Aerospace Physiology MARYLAND. Cardiopulmonary Physiology. Musculoskeletal Vestibular Neurological. Respiratory Cardiovascular U N I V E R S I T Y O F
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1 Cardiopulmonary Physiology Respiratory Cardiovascular Musculoskeletal Vestibular Neurological 2003 David L. Akin - All rights reserved
2 The Human Circulatory System
3 Lung Measurements From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
4 Blood Pressure in Circulatory System
5 Gas Exchange in the Lungs From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
6 Gas Exchange in the Tissues From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
7 Metabolic Processes Respiratory Quotient ( RQ ) Function of activity and dietary balance Sugar: Protein: Fat: RQ = Exhaled volume of CO 2 Inhaled volume of O 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Æ 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O RQ =1.0 For well-balance diet RQ~0.85 ( ) ( ) ( ) 2C 3 H 7 O 2 N + 6O 2 Æ 5CO H 2 O RQ = 0.83 C 57 H 104 O O 2 Æ 57CO H 2 O RQ = 0.71
8 Respiratory Problems Hypoxia Hypoxic Hypemic Stagnant Histotoxic Hyperoxia Hypocapnia Hypercapnia
9 Types of Hypoxia Hypoxic (insufficient O 2 present) Decompression Pneumonia Hypemic (insufficient blood capacity) Hemorrhage Anemia Stagnant (insufficient blood transport) Excessive acceleration Heart failure Histotoxic (insufficient tissue absorption) Poisoning
10 Alveolar Pressures From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
11 Effects of Supplemental Oxygen From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
12 Hypoxia Effective Performance Time From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
13 Oxygen Toxicity From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
14 Gravity Effects on Arterial Pressure 320 mm 95/55 mmhg 120/80 mmhg 1200 mm 1000 mmh 2 O = 74.1 mmhg 210/170 mmhg
15 The Human Circulatory System, Revisited
16 Cardiovascular Effects of Microgravity Cardiovascular deconditioning Upper body blood pooling Changes in blood volume Increased calcium content
17 Acceleration Effects on Arterial Pressure 320 mm 25/ mmhg 120/80 mmhg 1200 mm At 4 g s longitudinal: 1000 mmh 2 O = 296 mmhg 475/435 mmhg
18 Decompression Sickness Release of dissolved gases in blood following pressure drop DCS, Caisson Disease, The Bends J. B. S. Haldane modeled DCS as supersaturation of dissolved nitrogen in blood: R = P N 2 = 0.79 (nominally) P ambient Experience indicates symptomatic DCS onset at levels of
19 Haldane Tissue Model Hypothesized that tissues absorb and release dissolved gases at exponential rates dp tissue dt = k( P alveoli - P ) tissue Response to a step change in alveolar pressure P tissue (t) = P tissue,0 + ( P alveoli - P )( tissue 1- e -kt )
20 Tissue Models, continued Rate coefficient frequently given as time to evolve half of dissolved gases: T 1/2 = ln(2) k Workman added concept of M-values - critical saturation limits for tissues Continued refinement of tissue models for predicting onset of DCS
21 PADUA (Univ of Pennsylvania) Tissue Model Tissue T 1/2 (minutes) M 0 (bar)
22 Tissue Saturation following Descent
23 Tissue Saturation after Ascent
24 Bubble Formation and Growth In equilibrium, external pressure balanced by internal gas pressure and surface tension Surface tension forces inversely proportional to radius UNIVERSITY OF
25 Vestibular System From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
26 Vestibular Sense Organs From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
27 Otolith Responses From Roy DeHart, Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Lea & Febiger, 1985
28 Artificial Gravity g rotation =w 2 r Lunar gravity Mars gravity 0.5*Earth gravity 0.75*Earth gravity Earth gravity Rotation Rate (rpm)
29 Allowable Rotation Rates Select groups (highly trained, physically fit) can become acclimated to 7 rpm 95% of population can tolerate 3 rpm Sensitive groups (elderly, young, pregnant women) may have tolerance levels as low as 1 rpm
30 Short-Term Dose Radiation Effects rem - minor blood changes rem 5-10% minor nausea and vomiting rem 25-50% nausea and vomiting 50% reduction in lymphocytes rem Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, minor hemorrhage 75% reduction in all blood cells 5-50% incidence of death
31 Short-Term Dose Radiation Effects rem Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, emaciation 75% reduction in all blood cells 50-90% mortality within 6 weeks 6 month convalescence rem Nausea and vomiting within four hours Mortality approaching 100% survival time <2 weeks incapacitation within hours
32 NASA Radiation Dose Limits
33 References R. L. DeHart, ed., Fundamentals of Aerospace Medicine, Second Edition Williams and Wilkins, 1996 A. E. Nicogossian, C. L. Huntoon, and S. L. Pool, Space Physiology and Medicine, Third Edition Lea and Febiger, 1994 A. E. Nicogossian, S. R. Mohler, O. G. Gazenko, and A. I. Grigoriev, eds., Space Biology and Medicine (Volume III, Book 1: Humans in Spaceflight) American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1996 J. T. Joiner, ed., NOAA Diving Manual: Diving for Science and Technology, Fourth Edition Best Publishing, 2001
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