor, Entry, Hall, Kitchen, KitchenCabinet, LivingRoom, Bathroom, Bedroom) 2,6,2,0,0,0,0,0 0,0,1,9,0,0,0,0 0,0,0,7,2,1,0, :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

68 Sensor counts 4,1,0,362, 1801,363,372,422 (FrontDoor, Entry, Hall, Kitchen, KitchenCabinet, LivingRoom, Bathroom, Bedroom) Sensor elapsed times (FrontDoor, Entry, Hall, Kitchen, KitchenCabinet, LivingRoom, Bathroom, Bedroom) 32,29,27,0, 1829,391,400,450 62,59,57,0, 12,0,430, :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

69 Activity labels in previous windows Change in activity level Complexity Statistical features for numeric values :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

70 8, 53, 4, 11, 702, 42178, 2, 6, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 1, 0, 362, 1801, 363, 372, 422, 5, 4, 0.5, 1.72, :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

71 v = <8, 53, 4, 11, 702, 42178, 2, 6, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 1, 0, 362, 1801, 363, 372, 422, 5, 4, 0.5, 1.72> Activity recognition maps the feature vector, v, onto an activity from a set A of possible activity classes AR: v A :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

72 v = <8, 53, 4, 11, 702, 42178, 2, 6, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 1, 0, 362, 1801, 363, 372, 422, 5, 4, 0.5, 1.72> AR: v A A = {Enter Home, Leave Home, Sleep, Bed/Toilet Transition, Relax, Work, Cook, Eat, Wash Dishes, Housekeeping, Laundry, Put Away Groceries,, Other} :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

73 v1 = <8, 53, 4, 11, 702, 42178, 2, 6, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 1, 0, 362, 1801, 363, 372, 422, 5, 4, 0.5, 1.72> AR: v1 Enter Home :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

74 v2 = <27, 53, 4, 11, 703, 42206, 0, 0, 1, 9, 0, 0, 0, 0, 32, 29, 27, 0, 1829, 391, 400, 425, 5, 4, 0.6, 1.62> AR: v2 Put Away Groceries :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

75 v3 = <29, 53, 4, 11, 703, 42236, 0, 0, 0, 7, 2, 0, 0, 0, 62, 59, 57, 0, 12, 0, 430, 480, 425, 5, 2, 0.2, 1.51> AR: v3? :42:50.57 FrontDoor :42:51.15 Entry :42:51.57 Hall :42:51.99 Entry :42:53.01 Entry :42:54.82 FrontDoor :42:55.74 Entry :42:56.95 Entry :42:57.18 Entry :42:58.15 Hall :42:59.78 Hall :43:00.22 Kitchen :43:08.21 Kitchen :43:09.47 Kitchen :43:11.02 Kitchen :43:13.84 Kitchen :43:14.91 Kitchen :43:19.27 Kitchen :43:21.71 Kitchen :43:26.15 Kitchen :43:27.44 KitchenCabinet :43:36.90 Kitchen :43:38.03 Kitchen :43:43.40 Kitchen :43:44.67 KitchenCabinet :43:49.21 Kitchen :43:50.95 Kitchen :43:53.96 Kitchen :43:56.01 Kitchen :43:56.64 LivingRoom

76 76

77 True class Predicted class Positive Negative Total Positive TP: true positive FN: false negative P Negative FP: false positive TN: true negative N Total P N M Naïve Bayes True class Predicted class Sleep Eat Total Sleep Eat Total

78 Metric Formula Naïve Bayes Example Accuracy Error Precision Recall, TP Rate F measure

79 Classify using P(class x) > as varies from 0.0 to 1.0 Plot FP rate and TPrate for each Area under curve (AUC) measure of performance AR: AUC = 1.0 TP rate FP rate Classifier Random

