Eesti maksukoormuse areng: jaotus, mõjud ja tulevikuvalikud. Andres Võrk Risto Kaarna

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1 Eesti maksukoormuse areng: jaotus, mõjud ja tulevikuvalikud Andres Võrk Risto Kaarna

2 Ettekande struktuur 1. Maksusüsteemi eesmärgid 2. Eesti maksusüsteemi eesmärgid 3. Eesti maksutulude struktuur rahvusvahelises võrdluses 4. Maksukoormus ja selle mõjud Tarbimine Tööjõud Ettevõtlustulu 5. Dilemmad ja valikud Eesti maksusüsteemis

3 Maksusüsteemil palju eesmärke Tegevuste soodustamine pärssimine Oluliste välismõjude arvestamine hinnas Tulude ümberjaotus Tulu eelarvesse (REA, KOV, sotskindl.) Makromajanduse stabiilne areng

4 Maksusüsteemi eesmärgid ja kooskõla Tegevuste soodustamine pärssimine Oluliste välismõjude arvestamine hinnas Tulude ümberjaotus Tulu eelarvesse (REA, KOV, sotskindl.) Makromajanduse stabiilne areng Inimeste ja ettevõtete reageerimine rahalistele stiimulitele Sobiv maksusüsteem Tarbimismaksud (nt käibemaks, aktsiisid) Tööjõumaksud (nt sotsiaalkindlustus, tulumaks) Maksud ettevõtlustulult (nt tulumaks) Varanduse maksud (nt maamaks, automaks) Maksud loodusressurssidelt (nt saastetasud)

5 Eesti maksusüsteemi eesmärgid Maksukoormuse soovitav tase 33-36% SKPst Uuendatud konvergentsiprogramm 2010 Eelarvepoliitika peab toetama makromajanduslikku stabiilsust; Eelarve kulutamisvõimalused stabiilsed, ei sõltuks kõikuvast tarbimisest Riigi eelarvestrateegia Maksustada tarbimist ja ressursikasutust Konkurentsivõime tegevuskavas Majandusarengu ja ettevõtluse motiveerimine, madalad maksud ettevõtlustulult ja tööjõult Suurendada tarbimismaksude osakaalu Uuendatud konvergentsiprogramm 2010 Lihtne süsteem, erandite kasutamisest hoiduda ja kaotada Riigi eelarvestrateegia Ümberjaotus, horisontaalne või vertikaalne õiglus pole teemad

6 Üldine maksukoormus madalamate seas EL-is Kasvas majanduskriisi ajal % Maksutulude osakaal SKPst 40% 35% 30% 25% EL-25 Eesti 20% Allikas: Eurostat, Statistikaamet, Praxise prognoos

7 Sotsiaalkaitse kulutused Maksukoormust ja teenuseid-toetusi peab vaatama koos Maksud ja sotsiaalkulutused Eestis madalad, kuid %-na SKPsse tõusid majanduskriisi ajal Maksud ja sotsiaalkaitse kulutused 2007, % SKPst GR PL MT PT UK LU CZ ES SI NL DE HU FR AT FI IT BE DK SE 15 SK IE LT RO LV EE BG CY Maksud Allikas: Eurostat

8 Maksutulude struktuur Eestis suhteliselt stabiilne % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Muud maksud Aktsiisid Käibemaks Juriidilise isiku tulumaks Füüsilise isiku tulumaks (KOV) Füüsilise isiku tulumaks (RE) Töötuskindlustusmakse Sotsiaalmaks 10% 0% * Allikas: Statistikaamet, Töötukassa

9 Keda maksud mõjutavad? Debattides oluline eristada: Kes maksab või kannab üle seaduse järgi Nt sotsiaalmaksu tasub Eestis tööandja Kelle maksukoormuseks loetakse rahvusvahelistes võrdlustes Nt sotsiaalmaks: Euroopa Komisjon / Eurostat: tööjõu koormus PWC & Maailmapank: ettevõtja koormus Kes tegelikult maksukoorma kannab ehk kelle tulu väheneb Sõltub majanduse struktuurist, sisemaisest ja rahvusvahelisest konkurentsist, inimeste ja ettevõtete käitumisest, ametiühingutest,..

10 Allikas: Euroopa Komisjon Maksukoormus ja selle jaotus EL-27s (% SKPst)

11 Madal kapitalimaksude osakaal Kõrge tarbimismaksude osakaal Keskmine tööjõumaksude osakaal SE AT DE BE FI FR SI DK EE NL HU IT LT CZ LV ES PT EL LU RO SK UK PL IE BG MT CY EL % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Allikas: Eurostat Tööjõud Tarbimine Kapital

12 Tarbimise maksukoormus ja osakaal maksutuludes kasvab Majanduskriisi ajal tõsteti just tarbimismakse Tarbimismaksud enamasti regressiivsed Suurendab maksutulude sõltuvust majandustsüklitest (Võrdne) tarbimismaks põhjustab majanduses vähem hälbeid 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% Tarbimise tegelik maksukoormus Eesti EL-25 EL 2007: 1.Taani 34% 2. Rootsi 28% 3. Ungari 27% Eesti 24% Eesti % Allikas: Eurostat, Rahanduministeerium, Praxise prognoos