80 What data should to train and test?

81 But what about mobile data?

82 Sensor Data :57:08 Yaw :57:08 Pitch :57:08 Roll :57:08 AccelerationX :57:08 AccelerationY :57:08 AccelerationZ :57:08 Latitude :57:08 Longitude :57:08 Altitude :57:08 Course :57:08 Speed :57:09 Yaw :57:09 Pitch :57:09 Roll :57:09 AccelerationX :57:09 AccelerationY :57:09 AccelerationZ :57:09 Latitude :57:09 Longitude :57:09 Altitude :57:09 Course :57:09 Speed :57:10 Yaw :57:10 Pitch :57:10 Roll :57:10 AccelerationX :57:10 AccelerationY :57:10 AccelerationZ :57:10 Latitude :57:10 Longitude :57:10 Altitude :57:10 Course :57:10 Speed :57:11 Yaw :57:11 Pitch :57:11 Roll :57:11 AccelerationX :57:11 AccelerationY :57:11 AccelerationZ :57:11 Latitude :57:11 Longitude :57:11 Altitude :57:11 Course :57:11 Speed :57:12 Yaw :57:12 Pitch :57:12 Roll :57:12 AccelerationX :57:12 AccelerationY :57:12 AccelerationZ :57:12 Latitude :57:12 Longitude :57:12 Altitude :57:12 Course :57:12 Speed

83 Sensor Data :57:08 Yaw :57:08 Pitch :57:08 Roll :57:08 AccelerationX :57:08 AccelerationY :57:08 AccelerationZ :57:08 Latitude :57:08 Longitude :57:08 Altitude :57:08 Course :57:08 Speed :57:09 Yaw :57:09 Pitch :57:09 Roll :57:09 AccelerationX :57:09 AccelerationY :57:09 AccelerationZ :57:09 Latitude :57:09 Longitude :57:09 Altitude :57:09 Course :57:09 Speed :57:10 Yaw :57:10 Pitch :57:10 Roll :57:10 AccelerationX :57:10 AccelerationY :57:10 AccelerationZ :57:10 Latitude :57:10 Longitude :57:10 Altitude :57:10 Course :57:10 Speed :57:11 Yaw :57:11 Pitch :57:11 Roll :57:11 AccelerationX :57:11 AccelerationY :57:11 AccelerationZ :57:11 Latitude :57:11 Longitude :57:11 Altitude :57:11 Course :57:11 Speed :57:12 Yaw :57:12 Pitch :57:12 Roll :57:12 AccelerationX :57:12 AccelerationY :57:12 AccelerationZ :57:12 Latitude :57:12 Longitude :57:12 Altitude :57:12 Course :57:12 Speed

84 Sensor Data :57:08 Yaw :57:08 Pitch :57:08 Roll :57:08 AccelerationX :57:08 AccelerationY :57:08 AccelerationZ :57:08 Latitude :57:08 Longitude :57:08 Altitude :57:08 Course :57:08 Speed :57:09 Yaw :57:09 Pitch :57:09 Roll :57:09 AccelerationX :57:09 AccelerationY :57:09 AccelerationZ :57:09 Latitude :57:09 Longitude :57:09 Altitude :57:09 Course :57:09 Speed :57:10 Yaw :57:10 Pitch :57:10 Roll :57:10 AccelerationX :57:10 AccelerationY :57:10 AccelerationZ :57:10 Latitude :57:10 Longitude :57:10 Altitude :57:10 Course :57:10 Speed :57:11 Yaw :57:11 Pitch :57:11 Roll :57:11 AccelerationX :57:11 AccelerationY :57:11 AccelerationZ :57:11 Latitude :57:11 Longitude :57:11 Altitude :57:11 Course :57:11 Speed :57:12 Yaw :57:12 Pitch :57:12 Roll :57:12 AccelerationX :57:12 AccelerationY :57:12 AccelerationZ :57:12 Latitude :57:12 Longitude :57:12 Altitude :57:12 Course :57:12 Speed

85 Sensor Data :57:08 Yaw :57:08 Pitch :57:08 Roll :57:08 AccelerationX :57:08 AccelerationY :57:08 AccelerationZ :57:08 Latitude :57:08 Longitude :57:08 Altitude :57:08 Course :57:08 Speed :57:09 Yaw :57:09 Pitch :57:09 Roll :57:09 AccelerationX :57:09 AccelerationY :57:09 AccelerationZ :57:09 Latitude :57:09 Longitude :57:09 Altitude :57:09 Course :57:09 Speed :57:10 Yaw :57:10 Pitch :57:10 Roll :57:10 AccelerationX :57:10 AccelerationY :57:10 AccelerationZ :57:10 Latitude :57:10 Longitude :57:10 Altitude :57:10 Course :57:10 Speed :57:11 Yaw :57:11 Pitch :57:11 Roll :57:11 AccelerationX :57:11 AccelerationY :57:11 AccelerationZ :57:11 Latitude :57:11 Longitude :57:11 Altitude :57:11 Course :57:11 Speed :57:12 Yaw :57:12 Pitch :57:12 Roll :57:12 AccelerationX :57:12 AccelerationY :57:12 AccelerationZ :57:12 Latitude :57:12 Longitude :57:12 Altitude :57:12 Course :57:12 Speed

86 Sensor Data :57:08 Yaw :57:08 Pitch :57:08 Roll :57:08 AccelerationX :57:08 AccelerationY :57:08 AccelerationZ :57:08 Latitude :57:08 Longitude :57:08 Altitude :57:08 Course :57:08 Speed :57:09 Yaw :57:09 Pitch :57:09 Roll :57:09 AccelerationX :57:09 AccelerationY :57:09 AccelerationZ :57:09 Latitude :57:09 Longitude :57:09 Altitude :57:09 Course :57:09 Speed :57:10 Yaw :57:10 Pitch :57:10 Roll :57:10 AccelerationX :57:10 AccelerationY :57:10 AccelerationZ :57:10 Latitude :57:10 Longitude :57:10 Altitude :57:10 Course :57:10 Speed :57:11 Yaw :57:11 Pitch :57:11 Roll :57:11 AccelerationX :57:11 AccelerationY :57:11 AccelerationZ :57:11 Latitude :57:11 Longitude :57:11 Altitude :57:11 Course :57:11 Speed :57:12 Yaw :57:12 Pitch :57:12 Roll :57:12 AccelerationX :57:12 AccelerationY :57:12 AccelerationZ :57:12 Latitude :57:12 Longitude :57:12 Altitude :57:12 Course :57:12 Speed

87 Sensor Data :57:08 Yaw :57:08 Pitch :57:08 Roll :57:08 AccelerationX :57:08 AccelerationY :57:08 AccelerationZ :57:08 Latitude :57:08 Longitude :57:08 Altitude :57:08 Course :57:08 Speed :57:09 Yaw :57:09 Pitch :57:09 Roll :57:09 AccelerationX :57:09 AccelerationY :57:09 AccelerationZ :57:09 Latitude :57:09 Longitude :57:09 Altitude :57:09 Course :57:09 Speed :57:10 Yaw :57:10 Pitch :57:10 Roll :57:10 AccelerationX :57:10 AccelerationY :57:10 AccelerationZ :57:10 Latitude :57:10 Longitude :57:10 Altitude :57:10 Course :57:10 Speed :57:11 Yaw :57:11 Pitch :57:11 Roll :57:11 AccelerationX :57:11 AccelerationY :57:11 AccelerationZ :57:11 Latitude :57:11 Longitude :57:11 Altitude :57:11 Course :57:11 Speed :57:12 Yaw :57:12 Pitch :57:12 Roll :57:12 AccelerationX :57:12 AccelerationY :57:12 AccelerationZ :57:12 Latitude :57:12 Longitude :57:12 Altitude :57:12 Course :57:12 Speed

88 Sensor Data :57:08 Yaw :57:08 Pitch :57:08 Roll :57:08 AccelerationX :57:08 AccelerationY :57:08 AccelerationZ :57:08 Latitude :57:08 Longitude :57:08 Altitude :57:08 Course :57:08 Speed :57:09 Yaw :57:09 Pitch :57:09 Roll :57:09 AccelerationX :57:09 AccelerationY :57:09 AccelerationZ :57:09 Latitude :57:09 Longitude :57:09 Altitude :57:09 Course :57:09 Speed :57:10 Yaw :57:10 Pitch :57:10 Roll :57:10 AccelerationX :57:10 AccelerationY :57:10 AccelerationZ :57:10 Latitude :57:10 Longitude :57:10 Altitude :57:10 Course :57:10 Speed :57:11 Yaw :57:11 Pitch :57:11 Roll :57:11 AccelerationX :57:11 AccelerationY :57:11 AccelerationZ :57:11 Latitude :57:11 Longitude :57:11 Altitude :57:11 Course :57:11 Speed :57:12 Yaw :57:12 Pitch :57:12 Roll :57:12 AccelerationX :57:12 AccelerationY :57:12 AccelerationZ :57:12 Latitude :57:12 Longitude :57:12 Altitude :57:12 Course :57:12 Speed [Wikimedia]