13 Pahedest just suitsetamine tähelepanu alla sattunud Aktsiisimäärade areng võrreldes palgaga Sigarettide aktsiis Keskmine palk Bensiiniaktsiis Õlleaktsiis Allikas: Statistikaamet, seadused, autorite arvutused

14 Käibemaks ja aktsiisimaksud enamasti regressiivsed nii sissetuleku kui tarbimise suhtes Käibemaks Alkohol kokku Õlu Vein Viin Tubakatooted Bensiin ja diisel Elekter (2008) Kakwani progressiivsuse indeks tarbimiskulude suhtes, 2007 Regressiivne Progressiivne Allikas: Võrk, Paulus, Poltimäe (2008), autorite arvutused Samas: sotsiaalpoliitika seisukohast on otsetoetused (nt toimetulekutoetus) kuluefektiivsemad tarbimismaksude maksusoodustustest

15 % 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% Tööjõu tegelik maksukoormus alanenud Tulumaks alanes (ca 90% tööjõu maksukoormus) Edasine alandamine keeruline: sotsiaalmaks seotud tööjõu rahastamisega Tööjõu maksukoormus (maksude osakaal tööjõukulus) EL-25 Eesti EL 2007: 1.Itaalia 44% 2. Rootsi 42% 3. Belgia 42% Eesti 34% Malta 41% Allikas: Eurostat, Praxise prognoos

16 Tööjõukulude osatähtsus kogu tööjõust Madalapalgalised: kas töötada või mitte; oluline koosmõju sotsiaaltoetustega Kõrgepalgalised: kas võtta töötasu või kasum % 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Kinnipeetud tööjõumaksude koormus Allikas: autorite arvutused Tööjõukulu kokku Kog.pens Tulumaks Töötusk. SM: ravik. SM: pens. Suurem probleem madalapalgaliste maksukoormus: Teooria Eesti kogemus ja sotsiaaltoetuste jäikus osa-ajaga töötamise suhtes Teiste riikide kogemus Staehr (2008)

17 Empiiriliselt leitud, et kõrgem maksukiil (maksude osa tööjõukuludes) vähendab hõivet Euroopa Komisjon (2004) Employment in Europe OECD riikide kohta: 1 protsendipunkt kõrgem maksukiil vähendab hõivemäära 0.25 protsendipunkti Võrk jt (2007) 8 KIE riigi kohta: 1 pp kõrgem maksukiil vähendab hõivemäära ca 0.5 protsendipunkti

18 Sotsiaalmaksu lagi = Regressiivne tulumaks töötasule (kui brutopalk paindlik) Sotsiaalmaksu lagi krooni Tulumaksu piirmäär alates kr negatiivne 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Kog.pens Tulumaks Töötusk. SM: ravik. SM: pens. 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Tööjõukulu kokku Tööjõukulu kokku Allikas: autorite arvutused

19 Võidu osakaal netotuludest (%) Tööjõumaksude regressiivsust tekitavad osaliselt juba praegu tulust positiivselt sõltuvad maksusoodustused Tulumaksu soodustuste mõju leibkondade netotulule Õppelaenu intressid Hariduskulud Eluasemelaenu intressid III sammas I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Leibkondade jaotus netotulude järgi (detsiilid) Allikas: Võrk, Paulus, Poltimäe (2008), autorite arvutused

20 CY IT UK MT LU ES FR BE IE PL CZ FI DK PT SE DE EL AT NL SK BG RO HU SI LV LT EE Kapitalimaksude roll ja maksukoormus madal Riikide vahel suurem varieeruvus varanduse maksustamisel Kapitalimaksude tulu roll, 2007 (% SKPst) Varandus FIEde tulu Majapidamiste tulu Ettevõtlustulu -2 Allikas: Eurostat

21 Rahvusvaheline kogemus: kõige tundlikum maksudele on kasumi nihutamine Ettevõtte otsustus Maks Efekti suurus (elastsus) Kasumi nihutamine Seadusjärgne maksumäär 1,2 Ettevõtlusvorm Ettevõtte vs erasiku maksukoormus 0,7 Investeeringu asukoht Tegelik keskmine maksumäär 0,65 Investeeringute ulatus Tegelik piirmaksumäär 0,4 Rahastamispoliitika Võla ja omakapitali maksukoormuse erinevus 0,15 Allikas: De Mooij, Ederveen (2008). Corporate Tax Elasticities. A Reader s Guide to Empirical Findings. Working Paper 08/22. Oxford University Centre For Business Taxation

22 Kapitali ja ettevõtlustulu maksukoormus madal Madal tegelik maksukoormus Eestis => soodustab investeeringuid Keskmine nominaalne maksumäär => ei soodusta kasumit välja võtma Eestis 40% Ettevõtlustulu tegelik maksukoormus EL 2007: 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Allikas: Eurostat, Praxise prognoos EL-25 Eesti Hispaania 59.7% Küpros 38.7% Prantsus. 33.2% Soome 17.9% Holland 11.0% Leedu 10.7% Eesti 8.8%