89 Sensor Data :57:08 Yaw :57:08 Pitch :57:08 Roll :57:08 AccelerationX :57:08 AccelerationY :57:08 AccelerationZ :57:08 Latitude :57:08 Longitude :57:08 Altitude :57:08 Course :57:08 Speed :57:09 Yaw :57:09 Pitch :57:09 Roll :57:09 AccelerationX :57:09 AccelerationY :57:09 AccelerationZ :57:09 Latitude :57:09 Longitude :57:09 Altitude :57:09 Course :57:09 Speed :57:10 Yaw :57:10 Pitch :57:10 Roll :57:10 AccelerationX :57:10 AccelerationY :57:10 AccelerationZ :57:10 Latitude :57:10 Longitude :57:10 Altitude :57:10 Course :57:10 Speed :57:11 Yaw :57:11 Pitch :57:11 Roll :57:11 AccelerationX :57:11 AccelerationY :57:11 AccelerationZ :57:11 Latitude :57:11 Longitude :57:11 Altitude :57:11 Course :57:11 Speed :57:12 Yaw :57:12 Pitch :57:12 Roll :57:12 AccelerationX :57:12 AccelerationY :57:12 AccelerationZ :57:12 Latitude :57:12 Longitude :57:12 Altitude :57:12 Course :57:12 Speed [Wikimedia]

90 Sensor Data :57:08 Yaw :57:08 Pitch :57:08 Roll :57:08 AccelerationX :57:08 AccelerationY :57:08 AccelerationZ :57:08 Latitude :57:08 Longitude :57:08 Altitude :57:08 Course :57:08 Speed :57:09 Yaw :57:09 Pitch :57:09 Roll :57:09 AccelerationX :57:09 AccelerationY :57:09 AccelerationZ :57:09 Latitude :57:09 Longitude :57:09 Altitude :57:09 Course :57:09 Speed :57:10 Yaw :57:10 Pitch :57:10 Roll :57:10 AccelerationX :57:10 AccelerationY :57:10 AccelerationZ :57:10 Latitude :57:10 Longitude :57:10 Altitude :57:10 Course :57:10 Speed :57:11 Yaw :57:11 Pitch :57:11 Roll :57:11 AccelerationX :57:11 AccelerationY :57:11 AccelerationZ :57:11 Latitude :57:11 Longitude :57:11 Altitude :57:11 Course :57:11 Speed :57:12 Yaw :57:12 Pitch :57:12 Roll :57:12 AccelerationX :57:12 AccelerationY :57:12 AccelerationZ :57:12 Latitude :57:12 Longitude :57:12 Altitude :57:12 Course :57:12 Speed [Wikimedia]

91 Sensor Data :57:08 Yaw :57:08 Pitch :57:08 Roll :57:08 AccelerationX :57:08 AccelerationY :57:08 AccelerationZ :57:08 Latitude :57:08 Longitude :57:08 Altitude :57:08 Course :57:08 Speed :57:09 Yaw :57:09 Pitch :57:09 Roll :57:09 AccelerationX :57:09 AccelerationY :57:09 AccelerationZ :57:09 Latitude :57:09 Longitude :57:09 Altitude :57:09 Course :57:09 Speed :57:10 Yaw :57:10 Pitch :57:10 Roll :57:10 AccelerationX :57:10 AccelerationY :57:10 AccelerationZ :57:10 Latitude :57:10 Longitude :57:10 Altitude :57:10 Course :57:10 Speed :57:11 Yaw :57:11 Pitch :57:11 Roll :57:11 AccelerationX :57:11 AccelerationY :57:11 AccelerationZ :57:11 Latitude :57:11 Longitude :57:11 Altitude :57:11 Course :57:11 Speed :57:12 Yaw :57:12 Pitch :57:12 Roll :57:12 AccelerationX :57:12 AccelerationY :57:12 AccelerationZ :57:12 Latitude :57:12 Longitude :57:12 Altitude :57:12 Course :57:12 Speed

92 Sensor Data :57:08 Yaw :57:08 Pitch :57:08 Roll :57:08 AccelerationX :57:08 AccelerationY :57:08 AccelerationZ :57:08 Latitude :57:08 Longitude :57:08 Altitude :57:08 Course :57:08 Speed :57:09 Yaw :57:09 Pitch :57:09 Roll :57:09 AccelerationX :57:09 AccelerationY :57:09 AccelerationZ :57:09 Latitude :57:09 Longitude :57:09 Altitude :57:09 Course :57:09 Speed :57:10 Yaw :57:10 Pitch :57:10 Roll :57:10 AccelerationX :57:10 AccelerationY :57:10 AccelerationZ :57:10 Latitude :57:10 Longitude :57:10 Altitude :57:10 Course :57:10 Speed :57:11 Yaw :57:11 Pitch :57:11 Roll :57:11 AccelerationX :57:11 AccelerationY :57:11 AccelerationZ :57:11 Latitude :57:11 Longitude :57:11 Altitude :57:11 Course :57:11 Speed :57:12 Yaw :57:12 Pitch :57:12 Roll :57:12 AccelerationX :57:12 AccelerationY :57:12 AccelerationZ :57:12 Latitude :57:12 Longitude :57:12 Altitude :57:12 Course :57:12 Speed

93 Sensor Data :57:08 Yaw :57:08 Pitch :57:08 Roll :57:08 AccelerationX :57:08 AccelerationY :57:08 AccelerationZ :57:08 Latitude :57:08 Longitude :57:08 Altitude :57:08 Course :57:08 Speed :57:09 Yaw :57:09 Pitch :57:09 Roll :57:09 AccelerationX :57:09 AccelerationY :57:09 AccelerationZ :57:09 Latitude :57:09 Longitude :57:09 Altitude :57:09 Course :57:09 Speed :57:10 Yaw :57:10 Pitch :57:10 Roll :57:10 AccelerationX :57:10 AccelerationY :57:10 AccelerationZ :57:10 Latitude :57:10 Longitude :57:10 Altitude :57:10 Course :57:10 Speed :57:11 Yaw :57:11 Pitch :57:11 Roll :57:11 AccelerationX :57:11 AccelerationY :57:11 AccelerationZ :57:11 Latitude :57:11 Longitude :57:11 Altitude :57:11 Course :57:11 Speed :57:12 Yaw :57:12 Pitch :57:12 Roll :57:12 AccelerationX :57:12 AccelerationY :57:12 AccelerationZ :57:12 Latitude :57:12 Longitude :57:12 Altitude :57:12 Course :57:12 Speed

94 Feature Window :57:08 Yaw :57:08 Pitch :57:08 Roll :57:08 AccelerationX :57:08 AccelerationY :57:08 AccelerationZ :57:08 Latitude :57:08 Longitude :57:08 Altitude :57:08 Course :57:08 Speed :57:09 Yaw :57:09 Pitch :57:09 Roll :57:09 AccelerationX :57:09 AccelerationY :57:09 AccelerationZ :57:09 Latitude :57:09 Longitude :57:09 Altitude :57:09 Course :57:09 Speed :57:10 Yaw :57:10 Pitch :57:10 Roll :57:10 AccelerationX :57:10 AccelerationY :57:10 AccelerationZ :57:10 Latitude :57:10 Longitude :57:10 Altitude :57:10 Course :57:10 Speed Define a context window Data segmented into individual activities Sliding window Based on amount of time Overlapping or nonoverlapping