23 Euroopas ettevõtete tulumaksumäärad alanevad Eesti nominaalne maksumäär keskmine Ettevõtete tulumaksumäärad EL-is, EL 2009: 1. Malta 35 % 2. Prantsus. 34.4% Eesti 21% Iirimaa 12.5% 26. Bulgaaria 10% EU-27 kesk. 23.6% Allikas: Euroopa Komisjon

24 Ettevõtluse soodsa maksustamise mõjud ei ole veel selged Raske eristada majandusbuumi ja maksusüsteemi mõjusid investeeringute kasvule Teoreetiliselt investeeringud suurenevad, kuid ühiskonna heaolu võib väheneda, kuna valitsus peab tõstma muid makse Jaotamata kasumi osatähtsus on suurenenud ettevõtete kogukapitalis. Aga suurenenud likviidsed varad Rahvusvaheliste ettevõtete maksutase ei ole olnud kriitiline tegur asukoha valikul OECD (2009): ei aita kaasa restruktureerimisele IMF (2010): kasumi tootlikkus madal, kitsas maksubaas

25 Kriisiaegne muudatus Baas Mõju maksukoormuse jaotusele Käibemaksu tõus Tarbimine Kergelt regressiivne Alkoholi- ja tubakaaktsiisi tõus Tarbimine Veinile progressiivne Õllele ja kangele alkoholile, tubakatoodetele regressiivne Mootorikütuse aktsiisi tõus Elektriaktsiisi tõus Tarbimine Mootorikütusele progressiivne Elektrile regressiivne Töötuskindlustusmakse tõus Tööjõud Progressiivne kogu tulujaotuse suhtes Proportsionaalne töise tulu suhtes Tulumaksuvabastus esimese Tööjõud Neutraalne lapse järgi tühistati Maksustatavast tulust Tööjõud Tulumaks progressiivsemaks mahaarvamiste vähendamine Maamaksu alampiiri tõstmine Kapital Maamaks progressiivsemaks Tulumaksumäära alandamise Tööjõud, Tulumaks progressiivsemaks tühistamine kapital Tulumaksuvabastuse tõstmise Tööjõud Tulumaks vähem progressiivseks

26 Kokkuvõte Domineerivad tarbimismaksud ja tööjõumaksud Tarbimise maksukoormus kasvas majanduskriisi ajal Suhteliselt enam tabanud vaesemat elanikkonda Tööjõu maksukoormus Euroopa keskmine, kasvas majanduskriisi ajal Madalapalgaliste maksukoormuse alandamine tööturu seisukohalt olulisem Ettevõtlustulu tegelik maksukoormus on madalaim Euroopas Varandusmaksude (automaksud, kinnisvaramaksud) roll maksutuludes väikseim Euroopas Maksusüsteem lihtne, ei soovita kasutada ebavõrdsuse vähendajana või tegevuste suunajana

27 Teiste soovitused ja plaanid OECD (2009) ja IMF (2010) Madalam sotsiaalmaks Eraisiku tulumaks Tulumaksusoodustus eluasemelaenult kaotada Laste arvu järgi maksuvabastus kaotada Pensionide maksuvabastuse kaotamist kaaluda Tõsta üksikisiku maksuvaba miinimumi, kaaluda kõrgemat progresseeruvat tulumaksu määra Tõsta käibemaksu Sh kaotada VAT erandid hotellile, raamatutele, ajakirjadele Kaaluda klassikalist madalama maksumääraga ettevõtete tulumaksusüsteemi Tõsta automakse Kehtestada kinnisvaramaks

28 Dilemmad Eesti maksusüsteemis 1. Kõrged tarbimismaksud Ei riku majanduslikke valikuid... aga on regressiivsed ja nende maksutulu ebastabiilsem 2. Kõrged tööjõumaksud, eriti sotsiaalmaks Stabiilne tulu, motiveerib töötama... aga seotud tervishoiu ja pensionide rahastamisega

29 Dilemmad Eesti maksusüsteemis 3. Varanduse maksud väga madalad Soodustavad varanduse akumulatsiooni... aga maksubaas seetõttu kitsas, maksusüsteem vähe progressiivne, vähendab maa käivet 4. Ettevõtete tulumaksusüsteem Soodustab reinvesteeringuid (?)... aga madala tootlikkusega ja maksubaas väga kitsas

30 Kas ja mida tagasi pöörata? Dilemmad Eesti maksusüsteemis 5. Maksusüsteem lihtne ja erandeid vähe Lihtne administreerida... aga ei saa kasutada maksupoliitikat tegevuste suunamiseks (+ praegused erandid vähe põhjendatud) 6. Majanduskriisi aegsed otsused ja pikaajalised eesmärgid Tõsteti tarbimismakse... aga tõusid tööjõumaksud

31 Täname! Andres Võrk Risto Kaarna

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