95 Window Features :57:08 Yaw :57:08 Pitch :57:08 Roll :57:08 AccelerationX :57:08 AccelerationY :57:08 AccelerationZ :57:08 Latitude :57:08 Longitude :57:08 Altitude :57:08 Course :57:08 Speed :57:09 Yaw :57:09 Pitch :57:09 Roll :57:09 AccelerationX :57:09 AccelerationY :57:09 AccelerationZ :57:09 Latitude :57:09 Longitude :57:09 Altitude :57:09 Course :57:09 Speed :57:10 Yaw :57:10 Pitch :57:10 Roll :57:10 AccelerationX :57:10 AccelerationY :57:10 AccelerationZ :57:10 Latitude :57:10 Longitude :57:10 Altitude :57:10 Course :57:10 Speed :57:11 Yaw :57:11 Pitch :57:11 Roll :57:11 AccelerationX :57:11 AccelerationY :57:11 AccelerationZ :57:11 Latitude :57:11 Longitude :57:11 Altitude :57:11 Course :57:11 Speed :57:12 Yaw :57:12 Pitch :57:12 Roll :57:12 AccelerationX :57:12 AccelerationY :57:12 AccelerationZ :57:12 Latitude :57:12 Longitude :57:12 Altitude :57:12 Course :57:12 Speed Date (days since 01-01): 251 Day of week: 3 Time of day (hours, minutes, seconds past midnight): (21, 1260, 75612)

96 StDev (S) = Statistical Features Yaw Pitch Roll AccelerationX AccelerationY AccelerationZ Latitude Longitude Altitude Course Speed Yaw Pitch Roll AccelerationX AccelerationY AccelerationZ Latitude Longitude Altitude Course Speed Yaw Pitch Roll AccelerationX AccelerationY AccelerationZ Latitude Longitude Altitude Course Speed Yaw Pitch Roll AccelerationX AccelerationY AccelerationZ Latitude Longitude Altitude Course Speed Yaw Pitch Roll AccelerationX AccelerationY AccelerationZ Latitude Longitude Altitude Course Speed Yaw values , , , , Max: Min: Sum: Mean: Median: Standard deviation: N StDev (S) = ( s 2 i i s) 1 N Mean absolute deviation: N MeanAbsDev (S) = s i i s 1 N Median absolute deviation: N MedAbsDev (S) = s Median( i i S 1 N )

97 StDev (S) = Statistical Features Yaw Pitch Roll AccelerationX AccelerationY AccelerationZ Latitude Longitude Altitude Course Speed Yaw Pitch Roll AccelerationX AccelerationY AccelerationZ Latitude Longitude Altitude Course Speed Yaw Pitch Roll AccelerationX AccelerationY AccelerationZ Latitude Longitude Altitude Course Speed Yaw Pitch Roll AccelerationX AccelerationY AccelerationZ Latitude Longitude Altitude Course Speed Yaw Pitch Roll AccelerationX AccelerationY AccelerationZ Latitude Longitude Altitude Course Speed Yaw values , , , , Zero crossings: 1 #times cross median Mean crossings: 1 Interquartile range (IQR): Sorted (nondecreasing) , , , , Measures statistical dispersion IQR is difference between 75 th and 25 th percentiles Here, 25 th is , 75 th is IQR is ( ) ( )

98 StDev (S) = Statistical Features Yaw Pitch Roll AccelerationX AccelerationY AccelerationZ Latitude Longitude Altitude Course Speed Yaw Pitch Roll AccelerationX AccelerationY AccelerationZ Latitude Longitude Altitude Course Speed Yaw Pitch Roll AccelerationX AccelerationY AccelerationZ Latitude Longitude Altitude Course Speed Yaw Pitch Roll AccelerationX AccelerationY AccelerationZ Latitude Longitude Altitude Course Speed Yaw Pitch Roll AccelerationX AccelerationY AccelerationZ Latitude Longitude Altitude Course Speed Yaw values , , , , Skewness: Measure asymmetry in distribution of values Kurtosis: Amount of peakedness or flatness in values Skewness(S) = 1 N 1 ( N i 1 N N i 1 3 ( s s) i i 2 ( s s) ) 1 N 4 ( s ) i 1 i s Kurstosis(S) = N 3 1 N 2 3 ( ( s ) ) i 1 i s N 3 2 [Najafi et al.]

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